Unit 2 Working the land
Part One: Teaching Design (第一部分：教學(xué)設(shè)計)
1． A sample lesson plan for reading
(Working the land)
Aims
To help students develop their reading ability.
To help students learn about working the land.
Procedures
I. Warming up
Warming up by questioning
Hello, everyone. We shall read about man who works the land today. Have you ever grown any plants? If not, what kind of plant would you like to grow? How will you grow it?
(For reference: Mr. Li, I worked with my father in the rice field last year. We grow hybrid rice and use animal wastes to make the soil rich.)
Has anyone of you ever been to the countryside? What did you do there?
(For reference: I went to Chuankou the day before yesterday. It is a small mountain village 75 li north of Beijing. I went there to visit my uncle’s family. I like that small beautiful village very much. )
Who are from a farmer’s family? What do you know about farming?
(For reference: Mr. Li, Dou Jun and I are from a farmer’s family in our class. We grow wheat and raise pigs on our farms. And both of our family are going to expand the area of fields this year. )
Warming up seeing and listening
Boys and girls, I shall show you some photos of farming first. Look at this one. What are these ppeople doing in the fields? Yes, it is spring and they are planting rice. Lots of people in the world live on rice. I think you like eating rice, too.
Planting rice
Here is another photo about farming. The man driving the tractor in the photo is plowing the land to prepare for the planting. He does not grow rice there. What kind of crop is he going to plant here?
Plowing the land
This photo is interesting. The woman farmer from Tibet is harvesting her crops not in the open field but in a plastic house. For generations, the people in Tibet Autonomous Region, have farmed the land using traditional methods. But in recent years, things have begun to change. All the farmers admitt the new ways are better.
Indoor harvesting
II. Pre-reading
1. Questioning and answering
Rice is main food in South China. What do you think would happen if tomorrow there was suddenly no rice to eat?
(For reference: Then the south people would have to change their eating habit. They could turn to potatoes, wheat flour, cow and sheep cheese, cabbage, onions and garlic for food. They are the bases of the traditional food in North China. )
If you had the chance to do one thing to help end hunger in the world, what would you do?
(For reference: I would try to end hunger by popularizing the advanced farming techniques. Modern techniques could be introduced to increase the rice output, and expand the area of fields.)
2. Giving background information about Professor Yuan Longping
Have you ever heard of a man called Professor Yuan Longping? Would anyone of you tell the class something about him?
(For reference: Professor Yuan Longping is a Chinese agricultural scientist. Professor Yuan's breakthrough scientific achievement led to the world's first successful and widely grown hybrid rice varieties, revolutionizing rice cultivation in China and tripling production over a generation. His approach to rice breeding then spread internationally throughout Asia and to Africa and the Americas, providing food for tens of millions and leading to his becoming known as the "Father of Hybrid Rice."
III. Reading
1. Reading aloud to the recording
Comprehension-understanding what you are reading-is important. To read in thought groups is an easy, yet effective, way of improving reading comprehension. Now turn to page 9 and read aloud to the recording of the text A PIONEER FOR ALL PEOPLE. Pay attention to the thought groups in the sentences while listening and reading aloud.
2. Reading and underlining
Read the text again and underline all the collocations in the passage. You are asked to copy them to your notebook after class as homework.
Collocations from A PIONEER FRO ALL PEOPLE
call sb. …, regard sb. …, work the land, do one’s research, for the past five decades, grow hybrid rice, become an agricultural pioneer, have a high output, produce one-third more of the crop, be born into a poor family, graduate from a college, devote one’s life to…, find ways to do sth., see the great need for doing sth., increase the rice output, search for a way to do sth., increase rice harvests, expand the area of fields, produce tons of rice, feed sb. from a piece of farmland, circulate one’s knowledge, thanks to…, rid the world of hunger, be satisfied with…, care little about…, spend money on…, lead a comfortable life, have troubles, equip sb. for sth., care about…, keep one’s time for…, play one’s violin, play mah-jong, ride one’s motorcycle, wish for…, in a dream, an ear of rice, a grain of rice, awake from one’s dream
3. Reading, identifying and summarizing
Attention, please! It is time to skim the text one more time and identify the topic sentence of each paragraph.
(Minutes later) Xue Hongmei, would you read to the class the four topic sentences you identified?
What about the main idea of the passage? Who will volunteer to give the class his summary of the main idea? Bai Jianfang, you’d like to say something? Go ahead!
4. Understanding difficult sentences
In groups of four, analyze the structure of the difficult sentences. If you have any problems which are too difficult for you to solve do not hesitate to put them to me.
5. Reading and transferring
In pairs, read the text, find information to complete the following form.
Facts about Yuan Longping Facts about Yuan’s super hybrid rice
age capacity
education application
major contribution
hobby overseas
ideal future
IV. Closing down
Closing down by doing exercises
In the last five minutes let’s do the comprehension exercises on page 10. Check your answers against your neighbour’s when you have finished.
Closing down by having a dictation
To end the period you will take a dictation. It is about Yuan Longping, “Father of Super hybrid rice”.
Yuan Longping, China's Most Famous "Farmer"
Yuan came up with the idea of hybridizing rice for the first time in the world in 1960s.
Since then, 50 percent of China's total rice cultivation fields have grown such rice,
which added some 300 billion kilograms to the country's grain output. Furrows grown on his sunburnt face, a slim figure and coiled-up trousers legs would confuse foreign reporters who came to interview the most famous
scientist in China, who would rather be called "a farmer."Indeed, like many Chinese
farmers, Yuan in his 70s and has devoted most of his life growing rice in paddyfields,
but unlike those farmers, he reaps the seed from experimental fields only
for hybridizing rice.
2．A sample lesson plan for Learning about Language
(The –ing form as the Subject & Object)
Aims
To help students learn about The –ing form as the Subject & Object.
To help students discover and learn to use some useful words and expressions.
To help students discover and learn to use some useful structures.
Procedures
I. Warming up
Warming up reading aloud the text A PIONEER FOR ALL PEOPLE
Language is learned in context. So let’s first review the text learned yesterday by reading it aloud. Try to force out your English slowly and clearly.
II. Discovering useful words and expressions
In pairs do the exercises 1, 2 and 3 on pages 11 and 12. You must finish them in 5 minutes.
III. Learning about grammar
1. Read and identify
Read the text about Yuan Longping again, paying attention to the sentences which use the –ing form as the subject and object.
In the sentence “Wishing for things, however, cost nothing. “the –ing is used as subject.
It can be also used as object of the sentence. For example: Yuan Longping likes playing his violin.
2. Consolidating by do exercises
To consolidate your understanding you will be given 10 minutes to go over exercises 1,2,3,4 and 5 on pages 12 and 13. You may just write on your text book. I mean the student’s book you are working by.
III. Ready used materials for The –ing form as the Subject & Object)
語法學(xué)習(xí)--動名詞
1. 動名詞作主語
1） 名詞直接放在句首作主語。例如：
Using the right hand to shake hands is a convention in many countries.
用右手握手是許多國家的一種習(xí)俗。
2） 動名詞在“It is no use/ no good/ fun / a waste of time/ a good pleasure 等名詞 + doing”結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語，it為形式主語。例如：
It is no good writing to him; he never answers letters.
寫信給他不妥，他從來不回信。
It is no use your complaining; the company won’t do anything about it.
抱怨是沒有用的，公司是不會管的。
3） 動名詞在“It is useless/ nice/ good/ interesting/ worthwhile 等形容詞 + doing”結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語。例如：
It is good playing chess after supper.
晚飯后弈棋挺好。
It is useless speaking.
光說是沒有用的。
4） 動名詞在“There is(was) no + doing”結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語。例如：
There is no denying that she is very efficient.
她效率高是不容否認的。
There is no telling what he is going to do.
他要做什么一點消息都沒有。
2. 動名詞作賓語
1） 有些動詞后面要求跟動名詞作賓語。常這樣用的動詞有：
admit 承認 ； excuse 原諒 ； postpone 拖延 ；anticipate 期望； fancy 想象
practise 練習(xí)； appreciate 欣賞； finish 完成； prevent 防止； avoid 避免；
forbid 禁止； propose 建議； consider 考慮； forgive 寬恕； recollect 回憶；
delay 耽擱； imagine 想象； resent 厭惡； deny 否認； involve 涉及；
resist 抵制； detest 厭惡； keep 保留； risk 冒險； dislike 討厭； mind 在意； save 挽救； dread 害怕； miss 錯過； suggest 建議； enjoy 喜歡； pardon 原諒；
understand 理解； escape 逃避；permit 允許
例如：
I recommend buying the dictionary.
我建議買這本詞典。
I don’t anticipate meeting any opposition.
我估計不會遇到任何反對意見。
Will you admit having broken the window?
你承認不承認打破了窗戶？
2） 有些動詞短語后也要求跟動名詞作賓語。常這樣用的動詞短語有：
can’t stand 忍不住； can’t help 忍不住； feel like 想，欲；
give up 放棄； put off 推遲
例如：
He put off making a decision till he had more information.
在獲得詳情之前，他沒有急于作出決定。
Do you feel like taking a walk?
你要不要去散步？
3） 動名詞常跟在介詞或介詞短語后做賓語。常這樣用的介詞短語有：instead of, look forward to, object to, keep on, see about, take to 等。
例如：
We are looking forward to coming to China.
我們期待著來中國。
We succeeded in getting over all the difficulties.
我們終于克服了所有的困難。
4） 在“have difficulty (trouble, problem, a hard time, fun, a good time) (+in) + 動名詞； be busy (in) + 動名詞；waste time (in) + 動名詞；lost time (in) + 動名詞；There is no point (in) + 動名詞”等結(jié)構(gòu)中，動名詞做介詞賓語，in常要省去。例如：
The children are busy doing their homework.
孩子們忙于做作業(yè)。
There is no point (in) making the simple experiments once again.
再做一次這種簡單的實驗是毫無意義的。
5） 在復(fù)合賓語中，用it作形式賓語，將動名詞短語放在后面。例如：
I consider it a waste of time arguing about it.
我認為辯論這事是很浪費時間的。
6） 在“there be”結(jié)構(gòu)當中，be為動名詞時，該結(jié)構(gòu)也是一種帶邏輯主語的動名詞形式。例如：
We can imagine there being a lot of fuss about it.
我們可以想象到人們對此大驚小怪。
Were you disappointed at there not having been more gifts?
你對沒有更多的禮物感到失望嗎？
3. 動名詞的被動式
1） 動詞need, require, want, deserve后，用動名詞的主動形式表示被動意義。其用法相當于不定式的被動結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
The watch needs repairing. (=The watch needs to be repaired.)
這塊表需要修理。
The problem deserves thinking about. (=The problem deservers to be thought about.)
這個問題值得考慮。
2） 在（be）worth后面只能用動名詞的主動態(tài)來表示被動意義。例如：
His suggestion is worth considering.
他的提議值得考慮。
IV. Closing down by doing a quiz
鞏固練習(xí): 動名詞要點單項選擇測驗
1. While shopping, people sometimes can't help ________ into buying something they don't really need.
A. to persuade B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded
2. -How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?
-The key ________ the problem is to meet the demand ________ by the customers.
A. to solving; making
B. to solving; made
C. to solve; making
D. to solve; made
3. How about the two of us ________ a walk down the garden?
A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking
4. -What do you think made Mary so upset?
- ________ her new bicycle.
A. As she lost B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing
5. -We don't allow anyone ________ here.
-Well, I hate to say it again. We don't allow ________ here.
A. to smoke; smoking
B. smoking; to smoke
C. to smoke; to smoke
D. smoking; smoking
6. They thought there is no trouble ________ their favorite brand from other brands.
A. to tell B. telling
C. tell D. told
7. Some birds finally reach home by accidentally ________ landmarks which they recognize.
A. to come across B. coming around C. coming across D. to come around
8. Millions of pounds have been spent ________ the free state education system in Britain.
A. to improving B. in improving C. to improve D. to have improved
9. A large glass of water before you eat may help ________ too excited before delicious foods.
A. to keep you from getting
B. to carry you from getting
C. to prevent you to get
D. to stop you to get
10. ________ for school once in a while often makes Mr. Smith angry.
A. Tom being late B. Tom to be late C. For Tom being late D. Tom's being late
Key: 1-5 CBCCA 6-10 BCBAD
3． A sample lesson plan for Using Language
(Organic Farming)
Aims
To help students read the passage Organic Farming.
To help students to use the language by reading, listening, speaking and writing.
Procedures
I. Warming up
Warming up by listening and reading aloud
Language is created to be listened to and spoken first. So open your book to page 13 and read it aloud while listening to the recording. Watch your pauses between the thought groups.
II. Guided reading
1. Reading and translating
Read the text sentence by sentence, and put it into Chinese. Who will be the first to try. I will only have four of you to do this task. OK, Wang Shan. You got it, the opportunity, I mean.
2. Reading and underlining
Next you are to read and underline all the useful expressions or collocations in the passage. Copy them to your notebook after class as homework.
Collocations from ORGANIC FARMING
gain a meaning, refer to…, make the soil fertile, natural waste from animals, put…in the field, make the soil rich, become healthy, develop a healthy soil, reduce diseases, grow strong and healthy, keep…free from…, leave…in the ground, as a result, get exhausted, kill bacteria and pests, insist on…, change crops, be followed by…, put…back into …, need a deeper level of soil, prefer doing sth, plant…between crops, prevent…from…, carry away…, make sure that
3. Doing exercises
Now you are going to do exercises No. 1, 2 and 3 on page 14 following the article.
4. Listening
For listening turn to page 14 and then 15 for the listening exercises 1, 2 and 3. Are you ready?
5. Reading, speaking and writing
When trying to argue people into or out of doing something we may use the following expressions:
I would rather… I don’t like…because…
I’d prefer…because It’s a great pity that…
Should I / we…? It’s better to…
This is good value because… If I have a choice I’d choose…because
What is the advantage of…? You need to…
In pairs you are to make up a dialogue to argue each other into or out adopting organic farming. I will argue with your monitor, Liang Bochao. Get started.
III. Guided writing
1. Writing a poster
Writing a poster which includes all the information about the uses of computer so that you will encourage more farmers to buy and use. You are asked to base your poster on the overall pattern of the article you learned Organic Farming. Limit your poster to between 200 and 250 words.
2. Writing a speech
Write a speech for Professor Yuan Longping. He is to attend an international conference on modern agriculture. You may also make use of the library and network resources for the task.
IV. Further applying
Finding information
Read online to find as much information as possible about Professor Yuan Longping and his research group. Share your findings with you partner next time you are here.
Writing a report
Go back home to interview your parents or your grandparents about China’s agriculture, its past and present situations. Write a report in English in about 500 words as a weekly project.
Acting a text play
Turn either one of the two articles into a text play. Rehearse it and play it in front of the class. The play shall last at least 10 minutes.
IV. Closing down
Closing down by filling a form
To end the period please fill in the form below.
What is organic farming?
definition
characteristics
potentials
Closing down by imaging
Imagine and write about what the agriculture will be like 50 years from now in the future. Use your imagination to compete for “wild thinking prize”.
Part Two: Teaching Resources (第二部分：教學(xué)資源)
1．A text structure analysis of A PIONEER FOR ALL PEOPLE
I. Type of writing and summary of the idea
Type of writing This is a piece of narrative writing.
Main idea of the passage
Being a agriculture professor Yuan Longping has been searching for a way to increase rice harvests without expanding the area of fields. Super hybrid rice invented by his group turns out to be the best way out. Thus he is given the name of “Father of Hybrid Rice”.
Topic sentence of 1st paragraph Dr. Yuan grows what is called super hybrid rice.
Topic sentence of 2nd paragraph Yuan’s hybrid rice produces harvests twice as large as before.
Topic sentence of 3rd paragraph Professor Yuan gives millions of yuan to equip others for their research in agriculture.
Topic sentence of 4th paragraph Dr. Yuan dreams that his rice can be exported to more foreign countries.
II. A tree diagram of A PIONEER FOR ALL PEOPLE
III. A retold passage of the text of A PIONEER FOR ALL PEOPLE
A possible version
Yuan Longping is a man who works the land, does his research and grows hybrid rice. He is an agricultural pioneer to have a high output of rice without expanding the area of fields. He devotes his whole life to finding ways to increase the rice output, to feed both the Chinese and the world people. He is circulating his knowledge so that more farmers can be free from hunger and satisfied with their lives. Yuan cares little about his money and fame. He keeps his time for teaching farmers and growing rice. He wish for more cheep rice for all the people. Yuan Long ping is a great person.
2．Background information on Women of achievement
I. Yuan Longping, China's Most Famous "Farmer"
(2001.02.19 21:59:30 Xin Hua News Service)
CHANGSHA, February 19 (Xinhuanet) -- It says every scientist cherishes a childhood dream indicating his or her future success, but for Yuan Longping, dubbed as "father of hybrid rice," the dream is that he cultivates rice as plump as peanuts, and farmers can relax in the cool shadow of big rice plants.
Yuan, 71, won a 5 million yuan State Supreme Science and Technology Award today, known as the Nobel Prize in China, for his outstanding achievements in breeding high-yield hybrid rice, which has substantially increased China's grain output.
Yuan came up with the idea of hybridizing rice for the first time in the world in 1960s. Since then, 50 percent of China's total rice cultivation fields have grown such rice, which added some 300 billion kilograms to the country's grain output.
Furrows grown on his sunburnt face, a slim figure and coiled-up trousers legs would confuse foreign reporters who came to interview the most famous scientist in China, who would rather be called "a farmer."
Indeed, like many Chinese farmers, Yuan in his 70s and has devoted most of his life growing rice in paddy fields, but unlike those farmers, he reaps the seed from experimental fields only for hybridizing rice.
The urbanite-turned-farmer graduated from Southwest Agriculture College in 1953 has his name related to the world's most advanced agricultural technology. Four minor planets, a listed seed company 's and a science college in China were named after him, which were the first time that a Chinese scientist's name is valued for its intellectual assets.
Is organic food safe?
Yes. Organic food is as safe to consume as any other kind of food. Just as with any kind of produce, consumers should wash before consuming to ensure maximum cleanliness. As cited above, organic produce contains significantly lower levels of pesticide residues than conventional produce. It is a common misconception that organic food could be at greater risk of E. coli contamination because of raw manure application although conventional farmers commonly apply tons of raw manure as well with no regulation whatsoever. Organic standards set strict guidelines on manure use in organic farming: either it must be first composted, or it must be applied at least 90 days before harvest, which allows ample time for microbial breakdown of any pathogens.
By lending his name to the Longping High-tech, a seed company, Yuan obtained a 5 per cent stake, or 2.5 million shares worth 2 million yuan, in the firm.
However, Yuan said his research requires the lifestyle of a farmer, or rather a migrating farmer, as he has conducted extensive research related to the cultivation of new strains of hybrid rice "Super Hybrid Rice" in some 10 provinces.
In the year 1999, more than 300 billion kilograms of grain were increased from about 240 million hectares of hybrid rice, which signified the success of his research. And this made Yuan firmly believe that China can surely feed her 1.2 billion population with her limited cultivated land.
The "Super Rice" yields are 30 percent higher than those of common rice. The record yield of 17,055 kilograms per hectare was registered in Yongsheng County in Yunnan in 1999.
But even after that achievement Yuan won't take a break. He has a dream, more realistic than that of his young age, that popularizing new strains of grain with higher yields around the world, can eliminate starvation on earth.
The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has vowed to get involved in the work of spreading the coverage of Yuan's high- yield hybrid rice, which it considers the best way to increase the world's grain output.
How do organic farmers fertilize crops? How do they control pests, diseases, and weeds?
Organic farmers build healthy soils by nourishing the living component of the soil, the microbial inhabitants that release, transform, and transfer nutrients. Soil organic matter contributes to good soil structure and water-holding capacity. Organic farmers feed soil biota and build soil structure and water-holding capacity. Organic farmers feed soil biota and build soil organic matter with cover crops, compost, and biologically based soil amendments. These produce healthy plants that are better able to resist disease and insect predation. Organic farmers' primary strategy in controlling pests and diseases is prevention through good plant nutrition and management. Organic farmers use cover crops and sophisticated crop rotations to change the field ecology, effectively disrupting habitat for weeds, insects, and disease organisms. Weeds are controlled through crop rotation, mechanical tillage, and hand-weeding, as well as through cover crops, mulches, flame weeding, and other management methods. Organic farmers rely on a diverse population of soil organisms, beneficial insects, and birds to keep pests in check. When pest populations get out of balance, growers implement a variety of strategies such as the use of insect predators, mating disruption, traps and barriers. Under the National Organic Rule, growers are required to use sanitation and cultural practices first before they can resort to applying a material to control a weed, pest or disease problem. Use of these materials in organic production is regulated, strictly monitored, and documented. As a last resort, certain botanical or other non-synthetic pesticides may be applied.
The FAO's 1991 statistics show that 20 percent of the world's rice output was yielded from 10 percent of the world's rice fields, which grow hybrid rice.
"If the new strain was sown in the rest of the rice acreage, the present grain output around the world can be more than doubled. This can be a solution to the grain shortage," said the unselfish scientist.
In 1980, Yuan went to the United States at the invitation of the International Rice Research Institute to share his knowledge about the cultivation technology of hybrid rice. He was also employed in 1991 as the chief consultant of FAO to bring his research methods to other countries.
With the help of Chinese scientists, the acreage of hybrid rice in Viet Nam and India increased to 200,000 hectares and 150,000 hectares in 1999, respectively.
The rice research costs time to prove its value. At the age of 43, Yuan cultivated the world's first hybrid rice. At that time the country's grain yield was about 4,500 kilogram per hectare.
"The natural disaster and policy miscarriage further deteriorated starvation in China by then," Yuan recalled tearfully.
This is his motivation to stimulate his research. Largely due to his scientific progress, China's total rice output rose from 5. 69 billion tons in 1950 to 19.47 billion tons last year. The growth rate of rice output far exceeded the population growth speed.
Some people estimate Yuan's actual fortune might amount to more than 100 million yuan (12 million U.S. dollars), making him one of the richest people in China. But he doesn't know for sure himself, for he seems not to care about his own assets than the rice harvest.
Some people asked him to move the focus of his research from improving amounts of hybrid rice to the quality and taste, which would be easier to do. But, the stubborn academician insisted that the amount of hybrid rice's per unit yield still outweighs the quality, for his foremost task is to improve the grain reserve in developing countries. Enditem
2.
What is organic farming?
Organic refers to agricultural production systems used to produce food and fiber. All kinds of agricultural products are produced organically, including produce, grains, meat, dairy, eggs, fibers such as cotton, flowers, and processed food products. Organic farming management relies on developing biological diversity in the field to disrupt habitat for pest organisms, and the purposeful maintenance and replenishment of soil fertility. Organic farmers are not allowed to use synthetic pesticides or fertilizers. Some of the essential characteristics of organic systems include: design and implementation of an "organic system plan" that describes the practices used in producing crops and livestock products; a detailed recordkeeping system that tracks all products from the field to point of sale; and maintenance of buffer zones to prevent inadvertent contamination from adjacent conventional fields.
3．Words and expressions from Unit 2 Working the land
I. Words for Reading
hunger n. 饑餓，欲望；vt. & vi. (使)饑餓：feel hunger, die of hunger, have a hunger for fame， hunger for [after] friends 渴望朋友
sunburn vt. & vi. 日曬：She sunburns easily. 她很容易曬黑。 get sunburnt 曬黑
sunburnt a. 曬黑的：a sunburnt face
struggle vt. & vi. 斗爭，努力：struggle to get out， struggle with [against]…, struggle for…
super a. 特級的： a super star, a super software, a super highway
hybrid a. 混合的：hybrid news, Hybrid cars take hold in US. 混合（動力）汽車登陸美國市場。
output n. 產(chǎn)量，輸出：the daily output of a factory, the monthly output of TV sets
strain n. 種類：come of a good strain 出自名門，new HIV strain 愛滋病新變種
expand vt. & vi. 使變大：expand one’s wings, expand one’s business, expand…into…, expand into…
circulate vt. & vi. 循環(huán)，傳播：Blood circulates in the body., He circulated a false rumor.
rid…of 擺脫， 除去：We have to rid the garden of weeds. At last I’m rid of debt.
satisfied a. 滿意的：be satisfied with…, be satisfied to do sth., be satisfied of…確信……， be satisfied that… 確信……
lead a … life： 過……生活
equip vt. & vi. 配備：equip sb. with… 給某人配上，be equipped with…
freedom n. 自由：have the freedom to do sth., freedom of speech, enjoy freedom from poverty 享受免于貧困的生活 / The French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau asserted that the condition of freedom was inherent to humanity, an inevitable facet of the possession of a soul and sapience, with the implication that all social interactions subsequent to birth imply a loss of freedom, voluntary or involuntary.
would rather寧愿，寧可：I would rather not go. I would rather drink tea than coffee.
violin n. 小提琴：play the violin, play music on the violin, He is the first violin. 他是第一小提琴手。
motorcycle n. 摩托車：ride a motorcycle, the motorcycle riders
sorghum n. 高粱：grain sorghum production，sorghum flour高粱面，sweet sorghum growing at a research station in China
grain n．谷物；糧食；顆粒：grain sorghum, a grain of rice, grains of sands, grind grain into flour把谷物磨成粉
peanut n. 花生：a peanut farmer, a peanut grower, spread peanut on the bread 把花生醬抹在面包上
export vt. & vi. 輸出， 出口：export… to a country 向某國出口某物
II. Words for Learning about Language
suitable a. 合適的；適當?shù)模篵e suitable for…， a suitable answer， be suitable to do sth.
darken vt. & vi. (使)變暗；(使)變黑：He darkened the room by turning out the light. The sky darkened as the storm approached.
organic a. 有機的；器官的：organic life生物, organic farming 有機農(nóng)業(yè)耕作
chemical a. 化學(xué)的；關(guān)于化學(xué)的：a chemical change, 化學(xué)變化, a chemical experiment 化學(xué)實驗
fertilizer n. 肥料，化肥：fertilizer manufacturing company，a fertilizer spreader化肥撒播器
III. Words for Using Language
(ORGANIC FARMING)
refer to查閱：談到，指的是：refer to it indirectly 間接提到它，refer to web documents 查閱我的網(wǎng)頁
mineral n. 礦物， 礦石：mineral exploration and mining 礦物勘探和開采，Ministry of Lands and Mineral Resources 土地和礦產(chǎn)資源部/ Minerals are natural compounds formed through geological processes. The term "mineral" encompasses not only the material's chemical composition but also the mineral structures. Minerals range in composition from pure elements and simple salts to very complex silicates with thousands of known forms (organic compounds are usually excluded). The study of minerals is called mineralogy.
fertile a. (指土地)肥沃的：fertile land, a fertile imagination豐富的想象, a place fertile of wheat 盛產(chǎn)小麥的地方
reduce vt. 減少：reduce… to… 把……減少到……， reduce staff裁員
supply n. vt. 補給， 供應(yīng)：supply sb. with…，supply… to sb. , have enough supply of food
bacteria n. 細菌：I do not know how bacteria spreads. / Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. They are microscopic and mostly unicellular, with a relatively simple cell structure lacking a cell nucleus, cytoskeleton, and organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. Their cell structure is further described in the article about prokaryotes, because bacteria are prokaryotes, in contrast to organisms with more complex cells, called eukaryotes. The term "bacteria" has variously applied to all prokaryotes or to a major group of them, depending on ideas about their relationships.
pest n. 害蟲：pest control technicians 害蟲控制技術(shù)員， natural enemies of pest species 害蟲的天敵
soybean n. 大豆：soybean products，soybean farmers，soybean grower，in many soybean growing regions
level n. 水平，級別：a high level of civilization, above [below] the ordinary level, attain the world level
whatever pron. 凡是……；無論什么 a. 無論怎樣的：eat whatever you like, Whatever you do, do your best.
summary n. 總結(jié)；摘要：a summary of the discussion, the Summary Report
exchange vt. & n. 交換，兌換；exchange sth. with sb. 與某人互換某物， exchange A for B ，以A交換B
nutrition n. 營養(yǎng)；食物：Public Health and Nutrition Research，learn about eggs and good nutrition/ Nutrition is interpreted as the study of the organic process by which an organism assimilates and uses food and liquids for normal functioning, growth and maintenance and to maintain the balance between health and disease. Also included is the idea of an optimal balance of nutrients and whole foods, to enable the optimal performance of the body.
certain a. 確定的；必然的：be certain that, be certain why, be certain of, be certain to do sth. It is certain that, for certain, make certain