1. solar：adj.1)太陽的， 來自太陽的
solar system 太陽系 solar rays太陽光 solar energy太陽能 a solar spot太陽黑子
2) 利用太陽光/能的
a solar heating system 太陽能加熱系統(tǒng)
2． mankind: 集合名詞，=humakindhuman（1）指任何時期的人/人類 ， 時間涵蓋廣泛， 帶莊重、正式意味并暗示人類所具有的共性， 前面不加冠詞 2）男性（womankind）
Eg. Such inventions are beneficial to all mankind.這種發(fā)明創(chuàng)造有益于全人類。
Disease is an enemy of mankind.疾病是人類的天敵
Cf. 1） man: 人、人類，總稱詞，多作單數(shù)，不加冠詞，作主語時動詞用單數(shù)。
Eg. Man must change in a changing world.
Man has been trying to control nature.人類一直在致力控制自然。
還可指成年的男人/男性，泛指一般男性時常不用冠詞。
Eg. He has become a fine man. 他已經(jīng)長成一個大男人。
Man is generally taller than woman.
You must be a man. 你必須做個男子漢。
2) men : 指人類的成員/組成分子。
Eg. All men are created equal.人人生來都平等。
All men are equal in the sight of the law。法律面前人人平等。
3）human: 同human being, 與神、動物有別的人的、人類的、人，復數(shù)分別為humans和human beings
Eg. Little of the earth’s solid surface has been seen by humans, as much of it lies below the sea. 人們只看到地球固體表面的很小的一部分，因為大部分的地球處于海下。
A born teacher, she thought she could turn a deaf-blind person into a useful human being. 生來就是當教師的…I don’t believe there are other human beings on other planets. 我不相信其他行星上有人存在。
3． constitution: 1) c.n 憲法
Eg. According to the American constitution presidential elections are held every four years.
Great Britain has an unwritten constitution.
2) c.n 體質(zhì)
Eg. Only men with strong constitutions should climb in the Himalayas.
4. support (1) vt. 1)支撐，負擔（重量），攙扶
Eg. Is the bridge strong enough to support heavy lories?
He was supporting himself with a stick.
2)養(yǎng)家，維持生活，負擔費用
Eg. Air, food and drink are necessary to support life.
3) 支持，贊成
Eg. His family supported him in his decision.
(2)c. n. 1)支撐物
Eg. These wooden supports help to hold up the building.
2) 起維持作用的人/物
He was a great support to us all in our time of need.
(3) u.n 1) 支持
Eg. The candidate didn’t ask for our support.
2) 養(yǎng)家，贍養(yǎng)
Her job is the family’s only means of support.
(4) Two idioms: 1) come to one’s support 來支持某人
2) in support of 支持，證明
5. achieve vt. 1) 經(jīng)過努力取得（勝利，成功），實現(xiàn)（目的，目標）
Eg. He went back to London without having achieved any success.
2) （與一些代詞連用）取得成就，成果, 還可與a lot, little, nothing, a great deal等連用
Eg. Did you achieve all that you expected to today?
Cf. achievement 1) c.n 成就
Eg. The inventor was rewarded by the Government for his scientific ~s.
2) u.n 達到，實現(xiàn)，成功
Eg. Such a goal is impossible of ~
Cf. gain / get 前者指通過努力或奮斗獲得某種利益、好處或經(jīng)驗； 而后者為普通用詞，指以某種方法或手段得到某東西，可以是主動地獲得，也可指被動地接受。
Eg. He has gained the respect of his students.
Tell me how you got such a great amount of money.
6. zone: (1)n. 1) 地帶（尤指寒帶、熱帶等）
Eg. Most of the world’s wheat is grown in the North Temperate Zone.(南半球/北半球的溫帶)
2) 地區(qū)
Eg. A war zone is a district where fighting is going on.
It’s against the law to build factories in this residential zone.(住宅區(qū))
(2) vt. 劃…為區(qū)，劃出 供…用，分區(qū)
Eg. The downtown area is zoned for commercial use.
7. private: adj 1) 私人的，個人的
Eg. He attended a private school in another city.
You can get a private doctor to operate on him.
2) 私下的， 不公開的，保密的
Eg. Don’t repeat what I have told you to anyone; it’s private.
3)隱秘的，別人不去的
Eg. Is there some private corner in the club where we can talk by ourselves?
4) 孤僻的
Eg. She is a very private person.
5) in private 私底下， 不在公開場合
Eg. Matters like this are best discussed in private.
6) privately adv. 私下地
Eg. He said he was anxious to speak to you privately.
8.(1) institute: 理工科專科學校，學院，研究所
Eg. Many universities have institutes of education.(教育學院)
(2) university : 綜合性大學
Eg. There is a university town in Fuzhou.
(3) college: 獨立的學院，大學，大學的學院，專科學校
Eg. The university has six colleges.
(4) school: 指小學及中等學校，包括其建筑及其制度；大學的研究所；不加冠詞時指課業(yè)/學校教育
Eg. School begins at 8:30 in that country.
(5)academy: 主要用于大學以下的種種私立學校或特殊學科的學校校名中
Eg. He is now studying in an academy of medicine.
9. grasp: (1)vt. 抓住，理解
Eg. Grasp all, lose all. 貪多必失
He seemed not to have grasped what the reply meant.
※ grasp at 試圖抓住，設法抓住
Eg. He grasped at the rope but missed it.
(2) u.n 拿到，理解，掌握，有時可加a
Eg. You seem to have a good grasp of English history.
※ in one’s grasp 到手，握住
※ within one’s grasp 力所能及的
Eg. I kept her hand in my grasp.
It’s not within my grasp. 這不是我力所能及的。
Success is within his grasp. 他成功在望
10．perfect: 絕對adj，沒有最高級和比較級
(1) 完善的，理想的，精確的
Eg. The weather during the last few days has been perfect.
(2) 十足的，完全的，常用于加強所修飾n.的語氣
Eg. He is a perfect stranger to me. 我完全不認識他。
She is a perfect fool.
(3)指人時，常盒子行為、品德的高雅、無暇
Eg. The young lady’s words and behaviour are perfect and we all respect her very much.那女士的言行無可挑剔， ….
(4) 熟練的，精通的
Eg. Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。
(5) vt. 使…完美，使…精通
Eg. You should train hard to perfect your skill.
11. arrange: (1) vt. 安排 常用于以下句型：
1) ~ + n./pron
Eg. Arrange the matter at your own convenience. 在方便的時候及適宜的地方
2) ~ + inf.
Eg. We arranged to meet him at the airport.
3) ~ + clause
Eg. He arranged that the meeting should be put off for a week.
4) ~ + sth for
Eg. The travel agency has arranged everything for our trip to Australia.
(2) vt. 安排，整理
Eg. I began to arrange the flowers in the vases.
(3) arrangement: c.n 安排，排列，排出的樣子
Eg. The present arrangement wasn’t really satisfactory to them.
現(xiàn)有的安排他們好象并不是很滿意
※ make arrangements 作安排
Eg. I have to make arrangements to take you to London.
12. set foot in (on ) / out of : 進入，到達， 走（進 / 出）
Eg. They were filled with joy when they set foot on / in Chinese soil.
Man has set foot on all ways of science and technology.
She told her boy not to set foot out of the house until he had finished his homework.
※ stand on one’s own feet: 自力更生， 依靠自己
13.rely: vi. 常與on/upon 搭配，“依靠，依賴，指望”可用于以下句型：
(1) ~ + n./pron
Eg. They relied on themselves, which was much better.
(2) ~ + sb. + to do
You can rely on Peter to do whatever he promises.
(3) ~ + doing
We can’t rely on him coming in time when we are in need of him.
(4) ~ + for-phrase
You can’t rely on him for help.
14. base (1) c.n 1)基礎，底座 2) 基地，根據(jù)地
Eg. It serves the economic base.
There we established our first revolutionary bases / base areas.
(2) vt. 1)把… 建立在， 以…為基礎;2) 把總部 / 基地設在
Eg. This song is based on an old folk tune.
Teaching is an art based on a science.
The company’s headquarter is based in America.
(3)adj. 卑鄙，惡劣
Eg. To betray a friend is a base action.
※ baseless: adj. 毫無根據(jù)的 baseness : n. 卑劣
15.mark : (1) c.n 1) 標記，符號
Eg. A red pencil-mark on the fifth page caught his eyes.
2) 標志，影響，跡象
Eg. Grey hairs are a mark o fold age.
The years in prison have left their marks on his character.
3) 分數(shù)
Eg. My mark in English is A.
The students received passing marks in all subjects.
4) Some idioms:
※ below the mark : 不符合標準
give full marks for : 佩服
on the mark : 中肯，說到點子上
wide of (beside / off ) the mark : 不中肯， 未中要害
make one’s mark : 出名
(2) v. 標出，標上；標志，表現(xiàn)出；打分，記出勤情況
Eg. The teacher is marking the examination papers.
※ be marked by : 特點是，以…為特點
mark out for : 看中， 選定
16.announce: vt. 宣布，宣稱
1) ~ + n.
Eg. The new government announced its policy at once.
2) ~ + clause
Eg. She announced that she would give one extra song.
3) announcement : n. 宣告，布告，通告
announcer : 廣播員， 報幕員