1. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) defines intellectual property as ideas, which include inventions, writing, artwork, symbols and designs used in business. (P62) 世界知識產(chǎn)權(quán)組織(WIPO)將知識產(chǎn)權(quán)定義為智力創(chuàng)造成果, 包括發(fā)明, 著作, 藝術(shù)品和商業(yè)中使用的標志和設(shè)計.
define: verb定義
to say what the meaning of something, especially a word, is:
In this dictionary 'reality' is defined as 'the state of things as they are, rather than as they are imagined to be'.
Before I answer your question, could you define your terms a little more (= explain what you mean by the words you have used)?
define…as…把…定義為…
definition : noun 定義
2. Intellectual property can be classified into two categories---industrial property, such as inventions, trademarks and industrial designs, and copyright, which applies to novels, films, music, artwork and architectural designs . (P62) 知識產(chǎn)權(quán)可以被分為兩大類---工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán), 如發(fā)明, 商標和工業(yè)設(shè)計, 以及版權(quán), 這適用于小說, 電影, 音樂, 藝術(shù)作品和建筑設(shè)計.
apply: verb 適用; 應用
(especially of rules or laws) to have a connection or be important:
That bit of the form is for UK citizens - it doesn't apply to you.
Those were old regulations - they don't apply any more.to make use of something or use it for a practical purpose:
He wants a job in which he can apply his foreign languages.
The court heard how the driver had failed to apply his brakes in time.
If you apply pressure to a cut it's meant to stop the bleeding.
applied: adjective [before noun] 應用的
relating to a subject of study, especially a science, that has a practical use:
applied mathematics/science
application: noun 適用; 應用
The new laws have (a) particular application to the self-employed.
The design has many applications.
the application of this research in the treatment of cancer
apply常用短語:
apply A to B:將A應用于B
apply to sb./sth.: 適用于…
apply to …for…: 向…提出申請…
We should apply the theory to practice.
The teaching method doesn’t apply to my students.
I applied to the company for a job.
3. If someone who spends his or her time, effort and money writing a book, for example, he or she deserves to be paid for it, even if it is just a draft. (P62)例如, 如果有人花了他或她的時間, 精力和金錢來寫一本書, 即使只是草稿, 他或她也值得他人為此付費.
deserve: verb 應受, 值得
to have earned or to be given something because of the way you have behaved or the qualities you have:
After all that hard work, you deserve a holiday.
Chris deserves our special thanks for all his efforts.
I hope they get the punishment they deserve.
[+ to infinitive] They certainly deserved to win that match.
4.Because of this, the Chinese government has added its signature to several laws protecting intellectual property. (P62) 為此, 中國政府在幾部保護知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的法律上加上了自己的簽名.
add: verb 增加
to put something with something else to increase the number or amount or to improve the whole:
If you add (= calculate the total of) three and four you get seven.
Beat the butter and sugar together and slowly add the eggs.
She's added a Picasso to her collection.
Her colleagues' laughter only added to (= increased) her embarrassment.
[+ that] She was sad, she said, but added (= said also) that she felt she had made the right decision.
[+ speech] "Oh, and thank you for all your help!" he added as he was leaving.
addition noun 增加
Twice a week the children are tested in basic mathematical skills such as addition (= calculating the total of different numbers put together) and subtraction.
Most working environments are improved by the addition of (= adding) a few plants and pictures.
A secretary would be a welcome/useful addition to our staff.
In addition to his flat in London, he has a villa in Italy and a castle in Scotland.
比較短語:
add to: 增添
add A to B: 把A加到B上
add up to: 總計
What you did added to my trouble.
We should add fertilizer to the soil.
The cost of the trip added up to 2000 yuan.
典型題例:
The engine of the ship was out of order and the bad weather the helplessness of the crew at sea. (2003上海)
A．a(chǎn)dded to B．resulted from C．turned out D．made up
選A. add to增添; result from由于; turn out 結(jié)果; make up 編造
5. However, in everyday life, we are now faced with decisions about how to respect intellectual property rights.(P63) 但是在日常生活中, 我們現(xiàn)在面臨著如何保護知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的決定.
face: verb 面對
If you face a problem, or a problem faces you, you have to deal with it:
This is one of the many problems faced by working mothers.
Passengers could face long delays.
You're faced with a very difficult choice there.
be faced with: 面對
典型題例:
__________ with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice. (北京2005春)
A. To face B. Having faced C. Faced D. Facing
答案及解析:
選C. 此處Faced with a difficult situation 相當于 Because Arnold was faced with a difficult situation.
6. The copying of copyright material is known as piracy. (P63) 這種復制有版權(quán)的材料的行為被稱為盜版.
be known as…: 被稱為…; 以…知名; 被認為是…
be known for…: 因為…而聞名
be known to sb….:為某人所知道
He is known as a famous writer.
He is known for singing well.
It is known to us all that he is good at writing.
=As is known to us all, he is good at writing.
=What is known to us all is that he is good at writing.
典型題例:
Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, ____ as 3M. (2004浙江)
A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known
答案及解析:
選B. known as 3M此處為過去分詞短語,用作定語.