英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)課稿
定語(yǔ)從句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定語(yǔ)，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。下面是小編為你帶來(lái)的英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)課稿 ，歡迎閱讀。
一， 定義：在復(fù)合句中作定語(yǔ)，修飾主句中某一名詞或代詞的從句，叫做定語(yǔ)從句。被定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的詞叫先行詞，通常位于定語(yǔ)從句前。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的是關(guān)系代詞（that,which,who,whom,whose）和關(guān)系副詞（when,where,why），它們既起連接作用，又充當(dāng)從句中的一個(gè)成分，如何使用關(guān)系代詞或副詞是根據(jù)先行詞及其在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞执_定的。
二，關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
人 | 物 | 人+物 | |
主 語(yǔ) | who/that | which/that | that |
賓 語(yǔ) | who(m)/that | which/that | that |
定 語(yǔ) | whose/of whom | whose/of which | whose |
表 語(yǔ) | who/that | which/that | that |
注：如果關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)必須和先行詞一致。
①China is a big country that/which has a history of about 5000 years.
②Phil who/that comes from England is an active boy.
③The doctor (who/whom) David saw at the hospital told me to stop smoking.
④We passed some shops whose windows were decorated for Christmas.
⑤Is this the book (that/which) he is looking for?
△重點(diǎn)
1.that,who和which在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不可省略，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。（但whom/which前有介詞時(shí)，whom/which不能省略）
e.g. The man (who/whom) my father is talking with is my teacher.
The man with whom my father is talking is my teacher.
2．關(guān)系代詞在從句中作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可跟介詞一起放在先行詞后面；為了使關(guān)系代詞緊跟它所修飾的先行詞，也可把介詞放在從句中有關(guān)動(dòng)詞的后面。但固定短語(yǔ)中的介詞不要放在先行詞前（如look for,look after,take care of等）
e.g. The boy who(m) she is looking after is her aunt’s child.
3.that與which先行詞都可指物，that與who/whom先行詞都可指人，很多情況可互換使用，但也有區(qū)別。
A.只用that不用which的情況
1）當(dāng)先行詞是指物的不定代詞all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,the one時(shí)。
e.g. I’m interested in everything that I don’t know.
2)當(dāng)先行詞被(the)only,the very,the last,all,some,any,no,every,little,few,much等修飾時(shí)。
e.g. There is no difficulty that we can’t overcome.
3)先行詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)或先行詞本身就是序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)。
e.g. The first lesson that we’re going to learn is very difficult.
4)先行詞為兩個(gè)及兩個(gè)以上分別表示人和物的名詞時(shí)。
e.g. We know nothing about the doctors and the hospitals that you are talking about.
5)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是以who或which開(kāi)始的疑問(wèn)句時(shí)。
e.g. Who is the boy that was here just now?
6)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)。
e.g. The village is no longer the poor place that it used to be.
7)先行詞有the same修飾，先行詞和關(guān)系代詞指同一物時(shí)。
e.g. This is the same pen that I used yesterday.
B.只用which不用that的情況
1）關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí)。
e.g. This is the room in which we lived last year.
2)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。
e.g. His dog,which was very old,became ill and died.
3)先行詞后有插入語(yǔ)時(shí)。
e.g. Here is the grammar book which,as I’ve told you,will help improve our English.
4)先行詞本身是that時(shí)。
e.g. What’s that which flashed in the sky just now?
C.先行詞指人，但只用who不用that的情況。
1）先行詞是指人的不定代詞時(shí)，如one,someone,anyone,no one,all,nobody,none,those等。
e.g. Those who are against put up your hands.
2)當(dāng)先行詞是一個(gè)限定性的表示人的特定名詞時(shí)。
e.g. The aunt who came to see me last week is my father’s sister.
3)當(dāng)先行詞有較長(zhǎng)的后置定語(yǔ)或在被分割的定語(yǔ)從句中。
e.g. Mr.White is coming soon who will give us a talk.
4)whose+n.=the+n.+of which/whom
e.g. We live in the room,whose window is broken.(=the window of which is broken.)
注意：which與whose作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別
which只用于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，僅指物，且要修飾對(duì)先行詞起概括作用的泛指名詞；“whose+n.”與先行詞不表示同一事物或情況。
e.g. ①M(fèi)ary is studying Chinese,which knowledge is important now.
②The man whose wife is a housewife is from France.
△難點(diǎn)：關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
as既可引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，as在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。
引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，常用于以下句式。
1） such+n.+as…：“像….一樣的”
the same+n.+as…：“和…同樣的”（指同類異物，同類同物用that）
e.g. ①These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.
② I want to buy the same cellphone as you bought.
The same customer that came here yesterday is here again.
2)…such as…
such意為“這樣的人或物”，修飾先行詞such.
e.g. This book is not such as I expect.
關(guān)系代詞as與which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有時(shí)還可插入主句中，而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能置于主句之后。相同的是兩者都可替代主句的整個(gè)內(nèi)容，而不是主句中的`某一個(gè)詞。
e.g. ①As is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth once every month.
3．當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句放在主句后面時(shí)，也并非as永遠(yuǎn)等于which。
1）當(dāng)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是否定句或表示否定時(shí)只用which。
e.g. He came here very late,which was unexpected(not expected).
2） 當(dāng)as在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，后面常跟動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式。如be known,be said,be reported,be announced等。若從句中動(dòng)詞是主動(dòng)式，一般用which作主語(yǔ)。
e.g. ①She’s been absent again,as is expected.
②Tom has made great progress,which makes us very happy.
3)當(dāng)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)是一個(gè)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，只能用which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。
e.g. Betty always tells a lie,which her parents find strange.
4)as多用于下列習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中：
as anybody can see as is well-known=as is known to all
as we had expected as often happens
as has been said before as is mentioned above
as (it) seems likely as (it) pointed out
as I remember (it) as I understand (it)
as (it) appears
e.g. Jack has won the first prize,as it often happens.
三．關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
1.先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，要用關(guān)系副詞。
1）先行詞是“時(shí)間詞語(yǔ)”，用when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。when=表時(shí)間的介詞（in,at,during等）+which
e.g. I still remember the day when(=on which) I joined the army.
2)先行詞是“地點(diǎn)詞語(yǔ)”，用where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。where=表地點(diǎn)的介詞（in,at,on,under等）+which
e.g. Can you tell me the office where(=in which) he works?
3)先行詞是reason時(shí)，用why引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。why=for which
e.g. The reason why(=for which) he didn’t attend the meeting was that he was ill.
△難點(diǎn)：高考對(duì)where的考查
where從先行詞為明顯的“地點(diǎn)”轉(zhuǎn)為“地點(diǎn)的模糊化”。即，當(dāng)先行詞表示某人/物的situation，或某事所發(fā)展的stage，或表達(dá)某事的某個(gè)方面的都可用where這個(gè)關(guān)系副詞。
e.g. They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.
四．關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的比較
技巧：①分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，看表時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)的先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中是作狀語(yǔ)還是作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。
②看定語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞還是不及物動(dòng)詞，或者是不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞
e.g. This is the place ＿＿＿＿ he worked.
The city ＿＿＿＿＿＿ we visited is well known.
Do you know the reason ＿＿＿＿ he is absent.
I didn’t believe the reason ＿＿＿＿＿＿ he gave me.
We’ll never forget the day ＿＿＿＿＿＿ we spent in the village.
We’ll never forget the day ＿＿＿＿ we worked in the village.
The house ＿＿＿＿＿＿ we stayed in belonged to Mr.Black.
The house in ＿＿＿＿ we stayed belonged to Mr.Black.
五．限制性與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
1.區(qū)別
限制性定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)先行詞起修飾限制作用；而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)先行詞起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用，且先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句往往有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。
e.g. He gave up the plan,which was a very good one.
2.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法
1）關(guān)系詞在任何情況下都不能省略。
2）who（主語(yǔ)），whom（賓語(yǔ)），which（主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)）不能用that代替，也不能互相替換。
3）“介詞+which/whom+從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，介詞不能移到從句的后面。
4）when,where可用于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，why不可。
e.g. ①That student that the teacher thinks best played truant（逃學(xué)）yesterday,which made the teacher very disappointed.
②Some pre-school children go to a day-care center,where they learn simple games and songs.
六．定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與先行詞保持一致。
當(dāng)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，那么定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與先行詞保持一致。
1.one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞+復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞
e.g. The Great Wall is one of the famous buildings that draw lots of visitors.
2.the only one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞
e.g. The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.
注意： not the only one of…=one of…
e.g. Tom isn’t the only one of the boys who have passed the exam.=
Tom is one of the boys who have passed the exam.
3．當(dāng)as與which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾主句內(nèi)容時(shí)，若as與which作主語(yǔ)，則從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
e.g. Great changes have taken place in Zunyi,as/which is known to all.
七．注意way和time后接定語(yǔ)從句的情況
1.當(dāng)先行詞是way意為“方式、方法”時(shí)，關(guān)系詞又是作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，用in which/that/不填；若關(guān)系詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，用that/which/不填。
e.g. The way ＿＿＿＿＿＿ he explained to us was quite simple.
The way ＿＿＿＿＿＿ he explained the sentence to us was difficult to understand.
2.當(dāng)先行詞是time時(shí)，若作“次數(shù)”講，應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，而且可省略；若作“一段時(shí)間”講，應(yīng)用when或at/during+which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。
e.g. ①I could hardly remember how many times ＿＿＿＿ I’ve failed.
②This was at a time ＿＿＿＿＿＿ there were no radios,no telephones or no TV sets.
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