2006年高考總復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)：
英語寫作部分
之一：英語寫作的過渡手段歸納
眾所周知，要寫出清晰流暢的文章，需要把段落中各部分巧妙地連接在一起。這樣可使文章自然而別致，并能層層展開主題句，完整地表達(dá)中心思想。
起連貫作用的過渡詞語可以用來連接段落中的各個(gè)句子，也可以用來連接文章中的各個(gè)段落。下面是在段落中連接句子的例子（段中黑體字為過渡詞）
To many foreigners, the American word family is confusing. Foreigners often hear an American say "My family is coming to visit." In this sentence, family means grandparents and perhaps other relatives. However, at other times, the same American might say, "I'm going to stay home with my family this weekend." In this case, he is talking about his wife and children. This is a much narrower meaning than the first one. Using family in this way makes a foreigner wonder which term really describes an American family. The answer, of course, is that there are two meanings for the word family in the United States -- a narrow one and a broad one. And there is another term ---- immediate family ----- to describe something in between.
這一段中出現(xiàn)的過渡手法有兩種：一種是過渡詞或詞組，如however, in this case, of course； 另一種是起過渡作用的代詞，如this, one.
段與段之間也可以用過渡詞連接，比如but可以連接兩個(gè)為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的段落．
2. 過渡詞語的分類 常用的過渡詞根據(jù)意思和作用的不同，可以分為以下十一類：
1) 用以解釋的過渡詞，比如：now, in addition, for, in this case, furthermore, in fact
1. The problem, in this case, is hard to solve.
2. Furthermore, several people telephoned the same night.
2) 表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的過渡詞，如：certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important
1. Indeed, a dessert is always enjoyable.
2. Above all, do not build an open fire in a forest.
3) 表示限制的過渡詞but, however, although, though, yet, except for
1. Yet there was still a chance that he would win.
2. Except for one girl, all the hikers returned.
4) 用以舉例的過渡詞for example, for instance, thus, such, next
1. For instance, a telegram often costs more than a telephone call.
2. Thus the trip finally began.
5) 表示遞進(jìn)或補(bǔ)充的過渡詞in addition，furthermore，also，moreover，yet
1. In addition, the tour stops in Vancouver.
2. Furthermore, the time for registration has been extended.
6) 表達(dá)順序的過渡詞first, second, third, afterward(s)（后來）, meanwhile（幾乎同時(shí)）,
thereafter（在那以后）, last, finally, eventually（終于）
1. First, you mail in an application. Second, you ask for an appointment. Third, you send
them three personal references.
2. Then you come to a traffic light and turn right.
7) 用以表示比較的過渡詞like, in the same way, similarly, equally important, too
1. In the same way, we look for a good doctor.
2. Similarly, the Thais enjoy spicy foods.
8) 用以表示對(duì)比的過渡詞unlike, in contrast, whereas, on the other hand, instead
1. In contrast, the red fluid does not lose its color.
2. The husband wanted a boy, whereas the wife wanted a girl.
9) 表示讓步的過渡詞although, nevertheless, of curse, after all, clearly, still, yet
1. He planned, nevertheless, to ask for a promotion.
2. After all, you learn to cook many foods in this job.
10) 用以表述結(jié)果的過渡詞therefore, as a result, consequently,
then，thereby，therefore，thus，hence，accordingly, so, otherwise
1. As a result, she became the prince's bride.
2. Consequently, we opened an account at the bank.
11) 用以表示總結(jié)的過渡詞to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in short，in a word，in
the long run，in summary
1. To sum up, Christmas is the most important holiday.
2. In conclusion, a consulate offers more services.
上文已經(jīng)講過，除了過渡詞或詞組之外，起過渡作用的還有代詞、同義詞、連接詞和詞的重復(fù)等。下面分別舉例說明。
1. 起過渡作用的代詞
例：He asked what that meant.
We watched the hikers. They climbed slowly.
以上兩句中的深藍(lán)體字分別起句內(nèi)和句間的過渡作用。
起過渡作用的代詞在下面例子中的作用很大，沒有它，這段文字就不能成立。
It is the most talked-of subject in town. Every family in the community discusses It half a dozen times a day. You mentioned It to at least one of your friends before you came into the room today. You think about It at least once during every class. Its passage is steady. It touched everyone. What isIt? It is Time.
2. 起過渡作用的同義詞
同義詞用得好，不僅有助于文章的連貫，也增加了文采。例如下文：
Community colleges are like the two-year colleges called junior colleges, or "j.c.'s". Both schools prepare students for four-year colleges. J.c.'s offer all the courses most four-year colleges ask their freshmen and sophomores to take. Community colleges also give such required courses. But community colleges are also like other institutions called trade schools. Both schools offer technical training. Trade schools give courses in such areas as carpentry, nursing, television repairing, or photography. Community colleges have complete technical courses for students who do not plan to go on to a university.
3． 重復(fù)詞起過渡作用
詞的重復(fù)是常用的連接手法，它可強(qiáng)調(diào)你所要表達(dá)的意思。按方式，還可進(jìn)一步分為絕對(duì)重復(fù)和相對(duì)重復(fù)。
Gulls, as they soar, are not always searching for food but merely having fun on the wing. A gull flying along the shore is taking advantages of wind current formed when the sea air strikes the warm land and rises. Gulls also love the lower, weaker air currents that form about three feet above the waves. They ride them for hours, tipping from one current to the next. Most people think that gulls ride behind boats for the food. But garbage is only a small part of what they eat. Clams and fish make up most of their diet. The sea gulls follow boats for the tide on the thermal currents the ships create at sea.
上面文章中的黑體字就是通過重復(fù)來起承上啟下的作用，與同義詞類似。
4. 平行結(jié)構(gòu)起承上啟下的作用
My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Don't argue with parents; they will think you don't love them. Don't argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Don't argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Don't argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mother's rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words. Don't argue.
文中的don't argue反復(fù)出現(xiàn)，形成平行結(jié)構(gòu)，有助于段落的流暢和連貫。
之二：英語寫作中的常用句型歸納
作文中常用句套：
下文中出現(xiàn)的 A,B, “...”(某事物), "sb"( somebody),
要在寫作中要根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行適當(dāng)替換.
開頭：
When it comes to ..., some think ...
There is a public debate today that ...
A is a commen way of ..., but is it a wise one?
Recentaly the problem has been brought into focus.
提出觀點(diǎn)：
Now there is a growing awareness that...
It is time we explore the truth of ...
Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible.
進(jìn)一步提出觀點(diǎn)：
... but that is only part of the history.
Another equally important aspect is ...
A is but one of the many effects. Another is ...
Besides, other reasons are...
提出假想例子的方式：
Suppose that...
Just imagine what would be like if...
It is reasonable to expect...
It is not surprising that...
舉普通例子：
For example(instance),...
... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth)
A good case in point is...
A particular example for this is...
引用：
One of the greatest early writers said ...
"Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ...
"......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...).
"......". How often we hear such words like there.
講故事
（先說故事主體），this story is not rare.
..., such delimma we often meet in daily life.
..., the story still has a realistic significance.
提出原因：
There are many reasons for ...
Why .... , for one thing,...
The answer to this problem involves many factors.
Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ...
The first reason can be obiviously seen.
Most people would agree that...
Some people may neglect that in fact ...
Others suggest that...
Part of the explanation is ...
進(jìn)行對(duì)比：
The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of...
Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ...
Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned.
A maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage that...
承上啟下：
To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see...
A study of ... will make this point clear
讓步：
Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as...
I do not deny that A has its own merits.
結(jié)尾：
>From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw
the conclusion that ...
In summary, it is wiser ...
In short...
在作文中引用合適的名言警句，會(huì)給你的文章增色許多。這里收集了我本人喜愛的一些名言，可能會(huì)對(duì)你有用。我們使用引用的位置可以在開頭結(jié)尾或正文段落中，
常見的使用形式如下：
One of the greatest early writers said ...
"Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ...
"......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...).
"......". How often we hear such words like there.
Useful quotations
逆境
by Robert Collier
In every adversity there lies the seed of an equivalent advantage. In every defeat there is a lesson showing you how to win the victory next time.
努力與成功
by Ann Landers
Opportunities are usually disguised as hard work, so most people don't recognize them.
堅(jiān)持
by Ralph Waldo Emerson
No one can cheat you out of ultimate success but yourselves.
Confucius 孔子
Our greatest glory is not in never falling...
but in rising every time we fall.
堅(jiān)持
Mother Teresa
To keep a lamp burning we have to keep putting oil in it.
Henry Ford
Nothing is particularly hard if you divide it inuo small jobs.
Winston Churchill
Never, never, never, never give up.
Albert Einstein
In uhe middle of difficulty lies opportunity.
努力與成功
by Crassus
Those who aim at great deeds must suffer greatly.
Thomas Edison
There is no substitute for hard work.
Leo Tolstoi
The strongest of all warriors are these two- Time and Patience.
Thomas Jefferson
I'm a great believer in luck,
and I find the harder I work...
the more I have of it.
Robert Collier
Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.
Ray A. Croc
Luck is a dividend of sweat. The more you sweat, the luckier you get.
實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)與間接經(jīng)驗(yàn)
You'll learn more about a road by traveling it...
than by consulting all the maps in the world.
動(dòng)機(jī)與結(jié)果
Vince Lombardi
Winning isn't everything...
but wanting to win is.
John F. Kennedy
We choose to go!to the moon and other things , oot because they are easy, but because they are hard.
Thucydides
The strong do what they will.
The weak do what they must.
為人態(tài)度：
John Wooden
Talent is God given--Be Humble.
Fame is man given-- Be Thankful.
Conceit is self given --Be Careful.
行動(dòng)：
Theodore Roosevelt
Do what you can , with what you have , with where you are.
Publilius Syrus Maxim
No one knows what he can do till he tries.
Terence
There is nothing so easy but that it becomes difficult when you do it reluctantly.
Thomas Fuller
A wise man turns chance into good fortune.
William Hazlitt
Prosperity is a great teacher;
adversity is a greater.
William Penn
No pains, no palm;
no thorns, no throne;
no gall , no glory;
no cross, no crown.
Will Rogers
Even if you're on the right track, you'll get run over... if you just sit there.
Opportunity rarely knocks on your door.
Knock rather on opportunity's door if you ardently wish to enter.
成功與失敗
Vince Lombardi
It's not whether you get knocked down.
...It's whether you get up again.
Winston Churchill
An optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity;
a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity.
熱情（年輕/年老）
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.
信心
James Allen
The will to do springs from the knowledge that we can do.
Samuel Johnson
Few things are impossible to diligence and skill.
Aughey
Lost time is never found again.
Voltaire
No problem can stand the assault of sustained thinking.
Napoleon
Victory belongs to the most persevering.
細(xì)心
Euipides
Leave no stone unturned.
計(jì)劃與工作
Norman Vincent Peale
Plan your work for today and every day;
then work your plan.
Henry Ford
Failure is only the opportunity to more intelligently begin again.
Thomas Edison
I start where the last man left off.
理想與現(xiàn)實(shí)
What the mind of man can conceive and believe,
the mind of a man can achieve.
勤奮
Benjamin Franklin
Plough deep while sluggards sleep.
目標(biāo)
Henry David Thoreau
In the lone run men hit only what they aim at.
幸運(yùn)
Emily Dickinson
Luck is not chance...
It's toil...
Fortune's expensive smile is earned.
勤奮
Thomas Edison
Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.
Useful Quotations
想象力
Albert Einstein
Imagination is more important than knowledge.
挑戰(zhàn)：
Walter Begehot
The great pleasure in life is doing what people say you cannot do.
機(jī)會(huì)與準(zhǔn)備
Abraham Lincoln
I will prepare and some day my chance will come.
信心與事實(shí)
Henry Ford
Whether you think you can or think you can't -- you are right.
English Proverb
Where there's a will there's a way.
There is no failure excepting no longer trying.
Luck is what happens when preparation meets opportunity.
之三：英文作文52活用句型
I. 用于文章主題句
1. 不用說…
It goes without saying that子句
= (It is) needless to say (that)子句
= It is obvious that子句
= Obviously, S. + V.
例︰不用說早睡早起是值得的。
It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.
2. …是不可能的; 無法…
There is no Ving
= There is no way of Ving.
= There is no possibility of Ving.
= It is impossible to V.
= It is out of the question to V.
= No one can V.
= We cannot V.
例︰不可否認(rèn)的成功的事業(yè)關(guān)鍵在于健康的身心。
There is not denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind.
3. 我深信…
I am greatly convinced (that)子句
= I am greatly assured (that)子句
例︰我深信預(yù)防是于治療。
I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure.
4. 在各種…之中…
Among various kinds of …, …
= Of all the …, …
例︰在各種運(yùn)動(dòng)中我尤其喜歡慢跑。
Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.
5. …是很容易證明的。
It can be easily proved (that)子句
例︰時(shí)間最珍貴是很容易證明的。
It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time.
6. …無論如何強(qiáng)調(diào)都不為過
… cannot be overemphasized
例︰交通安全的重要性無論如何強(qiáng)調(diào)都不為過。
The importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.
7. 就我的看法…；我認(rèn)為…
In my opinion, …
= To my mind, ….
= As far as I am concerned, …
= I am of the opinion that子句
例︰就我的看法打電動(dòng)玩具既花費(fèi)時(shí)間也有害健康。
In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.
8. (A) 每個(gè)人都知道…
Everyone knows (that)子句
(B) 就我所知…
As far as my knowledge is concerned, …
例︰就我所知下列方法對(duì)我?guī)椭艽蟆?/p>
As far as my knowledge is concerned, the following ways are of great help to me.
9. 毫無疑問地…
There is no doubt (that)子句
例︰毫無疑問地近視在我國的年輕人中是一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問題。
There is no doubt that near-sightedness is a serious problem among the youth of our country.
10. 根據(jù)我個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)…
According to my personal experience, …
= Based on my personal experience, …
例︰根據(jù)我個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)微笑已帶給我許多好處。
According to my personal experience, smile has done me a lot of good.
11. 在我認(rèn)識(shí)的人當(dāng)中也許沒有一個(gè)人比…更值得我尊敬。
Of all the people I know, perhaps non deserves my respect more than …
例︰在我認(rèn)識(shí)的人當(dāng)中也許沒有一個(gè)人比我的英文老師張老師更值得我尊敬。
Of all the people I know, perhaps non deserves my respect more than Miss Chang, my English teacher.
12. 在我的求學(xué)過程中我忘不了…
In the course of my schooling. I will never forget …
例︰在我的求學(xué)過程中我忘不了學(xué)習(xí)英文所遭到的大困難。
In the course of my schooling. I will never forget the great difficulty I encountered in learning English.
13. (A) 隨著人口的增加… With the increase/growth of the population, …
(B) 隨著科技的進(jìn)步, … With the advance of science and technology, …
例︰隨著臺(tái)灣經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展許多社會(huì)問題產(chǎn)生了。
With the rapid development of Taiwan's economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass.
14. (A) 在這信息的年代…扮演重要的角色。
In the age of information and communication, … plays an important role.
(B) 在今日工業(yè)社會(huì)中…是生命不可或缺的。
In today's industrial society, … is indispensable to life.
例︰在這信息的年代計(jì)算機(jī)扮演非常重要的角色。
In this age of information and communication, the computer plays an extremely important role.
15. 在討論…一個(gè)人不得不承認(rèn)…。
In dealing with …, one cannot but admit (that)子句
例︰在討論未來的職業(yè)一個(gè)人不得不承認(rèn)盡早決定未來的職業(yè)很重要。
In dealing with one's future career, one cannot but admit that it is very important to decide one's future career as early as possible.
16. 世上沒有什么比…更令我高興。
Nothing in the world can delight me so much as …
例︰世上沒有什么比到快餐店吃漢堡更令我高興。
Nothing in the world can delight me so much as having hamburgers in fast-food restaurants.
17. … 是必要的 It is necessary that S (should) V
… 是重要的 It is important/essential that S (should) V
… 是適當(dāng)?shù)?It is proper that S (should) V
… 是緊急的 It is urgent that S (should) V
例︰我們當(dāng)保持公共場(chǎng)所清潔是應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)摹?/p>
It is proper that we (should) keep the public places clean.
18. 每當(dāng)我聽到…我就忍不住感到興奮。Whenever I hear …, I cannot but feel excited.
每當(dāng)我做… 我就忍不住感到悲傷。 Whenever I do …, I cannot but feel sad.
每當(dāng)我想到…我就忍不住感到緊張。Whenever I think of …, I cannot but feel nervous.
每當(dāng)我遭遇…我就忍不住感到害怕。Whenever I meet with …, I cannot but feel frightened.
每當(dāng)我看到… 我就忍不住感到驚訝。Whenever I see …, I cannot but feel surprised.
例︰每當(dāng)我想到我家附近那一條清澈的小溪我就忍不住感到悲傷。
Whenever I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot but feel sad.
= Every time I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot help feeling sad.
19. 據(jù)說… It is said (that)子句
一般認(rèn)為… It is thought (that)子句
大家都知道… It is known (that)子句
據(jù)報(bào)導(dǎo)… It is reported (that)子句
一般預(yù)料… It is expected (that)子句
一般估計(jì)… It is estimated (that)子句
一般相信… It is believed (that)子句
例︰一般相信閱讀增加我們的知識(shí)、擴(kuò)大我們的心胸。
It is believed (that) reading increases our knowledge and broadens our mind.
20. …的主要理由是…
The main reason why ….. is (that)子句
例︰青少年犯罪的主要理由是社會(huì)環(huán)境日一敗壞。
The main reason why the juveniles commit crimes is that social environment is becoming worse.
21. 俗語說得好：「…」。
Well goes an old saying, "…"
= As an old saying goes(runs, says), "…"
= An old saying goes, "…"
= It's an old saying (that)子句
例︰俗話說得好：「誠實(shí)為上策」。
As an old saying goes, "Honesty is the best policy."
22. (A) …用下列方法… … in the following ways.
(B) …有三個(gè)主要理由。 … for three major reasons.
(C) 要…至少我們可做三件事。 To …, there are at least three things we can do.
例︰(A) 我用下列方法增加信心。
I increase my confidence in the following ways.
(B) 人們學(xué)外語有三個(gè)理由。
People learn a foreign language for three major reasons.
(C) 為了維護(hù)健康我們每天至少可做三件事。
To keep healthy, there are at least three things we can do every day.
II. 用于文章承轉(zhuǎn)句
23. 那就是(說)…；亦即…
That is to say, …
= That is, …
= Namely, …
例︰我們生活需有規(guī)律。也就是說早睡早起戒除煙酒。
We need to live a regular life. That is, we can keep good hours and refrain from smoking and drinking in the daily activities.
24. (A) 基于這個(gè)理由… For this reason, …
(B) 為了這個(gè)目的… For this purpose, …
例︰基于這個(gè)理由我已決定把行醫(yī)作為未來的職業(yè)。
For this reason, I have decided to take practicing medicine as my future career.
25. 我們有理由相信…
We have reasons to believe (that)子句
例︰我們有理由相信體罰應(yīng)該嚴(yán)格禁止。
We have reasons to believe that corporal punishment should be strictly prohibited.
26. 事實(shí)上…
As a matter of fact, …
= In fact, …
例︰事實(shí)上健康才是最重要。
As a matter of fact, it is health that counts.
27. (A) 例如… For example, …
(B) 拿…做例子 Take … for example.
例︰例如我們盲目地提高生活水準(zhǔn)卻降低生活品質(zhì)。
For example, we elevate the living standards blindly, but lower the quality of life.
28. 此外我們不應(yīng)忽視…
Besides (In addition), we should not neglect …
例︰此外我們不應(yīng)忽視每個(gè)人都想要一個(gè)溫馨祥和的社會(huì)。
In addition, we should not neglect that everyone wants a friendly and peaceful society.
29. 相反地…
on the contrary, …
= by contrast, …
例︰相反地少數(shù)學(xué)生似乎還在鬼混。
On the contrary, a few students, it seems, are still fooling around.
30. 另一方面…
on the other hand, …
例︰政府應(yīng)嚴(yán)格執(zhí)法另一方面大眾也應(yīng)該培養(yǎng)減少污染的好習(xí)慣。
The government should enforce laws strictly. On the other hand, the public also should develop the good habit of reducing pollution.
31. 然而很可惜的是…
However, it is a pity that子句
例︰然而很可惜的是他總是臨時(shí)抱佛腳。
However, it is a pity that he should always cram at the eleventh hour.
32. 換言之…
in other words, …
= to put it differently
例︰換言之我會(huì)盡最大的努力達(dá)成我的目標(biāo)。
In other words, I will try my best to attain (gain, live up to) my goal.
33. 別人可能認(rèn)為這是事實(shí)但我不是。我認(rèn)為…
It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't. I believe that子句
例︰別人可能認(rèn)為這是事實(shí)但我不是。我認(rèn)為…
It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't. I believe that if you have strong determination and perseverance, the success will certainly come to you in the end.
34. 從此之后我已發(fā)現(xiàn)…
Ever since then, I have found that子句
例︰從此之后我已發(fā)現(xiàn)…
Ever since then, I have found smile the best way to avoid any possible conflicts in our daily lives.
35. 這樣說來假如...當(dāng)然毫無疑問地…。
In this light, if…, there can surely be no doubt (that) 子句
例︰這樣說來假如我們能善用時(shí)間當(dāng)然毫無疑問地我們會(huì)成功。
In this light, if we can make good use of time, there can surely be no doubt that we will get somewhere.
36. 更嚴(yán)重的是…。
What is more serious is (that)子句
例︰更嚴(yán)重的是我們不珍惜野生動(dòng)物。
What is more serious is that we do not cherish the wildlife.
37. 鑒于社會(huì)的實(shí)際需要…。
In view of the practical need of society, ….
例︰鑒于社會(huì)的實(shí)際需要愈來愈多人對(duì)學(xué)英語有興趣。
In view of the practical need of society, there are more and more people interested in learning English.
III. 用于文章結(jié)論句
38. 如果能實(shí)踐這三點(diǎn)…。
If one can really put the three points into action (practice), …
例︰如果能實(shí)踐這三點(diǎn)…。
If one can really put the three points into action(practice), he will surely be able to live a healthy and happy life.
39. 做這些簡(jiǎn)單之事我們一定可以…。
By doing these simple things, we surely can ….
例︰做這些簡(jiǎn)單之事我們一定可以快樂出門平安回家。
By doing these simple things, we surely can go out of the door happily and come back home safe every day.
40. 如此我相信…。
In this way, I believe (that)子句
例︰如此我相信大家能夠像我一樣享受乘坐公車的樂趣。
In this way, I believe that all the people may be able to enjoy the bus ride like me.
41. 實(shí)踐這些…。
By putting them (the above) into practice, ….
例︰實(shí)踐這些在智育方面我一直能不斷進(jìn)步。
By putting them(the above) into practice, I have been able to make constant progress in intellectual education.
42. (A) 唯有符合此三項(xiàng)要求我們才能…。
Only by living up to the three requirements, can we ….
(B) 唯有通力合作我們才能…。
Only with combined efforts, can we ….
例︰唯有通力合作我們才能期望臺(tái)灣不久有新的面貌。
Only with combined efforts, can we expect Taiwan to take a new face in due course.
43. 最后但并非最不重要…。
Last but no least, ….
例︰最后但并非最不重要教育上的缺失是助長青少年犯罪的原因。
Last but no least, the shortcoming in education is the cause contributing to juvenile delinquency.
44. 這證據(jù)顯示～的重要性在怎么強(qiáng)調(diào)都不為過。
This evidence shows that the importance of ～ cannot be overemphasized.
例︰這證據(jù)顯示交通安全的重要性在怎么強(qiáng)調(diào)都不為過。
This evidence shows that the importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.
45. 由于這些理由我…。
For these reasons, I ….
例︰由于這些理由我認(rèn)為在臺(tái)灣接受大學(xué)教育是明智的。
For these reasons, I think that receiving college education in Taiwan is wise.
46. 總而言之…。
In conclusion, …
= To sum up, …
例︰總而言之好國民應(yīng)該遵守交通規(guī)則。
In conclusion, a good citizen should abide by traffic regulations.
47. 因此我們能下個(gè)結(jié)論那就是…。
We can, therefore, come to the conclusion (that)子句
例︰因此我們能下個(gè)結(jié)論那就是世上自由罪珍貴。
We can, therefore, come to the conclusion that nothing is so precious as freedom in the world.
48. 如果我們能做到如上所述毫無疑問地…。
If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt (that)子句
例︰如果我們能做到如上所述毫無疑問地我們就能精通英語。
If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt that we can master English
49. 因此這就是…的原因。
Thus, this is the reason why ….
例︰因此這就是我重感冒的原因。
Thus, this is the reason why I caught a bad cold.
50. 所以我們應(yīng)該了解…。
Therefore, we should realize (that)子句
例︰所以我們應(yīng)該了解學(xué)英文不能沒有字典。
Therefore, we should realize that in learning English we cannot do without a dictionary.
51. 因此由上列的討論我們可以明了…。
We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion (that)子句
例︰因此由上列的討論我們可以明了毅力可以克服任何困難。
We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion that perseverance can overcome any difficulty.
52. 1. 從～觀點(diǎn)來看…。 From the ～ point of view, ….
2. 根據(jù)～的看法…。 According to ～ point of view, ….
例︰從政治的觀點(diǎn)來看這是一個(gè)很復(fù)雜的問題。
From the political point
之四：英語寫作常用句式菁華薈萃
以下是短文寫作中使用率最高、覆蓋面最廣的基本句式，每組句式的功能相同或相似，考生可根據(jù)自己的情況選擇其中的1－2個(gè)，做到能夠熟練正確地仿寫或套用。
1．表示原因
1）There are three reasons for this．
2）The reasons for this are as follows．
3）The reason for this is obvious．
4）The reason for this is not far to seek．
5）The reason for this is that．．．
6）We have good reason to believe that．．．
例如：
There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life．Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life．
注：如考生寫第一個(gè)句子沒有把握，可將其改寫成兩個(gè)句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life． There are three reasons for this．這樣寫可以避免套用中的表達(dá)失誤。
2．表示好處
1）It has the following advantages．
2）It does us a lot of good．
3）It benefits us quite a lot．
4）It is beneficial to us．
5）It is of great benefit to us．
例如：
Books are like friends．They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons．Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us．
3．表示壞處
1）It has more disadvantages than advantages．
2）It does us much harm．
3）It is harmfulto us．
例如：
However，everything dividesinto two．Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching televi- sion．
4．表示重要、必要、困難、方便、可能
1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient， possible）for sb．to do sth．
2）We think it necessary to do sth．
3）It plays an important role in our life．
例如：
Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business．Soon， computers will be found in every home，too．We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age．
5．表示措施
1）We should take some effective measures．
2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties．
3）We should do our utmost in doing sth．
4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with．
例如：
The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious．Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it．
6．表示變化
1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years．
2）A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications．
3）The computer has brought about many changes in education．
例如：
Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years．The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek．Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins．
7．表示事實(shí)、現(xiàn)狀
1）We cannot ignore the fact that．．．
2）No one can deny the fact that．．．
3）There is no denying the fact that．．．
4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in．
5）However，that’s not the case．
例如：
We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution．To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution．The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment．
8．表示比較
1）Compared with A，B．．．
2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV．
3）There is a striking contrast between them．
例如：
Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable．Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum．Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem．Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise．
9．表示數(shù)量
1）It has increased（decreased）from．．．to．．．
2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000．
3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％ compared with that of January．
例如：
With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of people’s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased．
再如：
From the graph listed above，itcan be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000．
注：“From the graph listed above，it can be seen that”見句式12�？忌鷮⒕涫�9和句式12結(jié)合在一起，便可較好地寫出2002年6月CET －4、6短文寫作的第一段。
10．表示看法
1）People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towards sth．
2）People have different opinions on this problem．
3）People take different views of（on）the question．
4）Some people believe that．．．Others argue that．．．
例如：
People have different attitudes towards failure．Some believe that failure leads to success．
Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor．However， others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers．
再如：
Do“l(fā)ucky numbers箁eally bring good luck？Different people have different views on it．
注：一個(gè)段落有時(shí)很適宜以問句開始，考生應(yīng)掌握這一寫作方法。
11．表示結(jié)論
1）In short，it can be said that ．．．
2）It may be briefly summed up as follows．
3）From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that ．．．
例如：
From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however， its method should be improved．
注：例句1可用于任何一個(gè)段落的結(jié)論句；例句3則多用文章結(jié)論段的第一句。
12．套語
1）It’s well known to us that ．．．
2）As is known to us，．．．
3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about．
4）From the graph（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen that ．．．
5）As aproverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way．
例如：
As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus．
The reason for this is obvious．Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the campus is no longer an“ivory tower梗瓵s college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus．Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate．
再如：
Does it pay to be honest？This is a topic that is being widely talked about and different people have different opinions on it.
之五：英語寫作11類常見錯(cuò)誤分析
一． 不一致（Disagreements）
所謂不一致不光指主謂不一致，它還包括了數(shù)的不一致 時(shí)態(tài)不一致及代詞不一 致等．
例１． When one have money ,he can do what he want to .
(人一旦有了錢，他就能想干什么就干什么．)
剖析：one是單數(shù)第三人稱，因而本句的have應(yīng)改為has ;同理，want應(yīng)改為wants.本句是典型的主謂不一致．
改為： Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do)
二． 修飾語錯(cuò)位（Misplaced Modifiers）
英語與漢語不同，同一個(gè)修飾語置于句子不同的位置，句子的含義可能引起變化．對(duì)于這一點(diǎn)中國學(xué)生往往沒有引起足夠的重視，因而造成了不必要的誤解．例１． I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.
剖析：better位置不當(dāng)，應(yīng)置于句末．
三． 句子不完整（Sentence Fragments）
在口語中，交際雙方可借助手勢(shì)語氣上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解．可是書面語就不同了，句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整會(huì)令意思表達(dá)不清，這種情況常常發(fā)生在主句寫完以后，筆者又想加些補(bǔ)充說明時(shí)發(fā)生．
例１． There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .
剖析：本句后半部分＂for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一個(gè)完整的句子，僅為一些不連貫的詞語，不能獨(dú)立成句．
改為：There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper.
四． 懸垂修飾語（Dangling Modifiers）
所謂懸垂修飾語是指句首的短語與后面句子的邏輯關(guān)系混亂不清．例如：At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 這句中＂at the age of ten＂只點(diǎn)出十歲時(shí)，但沒有說明” 誰”十歲時(shí)．按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我們把這個(gè)懸垂修飾語改明確一點(diǎn)，全句就不那么費(fèi)解了．
改為：
When I was ten, my grandfather died.
例１． To do well in college, good grades are essential.
剖析：句中不定式短語 “to do well in college” 的邏輯主語不清楚．
改為：
To do well in college, a student needs good grades.
五． 詞性誤用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)
“詞性誤用”常表現(xiàn)為：介詞當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用；形容詞當(dāng)副詞用；名詞當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用等．
例１． None can negative the importance of money.
剖析：negative 系形容詞，誤作動(dòng)詞。
改為：
None can deny the importance of money.
六． 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)
指代不清主要講的是代詞與被指代的人或物關(guān)系不清，或者先后所用的代詞不一致。試看下面這一句：
Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.
(瑪麗和我姐姐很要好，因?yàn)樗鏊陌槟铩?
讀完上面這一句話，讀者無法明確地判斷兩位姑娘中誰將結(jié)婚，誰將當(dāng)伴娘。如果我們把易于引起誤解的代詞的所指對(duì)象加以明確，意思就一目了然了。這個(gè)句子可改為：
Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.
例1. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself.
剖析：句中人稱代詞we 和反身代詞yourself指代不一致。改為：
We can also know society by serving it ourselves.
七． 不間斷句子(Run-on Sentences)
什么叫run-on sentence?請(qǐng)看下面的例句。
例１． There are many ways we get to know the outside world.
剖析：這個(gè)句子包含了兩層完整的意思：“There are many ways.” 以及“We get to know the outside world.”。簡(jiǎn)單地把它們連在一起就不妥當(dāng)了。
改為：
There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或：
There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside
world
八． 措詞毛病(Troubles in Diction)
Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何適當(dāng)?shù)剡x用詞語的問題，囿于教學(xué)時(shí)間緊迫，教師平時(shí)在這方面花的時(shí)間往往極其有限，影響了學(xué)生在寫作中沒有養(yǎng)成良好的推敲，斟酌的習(xí)慣。他們往往隨心所欲，拿來就用。所以作文中用詞不當(dāng)?shù)腻e(cuò)誤比比皆是。
例１． The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.
(農(nóng)業(yè)方面化學(xué)物質(zhì)使用的不斷增加也造成了污染。)
剖析：顯然，考生把obstacles“障礙”，“障礙物”誤作substance“物質(zhì)”了。另外“the increasing use (不斷增加的使用)” 應(yīng)改為“abusive use (濫用)”。
改為：
The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.
九． 累贅(Redundancy)
言以簡(jiǎn)潔為貴。寫句子沒有一個(gè)多余的詞；寫段落沒有一個(gè)無必要的句子。能用單詞的不用詞組；能用詞組的不用從句或句子。如：
In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.
本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同謂語從句，我們按照上述“能用詞組的不用從句”可以改為：In spite of his laziness, I like him.
例１． For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need.
剖析：整個(gè)句子可以大大簡(jiǎn)化。
改為：
Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need.
十． 不連貫(Incoherence)
不連貫是指一個(gè)句子前言不對(duì)后語，或是結(jié)構(gòu)上不暢通。這也是考生常犯的毛病。
例１． The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth.
剖析：The fresh water 與逗號(hào)后的it 不連貫。It 與things 在數(shù)方面不一致。
改為：
Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.
十一． 綜合性語言錯(cuò)誤(Comprehensive Misusage)
所謂“綜合性語言錯(cuò)誤”，是指除了上述十種錯(cuò)誤以外，還有諸如時(shí)態(tài)，語態(tài)，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，大小寫等方面的錯(cuò)誤。
例1．Today, Money to everybody is very importance, our’s eat, cloth, live, go etc.