Unit 1 Good friends

1. be loyal to 對(duì)……忠誠(chéng) 2. It is + adj.（表批評(píng)或贊揚(yáng)） + of sb. to do sth. = sb. + be adj. to do sth. 某人做某事是……

e.g. It is kind of you to say so.= You are kind to say so. 3. A good friend is someone who makes me happy.

make /find +object. +adj. e.g. make our classroom clean; find it useful make sb. do (sth.) = have sb. do sth. = get sb. to do sth.

4. argue with / against sb. argue about / over / on sth. argue with sb. about / over sth.

argue sb. into/out of +n. 說服某人做/停止做某事 5. solve the problem 解決問題 solution （名詞）

6. especially “尤其；特別地”，用來加強(qiáng)語氣，常用于所強(qiáng)調(diào)的主語、介詞短語、形容詞及when引導(dǎo)的從句之前。

7. give reasons for sth. 為某事給出原因 8. so / neither / nor + 助動(dòng)詞 / 系動(dòng)詞 / 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋主語(＋動(dòng)詞) 表示與前面情況相同 so＋主語＋助動(dòng)詞/系動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 表示對(duì)前面所說情況的贊成或認(rèn)同 e.g. ①I don’t like enjoy singing, nor / neither do I like computers. ②Rock music is OK, and so is skiing. ③ - He works very hard. - So he does.

9. hate vt. 憎惡，憎恨；厭惡，很不喜歡，句型為：hate sth. / sb.；hate doing / to do sth.；hate sb. doing / to do sth.

10. be into =be fond of 對(duì)某事有興趣，喜歡…… 11. surf the Internet= go on the Internet 上網(wǎng) 12. all the time 一直，始終

13. imagine doing sth. 想像做某事 14. alone adj. 單獨(dú)的,獨(dú)自的（只能作表語） adv. 單獨(dú)地 e.g. ①She watches TV when she is alone. 獨(dú)自一人時(shí),她便看電視。 ②For years Mary lived alone in New York. 瑪麗孤身一人在紐約生活了好幾年。

lonely adj. 1. 孤獨(dú)的,孤寂的 2. 偏僻的,人跡罕至的 （既可作表語，也可作定語） 15. play = act e.g. Tom Hanks plays a man named Chuck Noland. 16. so...that... 如此……以至于……，that在此引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句(有時(shí)可能省略)

so + adj. / adv. + that… so + adj. + a(n) + n + that… so few /many + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + that… so much /little+不可數(shù)名詞 + that…

so加形容詞或副詞置于句首引起倒裝 區(qū)別：such + a(n) + adj. + n. + that… such + adj. +不可數(shù)名詞/復(fù)數(shù)名詞（注：這里的adj.不能是many, much, few, little，如果加這些形容詞，用so…that…） 17. One day Chuck is on a flight across the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane crashes. When(= at that time/at that moment)是一個(gè)并列連詞的作用，表示前一個(gè)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行時(shí)突然發(fā)生此事。多用于句型：be doing…when…，be about to do …when…，句中is on a flight等于is flying。例如：①He is about to go when the telephone rang。她正要出去這時(shí)電話鈴響了。 ②I was walking on the street yesterday when I saw an old friend。昨天正在街上走著忽然碰上一個(gè)老朋友。 18. a deserted island 荒島 19. survive： continue to live or exist 幸存；活下來

e.g. Her parents died in the SARS epidemic, but she survived. 她的雙親在“非典”流行時(shí)去世，但是她幸存下來。

20. all alone = all by oneself 獨(dú)自地；完全靠自己；獨(dú)立地 21. hunt for 搜索；追尋；尋找 22. make (a) fire 生火

23. in order to 為了…… e.g. We started early in order to arrive before dark.為了在天黑前到達(dá),我們很早就動(dòng)身了 1) so as to…= in order to...，但前者一般不用于句首 2) 否定式在to前加not 3) 相應(yīng)的目的狀語從句由so that...或in order that...引導(dǎo)

24. develop a friendship with sb. 與某人發(fā)展友誼 25. even though=even if 即使 26. treat…as… 把……看作……

27. realize(realize) vt. 認(rèn)識(shí);明白;實(shí)現(xiàn)。例: ① I didn't realize this until you told me. 直到你告訴了我才認(rèn)識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)。

②Finally I realized what he meant.最后我明白了他的意思。 ③ In the end he realized his hope for being an artist. 最后他實(shí)現(xiàn)了當(dāng)藝術(shù)家的意愿。 28. share happiness and sorrow 同甘共苦 share vt.& vi.分擔(dān);分享;共同具有/使用

1)share vt. 常跟名詞作賓語,構(gòu)成的搭配有:share sth. with sb.與某人共享。例: ①They share all housework, including washing,

cooking and looking after their child.他們分擔(dān)所有家務(wù),包括洗衣,做飯,看孩子。 2)share vi. 搭配是: share in...共享……

例: ②She shares in my troubles as well as my joys. 她與我同甘共苦。 3)share n. "一份","份額" 例: ③We must do our share for

our country. 我們必須為國(guó)家做出一份貢獻(xiàn)。 29. care about 關(guān)心，介意，在乎 e.g. It is important to have someone to care about.

care for 喜歡；照顧 e.g. ①I don’t care for football. ②Would you care for a cup of tea? ③She cares for her sick mother.

30. should have done 本該做……（而實(shí)際上沒有做），常含有責(zé)備的意味。 31. make friends with sb. 和某人交朋友

（注意friends〈復(fù)數(shù)〉） 32. for example 介詞短語，為插入語，可置于句首、句中或句末，用逗號(hào)隔開，一般只以同類人或同類事物中的“一個(gè)”為例。 such as 列舉同類人或同類事物中的幾個(gè)例子，放在被列舉的事物或名詞之前，as不加逗號(hào)。

33. learn a lesson from sb. 接受教訓(xùn) 34. tell lies/a lie 撒謊，為固定搭配 35. regard …as… 把……當(dāng)作 be regarded as

e.g. Many people keep dogs as pets because dogs are regarded as loyal friends to people. 36. make a difference有差別；有關(guān)系

make no difference沒有差別；無關(guān)緊要 make a great difference 區(qū)別很大；有很大關(guān)系 37. You guessed it!

38. have fun玩得愉快 fun n.[U]娛樂,樂趣；玩笑,嬉戲；有趣的人(或事物) for / in fun 鬧著玩地，不當(dāng)真地

39. drop sb. a line給某人寫短信 40. keep...in mind 記住 41. as short as possible 盡可能簡(jiǎn)潔

42. laugh at / make fun of / play a joke on 取笑；嘲笑 43. in one’s opinion 依……看來，依……之見

語法：直接引語和間接引語（1）

當(dāng)說話人引用別人的話時(shí)，可以用別人的原話，也可以用自己的話把別人意思轉(zhuǎn)述出來，引用原話，稱為直接引語（Direct Speech），否則稱為間接引語（Indirect Speech）。直接引語通常用引號(hào)（“”）括起來，間接引語在多數(shù)情況下都構(gòu)成一個(gè)賓語從句。（課本P178）

e.g. Lao Yang said: “I’m not free. ”（直接引語） Lao Yang said that he wasn’t free .（間接引語）

1. 如果引用的句子原來是一個(gè)陳述句，在間接引語中我們要注意下面幾點(diǎn)：

（1）在引語的開頭用連詞that，有時(shí)可以省略

He said, “Mother, the boy is very naughty.” He told his mother (that) the boy was very naughty.

（2）根據(jù)意思改變?nèi)朔Q

She said (to me), “Your pronunciation is better than mine. She said that my pronunciation was better than hers.

（3）注意間接引語中的謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的變化

“Frank, I came to return you the book,” Henry said. Henry told Frank that he had come to return the book.

Kitty said, “I’ll call again after supper.” Kitty said that she would call again after supper.

（4）根據(jù)意思將指示代詞，地點(diǎn)及時(shí)間狀語作必要的更動(dòng)

She said, “I will come here again tonight.” She said (that) she would go there again that night.

2. 直接引語是一個(gè)疑問句變間接引語時(shí)，除了注意人稱、狀語等的變更和時(shí)態(tài)一致之外，還要注意：

（1）把疑問句語序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z序，也就是說要把主語放在謂語的前面。

He asked, “How are you getting along?” He asked us how we were getting along.

（2）在這種引語前“that”是永遠(yuǎn)也不能用的。如果是一般疑問句、選擇疑問句或反意疑問句，在引語前要用連詞whether或if。

He asked, “Are you a Party member or a League member?” He asked me whether I was a Party member or a League member.

“You’ve already got well , haven’t you ?” she asked. She asked whether（if）he had already got well .

選擇疑問句不用if，只用whether（whether…or…搭配，一般不用if）

（3）如果是特殊疑問句，仍用其疑問詞作為連接詞來引導(dǎo)從句。

3. 在時(shí)態(tài)變化時(shí)，要注意如果直接引語是客觀真理或客觀事實(shí)，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不用改變。

4. 一般在引述陳述句的間接引語時(shí)，用動(dòng)詞said, told；在引述疑問句時(shí)，一般用asked, said, wondered等。

Unit 2 English around the world

1. (1)for the first time 第一次 （時(shí)間狀語） (2)the first time 第一次（引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句） e.g. ______ I came into No.1 Middle School, I met a lot of old friends. A. The first time B. For the first time C. For the time D. The time (key: A)

(3)It is/was the first time… 后接句子，強(qiáng)調(diào)到說話時(shí)為止某一情況或動(dòng)作的次數(shù)，句中常用完成時(shí)態(tài)，first可換用其他序數(shù)詞。e.g. It was the first time (that) I had left Beijing. 那是我第一次離開北京。

2. What is it that Joe can’t find in the bathroom ? Joe在浴室里不能找到的是什么？ 這是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的特殊疑問形式。

It is / was +被強(qiáng)調(diào)成份+that (who)+句子剩余部分 e.g. (1)對(duì)主語作強(qiáng)調(diào) It is Joe that / who can’t find the toilet in the bathroom.

(2)對(duì)賓語作強(qiáng)調(diào) It is the toilet that Joe can’t find in the bathroom. (3)對(duì)狀語作強(qiáng)調(diào) It is in the bathroom that Joe can’t find the toilet. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的特殊疑問句變化：When/Why/How/What/Where is/was it that…? 3. have a good flight 航行愉快

4. all the way 從遠(yuǎn)道;一路上 5. must 表示肯定猜測(cè) must +do(現(xiàn)在) / must +have done（過去）

否定式為can’t / couldn’t + do / have done e.g. ①You must be very tired. ②The ground is wet. It must have rained last night.

6. make oneself at home 別客氣，別拘束 7. mean + n. / pron. / doing 意味著 mean + to do 打算做……

What do you mean by...? "你說(做)……是什么意思?" 8. on one’s way back ( to … ) / on one’s way to …

9. a bit = a little 修飾adj. / adv.的原級(jí)或比較級(jí) 〈區(qū)別〉not a bit = not at all = not in the least 一點(diǎn)兒也不

not a little = not slightly = very much 相當(dāng)多的（地）；非常 a bit of + n. a little + n.

10. native language=mother tongue 母語 native n. [C]當(dāng)?shù)厝耍�本�?guó)人 11. in … situation 處于……的情形、境遇、位置

12. majority n. 大多數(shù);大部分。當(dāng)the majority作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞可以是單數(shù),也可以是復(fù)數(shù)。但當(dāng)"the majority of + n. "做主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞由后面的名詞來決定。例: ①The majority were/ was against the plan.大多數(shù)人反對(duì)這個(gè)計(jì)劃。 ②The majority of

the books are kept upstairs.大多數(shù)書籍放在樓上。 ③The majority of the money is spent on books. 大多數(shù)錢都花在了書上。

13. in total = in all / as a whole 總共，合計(jì) 14. a number of+ 復(fù)數(shù)名詞+復(fù)數(shù)謂語 the number of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+單數(shù)謂語

15. be equal to 相等的；勝任的 e.g. ①Tom is equal to John in height. ②My heart is not equal to the race. ③He felt equal to carrying out the plan 16. except 同類別事物的整數(shù)中除去若干 except for 從整體中排除部分，前后名詞是不同類的

except that從句 e.g. ①Except Tom, they are all workers. ②The room is empty except for a broken chair.

17. communicate vt. (1) 傳達(dá);傳遞;傳播(+to) vi. (1) 交流思想(或感情,信息等);交際,交往(+with) (2) 通訊,通話(+with)

e.g. ①Did she communicate my wishes to you? 她有沒有把我的祝福轉(zhuǎn)告你? ②We learn a language in order to communicate.

我們學(xué)習(xí)語言是為了交流思想。 ③He had no way to communicate with his brother. 他沒有辦法與他兄弟聯(lián)系。

18. With so many people communicating in English everyday , we can see that it will be more and more important to have a good knowledge of English . (1) with n./pron. doing sth. 這是with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中可作狀語，表示原因。 e.g. ① With the doctors treating me, I will recover soon. 有這些醫(yī)生給我治療，我很快就會(huì)康復(fù)。 ② With the work well done, he got praised. 由于這工作做得好，他受到了表揚(yáng)。 除了表原因，還可表示伴隨動(dòng)作、行為方式、條件或結(jié)果等。在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果名詞/代詞和分詞之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，用現(xiàn)在分詞；如果是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，則用過去分詞形式。 with + n. / pron. + adj. / adv. / 介詞短語

with + n. / pron. + doing (表示動(dòng)作在正在進(jìn)行) with + n. / pron. + to do (表示要執(zhí)行的動(dòng)作) with + n. / pron. + done (表示動(dòng)作的完成或被動(dòng)) (2) “more and more + 多音節(jié)形容詞/副詞”或者”形容詞/副詞的比較級(jí)+and+形容詞/副詞的比較級(jí)”用來表示“越來越……” e.g. ① He is running faster and faster. 他現(xiàn)在跑得越來越快了。② It was getting darker and darker . 天越來越黑了。 18. have a good knowledge of… 具有(豐富)的……知識(shí)；熟知…… knowledge在此意為“掌握，了解”，與不定冠詞連用。 19. stay up 熬夜 20. leave the door open 讓門開著 leave在此意為“讓……處于某種狀態(tài)”

21. Many students want to know about the differences between American English and British English. (1) know和know about的區(qū)別：know是vt. 后面跟名詞，代詞，意為“認(rèn)識(shí)”“知道”指人與人之間直接的認(rèn)識(shí)，了解；而know about（of）意為知道，了解關(guān)于……的情況，指間接地“了解”，或聽說過某人，某物。e.g. ① I don’t know / about him . 我不認(rèn)識(shí)/ 沒聽說過他。

② I know about（of）her , but I can’t say that I know her . 我知道有其人，但談不上認(rèn)識(shí)她。 (2) tell the differences between … and … 說出……與……之間的差異/差別2 22. come about=happen; take place 無被動(dòng)

23. There is no quick answer to the question. 問題的答案,介詞常用to 24. stay the same stay意為"繼續(xù),保持",連系動(dòng)詞

e.g. I hope the weather will stay fine. 我希望天氣能持續(xù)放晴。 25. while 并列連詞，“而，卻”，表前后意義的對(duì)比和轉(zhuǎn)折。

26. end up with 以……為結(jié)局；結(jié)果會(huì)…… end up doing sth. end up + 介詞短語

27. more or less 大約；或多或少；在一定程度上 28. make … different from … 使……與……不同

29. 主語+ have +（no , little , some , much , great …）difficulty / trouble in doing sth . / with sth.

e.g. Everyone in the town knew him , so we had no trouble / difficulty in finding his house .

注意：使用這一句型應(yīng)注意以下四點(diǎn)：(1)difficulty和trouble為不可數(shù)名詞，意為“困難”。 (2)修飾語主要有：no , little , some , much , great ,(not)any等。 (3)句中介詞為in , 有時(shí)可省略。 (4)介詞in后必須跟動(dòng)詞的ing形式。

30. bring in 產(chǎn)生(利潤(rùn)、進(jìn)息、收入)；進(jìn)口；引進(jìn) 31. a great many =a good many = a (large) number of +可數(shù)名詞 plenty of ＋可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞 a great deal of ＋不可數(shù)名詞 32. compare vt.(1) 和……比較,對(duì)照(+with) (2) 比喻為,把……比作(+to) e.g. The song compares our country to a family. 這首歌把我們的國(guó)家比作一個(gè)家庭。

語法：直接引語和間接引語（2）

把祈使句的直接引語改為間接引語，要將祈使句的動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閹�to的不定式，并在不定式前根據(jù)句子意思加上tell, ask, order等動(dòng)詞。如果祈使句為否定式，在不定式的前面加上not。

Orders: (Direct Speech) Do … / Don’t do … (Indirect Speech) sb. told / ordered sb (not) to do …

Requests: (Direct Speech) Do … / Don’t do …, please. Can / Could / Will / Would you do …?

(Indirect Speech) sb. asked sb. (not) to do …

Unit 3 Going places

1. consider (1)“考慮，細(xì)想”，后面可接名詞，從句，連接詞或代詞引起的不定式短語，動(dòng)詞的-ing形式，不能直接接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語。 e.g. ①You had better consider the plan. 你們最好考慮那個(gè)計(jì)劃。 ②They have to consider what they should do next. 他們得考慮下一步要做什么。 ③Have you considered what to do next? 你考慮過下步該做什么嗎？ ④You should consider how to get there.你應(yīng)該考慮怎么到那兒去。 ⑤Li Hua considered visiting the Great Wall. 李華考慮去參觀長(zhǎng)城。 (2)“認(rèn)為；以為” consider sb. / sth. (to be)… consider sb./ sth. + (as)… consider sb. / sth. to have done consider + 從句 e.g. ⑥I consider him (to be) a clever boy. 我認(rèn)為他是個(gè)聰明的男孩。 ⑦He considered me (as) his best friend. 他把我看作他的最要好的朋友。

⑧ I consider it a great honor. 我認(rèn)為這是極大的榮幸。= I consider that it is a great honor. ⑨ I consider it my duty to tell the truth. 我認(rèn)為有責(zé)任來說明真相。 ⑩ They considered Mr. Li to have built the data bank. 他們認(rèn)為是李先生建立了這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫。

注：consider不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。比如：不能說" He is considering... ",而應(yīng)該說："He considers... "。

2. means of transportation means (1)通常用作可數(shù)名詞，單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)形式相同，意思是“方法、手段、工具” e.g. ①There are (is) no means of getting there.沒有辦法去那里。 ②A train is a means of transportation. 火車是一種交通工具。 (2)by means of意思是“用，依靠”。 e.g. ③The poor old man made a living by means of begging. 那位可憐的老人靠乞討來謀生。

transportation 用作可數(shù)名詞，意思是“運(yùn)輸工具”，作不可數(shù)名詞，意思是“運(yùn)輸、輸送、客運(yùn)、貨運(yùn)”。

3. boarding calls 登機(jī)廣播 on board 登機(jī)/上船；在船/飛機(jī)/車上 4. experience n.(1)經(jīng)驗(yàn),體驗(yàn)[U] (2)經(jīng)歷,閱歷[C] vt.經(jīng)歷;體驗(yàn) 5. simply adv. 簡(jiǎn)單地；僅僅；只不過 6. get away from 避免，擺脫，離開

7. instead of 復(fù)雜介詞，“代替，而不”，后面接名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語等 instead 副詞，可單獨(dú)使用。置于句首或句末。置于句首時(shí)，表示“（不是……）而是/反而……”。 e.g. ① He was ill, so I went to the meeting instead (of him). 他病了，所以我代替他出席了會(huì)議。 ②He walked home instead of taking a taxi. = He didn’t take a taxi. Instead he walked home. 他沒坐出租車而是走回家。 8. try doing 嘗試做…… try to do 努力做…… 9. the way to do / of doing ……的方法

10. get close to nature 接近大自然 (1)close adj. 1.近的,接近的(+to) 2. (關(guān)系)密切的,親密的 3. (尤指比賽)勢(shì)均力敵的 adv. 1.接近,靠近地(+to) 2.緊密地,緊緊地 e.g. ①His house is close to the factory. 他家靠近該廠。 ②She is a close friend of theirs. 她是他們的摯友。 ③ She sits close to her mother. 她挨著她媽媽坐著。 (2)nature n. 自然(界);本質(zhì),天性 nature解釋為“大自然，自然界”時(shí)前面不加冠詞 e.g. ①You must know the laws of nature. 你必須了解自然界的法則。

②Habit is second nature. 習(xí)慣成自然。 固定搭配:in nature在自然界 against nature違背自然 (規(guī)律) 11. take exercise

12. at the same time 13. Hiking is easy to do and doesn’t have to be very expensive. 動(dòng)名詞作主語

14. equipment n.[U]1. 配備,裝備 2. 設(shè)備;器械;用具 e.g. ①The complete equipment of the new hospital will take a year. 把這個(gè)新醫(yī)院的設(shè)備配齊要化一年時(shí)間。 ②The store sells tents and other camping equipment. 這家商店出售帳篷和其他野營(yíng)用具。

15. watch out (for…) 注意，當(dāng)心 16. protect … from / against … 防止……免受……之害；保護(hù)；防衛(wèi) [區(qū)別]prevent…from…

17. exciting adj.令人興奮的;令人激動(dòng)的 e.g. We went to an exciting football game last week. 我們上周看了場(chǎng)激動(dòng)人心的足球比賽。[聯(lián)想]excite vt./excited adj./excitedly adv./excitement n. 18. adventure n.1. 冒險(xiǎn)[U] 2. 冒險(xiǎn)活動(dòng)(或經(jīng)歷)[C] vt.1. 冒險(xiǎn)去做;使冒險(xiǎn) vi. 冒險(xiǎn)(+to-v) 19. danger n. [U]危險(xiǎn) in danger處境危險(xiǎn) in danger of處于……的危險(xiǎn)中 out of danger脫離了危險(xiǎn) 20. As with hiking，you should always think about your safety and wear good clothes. 同遠(yuǎn)足一樣，你應(yīng)該考慮你的安全，而且穿上優(yōu)質(zhì)的衣服。 as with意思是“正如……的情況一樣”。 e.g. As with what I said，he failed again．正如我所說的，他又一次失敗了。 21. handle vt. 1. 操作;操縱;指揮;管理 2. 對(duì)待,處理 3. 經(jīng)營(yíng),經(jīng)銷 e.g. He knows how to handle the machine.他會(huì)操作這臺(tái)機(jī)器。 22. You should not go rafting unless you know how to swim, and you should always wear a life jacket. 你不該去漂流，除非你知道如何游泳，而且你總是穿好救生衣。 (1)unless意思是“除非……如果不……”, 相當(dāng)于if...not結(jié)構(gòu)，通常unless引導(dǎo)一個(gè)條件狀語從句，從句中不能用將來時(shí)態(tài)，而用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過去時(shí)來代替一般將來時(shí)或過去將來時(shí)。 e.g. I will visit you unless I am busy. 除非我很忙，不然我就會(huì)去看你的。= I will visit you if I am not busy. 如果我不忙的話，我會(huì)去看你的。 (2)wear a life jacket 穿上救生衣 23. be similar to與……相似 similarity n. be the same as 和……一樣

24. Jane and Betty are going on separate holidays in a few days' time. 幾天以后簡(jiǎn)和貝蒂將要分別度假去了。 (1)separate在此句中用作形容詞，意思是“單獨(dú)的，各自的”。e.g. The children sleep in separate beds. 孩子們是分床睡的。用作動(dòng)詞時(shí)，通常是 separate sth. / sb. from… [辨析]separate，divide 這兩個(gè)詞都可用作動(dòng)詞，意思是“分開”。但有一定的不同。①separate通常指把原來結(jié)合在一起，混合在一起的分開或隔離。②divide著重指把整體分成若干部分。 e.g. ①You should separate the good apples from the bad ones. 你應(yīng)該把好蘋果和壞蘋果分開。 ②The house is divided into four parts. 這間房屋分成四部分。 (2)in a few days’ time = in a few days “幾天以后”（用于將來時(shí)中） 25. see sb. off 為某人送行 26. take a taxi = by taxi 坐出租車

27. say “Hi” to sb. for me 替我向……問好 28. Have a good trip. 旅行愉快。 29. a form of ……的形式

30. combine … with … 把……與……相結(jié)合 31. for pleasure 為了玩樂 32. protect the environment 保護(hù)環(huán)境

33. be bad for 對(duì)……有害 34. on one hand … , on the other hand … 一方面……，另一方面……

33. as well as 除……之外還，和，也。常用來連接兩個(gè)相同的成分，強(qiáng)調(diào)前者。當(dāng)其連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與前一個(gè)主語保持一致。

語法：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來的用法

1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來時(shí)間 (1)這一結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于表示根據(jù)規(guī)定、時(shí)間表預(yù)計(jì)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事態(tài)，通常有表示將來的時(shí)間作狀語。 e.g. ①He retires next month. 他下個(gè)月退休。②The term starts on September 1. 本學(xué)期九月一日開學(xué)。 ③The train leaves at 7:30 this evening. 火車今晚7：30發(fā)車。 (2)在時(shí)間狀語從句、條件狀語從句中，通常可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)。

e.g. ④I will visit the temple if I have time. 如果我有時(shí)間，我就去參觀寺廟。 ⑤I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我一到那兒就給你寫信。

2、在英語中，動(dòng)詞leave, start, arrive, return, give, work, sleep, play, do, have, meet, take, get to, see off, stay, go, come等的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可用來表示一個(gè)按計(jì)劃或安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 e.g.①They are leaving for Wuhan at once. 他們馬上出發(fā)到武漢去。②He is starting this afternoon. 他今天下午出發(fā)。

Unit 4 Unforgettable experiences

1. get the chance to host the 2008 Olympic Games

host n. [C]主人(女主人為hostess),東道主;旅館老板;(廣播,電視的)節(jié)目主持人 vt.1. 作...主人(或東道主),主辦,主持 2. 以主人身份招待 e.g. ①Yesterday we were hosts to a few friends. 昨天我們接待了幾位朋友。 ②We attended a dinner party hosted by the president of the company. 我們出席了公司總裁舉辦的宴會(huì)。 2. take place = happen “發(fā)生，舉行”，不用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

happen多指偶然或意外發(fā)生的事；take place表示必然性的發(fā)生或是布置或策劃好某事而后的“舉行”。

3. be caught in 遇到,碰上,陷入困境 e.g. 淋雨 be caught in the rain 4. promise (sb.) to do 承諾做……

5. Just try and you’ll see you can do it. “祈使句+and / or+將來時(shí)態(tài)陳述句”，相當(dāng)于If條件句。

6. worry about … / be worried about … 擔(dān)心，擔(dān)憂…… 7. be on fire “著火，燃燒”（狀態(tài)） catch fire （動(dòng)作）

8. It scares(v.) me. / I’m scared.(adj.) 嚇到我了。 9. natural disasters 自然災(zāi)害

10. rescue vt. 援救，營(yíng)救，救出 （from） n. 援救，營(yíng)救 e.g. ①rescue a man from drowning/a cat from a high tree 救出一個(gè)快要淹死的人/從大樹上救下一只貓 ②Jean couldn’t do her school work, but her mother came to her rescue. 瓊不會(huì)做她的作業(yè)，她媽媽幫助了她。 11. hear sb. doing sth. 聽見某人正在干某事 除了hear,還有以下單詞有這樣用法,如:see, feel,

listen to, notice, look at, watch, observe等。此句式中動(dòng)詞-ing形式表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，若接動(dòng)詞原形則表示動(dòng)作的全過程，接過去分詞就表示賓語與過去分詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。 12. look around環(huán)顧,四下里看,四處尋找。相當(dāng)于look about /look round 既可作及物動(dòng)詞短語又可作不及物動(dòng)詞短語。 13. before 在……之前；還沒來得及……就……

14. advance n. 前進(jìn)，進(jìn)展；長(zhǎng)進(jìn); 改善；預(yù)付（款） e.g. ①stop the enemy’s advance 阻止敵軍前進(jìn) ②Can I have an advance on my salary? 我可以預(yù)支薪水嗎？ ③in advance 預(yù)先，事先 ④ in advance of 比……前進(jìn)（進(jìn)步） v. （向……）前進(jìn)，使前進(jìn)；提前；進(jìn)步，增進(jìn) advanced adj. 前進(jìn)的，進(jìn)步的；高級(jí)的，高等的 e.g. ⑤He advanced on (against) me fiercely. 他狂怒地走向我。 ⑥We advanced the date of the meeting. 我們將會(huì)議的日期提前。 ⑦Scientific knowledge had greatly advanced since the 16th century. 科學(xué)知識(shí)自16 世紀(jì)以來已有顯著的進(jìn)步。 15. think twice 重新考慮；三思 e.g. You need to think twice of the matter. 這事你要三思。 16. be upon 逼近；臨近 e.g.①The storm was upon us. ②The Christmas will soon be upon us.

17. seize vt. 1) 抓住,強(qiáng)調(diào)突然地,有力地抓住。e.g.① The bird seized an unusually big beetle and bore it off to its nest.那只鳥抓住一只特別大的甲蟲把它帶進(jìn)窩。2) 掌握,理解,思想上掌握;領(lǐng)悟。e.g.② He seized the idea and developed it to the fullest limit. 他理解了這個(gè)主意,并把它發(fā)揮至極限。3) 奪取;強(qiáng)占 e.g.③ The army seized the city. 軍隊(duì)占領(lǐng)了這座城市。

18. sweep down / away 把……沖倒/沖走 19. pull … up 把……往上拉 20. hold on to 抓住（不放）；抓牢

21. a tree grow against the wall 靠墻長(zhǎng)的樹 22. get on one's feet(=be on one's feet) 站著,站起來

23. struggle vi. 掙扎，奮斗，努力； 掙扎著進(jìn)行；艱苦進(jìn)行 struggle with/against與……搏斗；奮斗

struggle for sth. / to do 為……而掙扎，努力 e.g. ①He struggled with the thief for a while. 他與小偷搏斗了一會(huì)。 ②He has been struggling to succeed in his business.為使事業(yè)成功，他一直努力奮斗著。 ③We struggled through the crowd.我們?cè)谌巳褐袙暝�著前進(jìn)。 n. 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，努力，奮斗，搏斗 e.g. ④Don’t give up without a struggle. 不要未經(jīng)努力就放棄。

24. fight for one’s life 25. look into one’s face with a look of fright look into看,望;調(diào)查

26. shake vt. 搖動(dòng),震動(dòng),動(dòng)搖,握手。e.g.① Let's shake on it. 讓我們?yōu)榇宋帐帧＂?The floor shook when she walked across the room.

當(dāng)她穿過房間時(shí)地板晃動(dòng)。③ His lying shook my belief in him. 他撒謊動(dòng)搖了我對(duì)他的信任。 ④ The man shook his fist angrily. 他憤怒地?fù)]了揮拳頭。 27. strike (1) v. 侵襲,打火,打,敲。 例:① On Friday, 16th October, 1987, a hurricane struck the southeast

of England. 1987年10月16日,星期五,颶風(fēng)襲擊了英格蘭的東南部。② The damp match won't strike. 這潮濕的火柴劃不著。③ She struck against the stove as she fell. 她倒下時(shí)撞到爐子上。④ The clock is striking four. 鐘在敲四點(diǎn)。 2) n. 打擊,罷工, 短語on strike"在罷工" e.g. ⑤They have been on strike for three weeks. 他們已罷工三周了。 28. tree after tree = one tree after another 樹一棵接著一棵 29. must have done/been 表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生事情的比較肯定的推測(cè)。否定式為can’t (couldn’t) have done 30. go through 穿過；通過 31. work out理解；說出；解出

32. refer to提到;查閱;涉及 refer to the dictionary = look up the word in the dictionary 33. the deadline for ……的最終期限

34. shake with fear 嚇得發(fā)抖 35. seize the opportunity 抓住機(jī)會(huì)

36. It didn’t take long / wasn’t before… 沒過多久就…… It took / was long before… 過了很久才……

37. be far away from “離……很遠(yuǎn)” 如果away前有表示具體距離的短語時(shí)，far必須去掉。

38. go on a two-day trip 39. climb all the way up the mountain 徑直爬上了山 40. look up at / look down at 向上看/向下看

41. take a photo / photos of… 為……拍照 42. in a second / in a minute 立即，一會(huì)兒 43. towards evening 傍晚

44. It is / was fun to do… 45. go on a trip to… 進(jìn)行一次去……的旅行 46. advance towards

Unit 5 The silver screen

1. silver screen 銀幕；電影（業(yè)） 2. practice doing sth. 練習(xí)做…… 3. opinion n. “意見、看法、主張”。常見短語：give(express)one's opinion on (upon)… “對(duì)……發(fā)表意見” in one’s opinion “依據(jù)某人的看法，在某人看來”。 e.g. ①In my opinion，he will fail in the exam. 在我看來，他考試會(huì)失利的。 ②He gave his opinion on what we had done. 他對(duì)我們所做的一切發(fā)表意見。 [注意]在上面兩個(gè)短語中，opinion通常只能用單數(shù)形式，而不能用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

4. What do you think happened before this scene? 主語是What，謂語動(dòng)詞是happened，do you think是插入語，類似還是suppose, believe, imagine等動(dòng)詞。 5. interview n.[C]1. 接見,會(huì)見 2. (記者的)采訪,訪談; 3. 面談,面試 vt.1. 接見,會(huì)見;訪問,采訪

2. 對(duì)……進(jìn)行面談,面試 e.g. ①We are now going to interview the Minister of Education. 我們現(xiàn)在就去采訪教育部長(zhǎng)。②She has interviewed most of the applicants for the job. 她已和大部分申請(qǐng)這份工作的人面談過。 6. grow up “成長(zhǎng)，長(zhǎng)大” (vi.)

e.g. He wants to be a scientist when he grows up. 他想長(zhǎng)大以后當(dāng)一名科學(xué)家。[注意]grown-up用作名詞講，意思是“成年人、大人”復(fù)數(shù)形式是grown-ups。 7. law n. [U] 法律；法學(xué) 表“法律”時(shí)，多與冠詞the連用。但作為一門學(xué)科“法學(xué)”時(shí)，不與冠詞連用。 e.g. break the law 違法 study law 學(xué)習(xí)法學(xué) 8. While still a student = While she was a student

在英語中有些表示時(shí)間,方式,條件,讓步的從句有時(shí)可以省略一些成分: 如果主從句主語一致或從句主語為it,而且從句謂語含有be動(dòng)詞,那么, 從句主語和be動(dòng)詞可以省略. 9. play a role in … “在……中扮演一個(gè)角色”“在……中起作用”

10. work as 從事……，做…… 11. win (1)vi. “勝，獲勝，得勝，成功，達(dá)到”，與succeed同義，與fail相反。

e.g. ①In the competition，we have won. 在比賽中，我們勝利了。 (2)vt. “獲得，博得” e.g. ②He won the Nobel Prize for physics. 他獲得諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。 win + sth.( 贏的東西) beat / defeat +sb( 失敗的人)

12. the l980s and l990s二十世紀(jì)八十年代和九十年代，年代表達(dá)法通常在基數(shù)詞后加s，例如十九世紀(jì)七十年代，the l870s，也可表達(dá)為the l870's，定冠詞通常不能省略。 e.g. In the 1990s，he often went abroad． 在二十世紀(jì)九十年代，他常常出國(guó)。

13. choice n. 選擇 make a choice做選擇 have no choice but to do… 除了做……沒有別的選擇

14. marry; get married (to sb.).; be married (to sb.)(可延續(xù)); marriage n. e.g. ①He married a classmate from high school.

②She married young/late in her life. ③She has been married（to Jim）for a long time. ④She got married to a man from her hometown. 15. degree n.1. 度,度數(shù)[C] 2. 程度;等級(jí)[C][U] 3. 學(xué)位;學(xué)銜[C](+in) e.g. ①Water freezes at zero degrees

Centigrade. 水在攝氏零度結(jié)冰。 ②Our teacher has a high degree of responsibility. 我們老師有高度的責(zé)任感。

16. in the beginning = at the beginning in the beginning開始 at the beginning of在……初期 e.g. ①In the beginning，

he often helped me with housework. 開始，他常幫我做家務(wù)。 ②At the beginning of this term，he was never late for class. 在本學(xué)期初，他從不遲到。 17. take many jobs 此處take意為"就職" 18. make(earn) money 掙錢

19. When he was 20 years old，he played in his first film，called Wolfboy(1984). 句中called Wolfboy是過去分詞短語，作定語，修飾his first film。在英語中，過去分詞作定語，過去分詞與所修飾的詞在邏輯上是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。

e.g. ①The beaten boy cried loudly. 那個(gè)挨打的孩子哭得很大聲。②The teacher followed by some students entered the room. 后面跟著幾個(gè)學(xué)生，那位老師走進(jìn)屋了。 20. at the speed of… 以……的速度 at top/full speed 全速地 speed up 加速，提速

21. make him famous “make+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”有時(shí)用it做形式賓語代替真正的賓語。在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中,賓語補(bǔ)足語可以是不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式、過去分詞或形容詞形式。(1) make+賓語+不帶to的不定式。這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示的意思是"使某人做某事"。例如:① Taking some medicine made me feel much better. 服了一些藥使我感到好多了。② They made the boy stand under a tree.他們讓那個(gè)男孩站在樹下。[注意] 若此結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài),補(bǔ)語要用帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。例如:③ He was made to take the medicine.

④ The boy was made to stand under a tree. (2) make +賓語+過去分詞。這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示的意思是"使某人/某事被……"。例如:

⑤ The speaker raised his voice in order to make himself heard.發(fā)言人提高了嗓音以便別人聽到他說的話。

⑥ Can you make yourself understood at the beginning? 你一開始就能讓別人明白你的意思嗎?

⑦ We should not make our plan known to everybody. 我們不應(yīng)該使每個(gè)人都知道我們的計(jì)劃。

(3) make +賓語+形容詞。這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示的意思是"使某人/某事(變得)……"。例如: ⑧ The interesting story made him very happy.這個(gè)有趣的故事使他很高興。 ⑨ They have made the house clean and tidy. 他們把房子收拾得干凈而整潔。

20. The reason why...is/was that... 這是特定句型,why引導(dǎo)定語從句,is/was后的用詞為that,一般不用because.

22. dream (1) vi. “做夢(mèng)，夢(mèng)想，夢(mèng)見”，后面常接介詞of和about。e.g. ①The students often dream of(about)home. 學(xué)生們常常想家。 (2) vt. “做夢(mèng)，夢(mèng)見” e.g. ②He dreamed a terrible dream yesterday. 昨天他做了噩夢(mèng)。 (3) n. “夢(mèng)”，通常用作可數(shù)名詞。

e.g. ③The girl lives in a dream. 那個(gè)女孩夢(mèng)一般地過日子。 23. work on 從事某工作 e.g. She has been working on her novel since she came to the city. 自從來到這個(gè)城市,她一直在寫小說. 24. take off 1. 脫下; 2. 起飛 3. 休假 4. 成名 e.g. He took two weeks off in August. 他在八月份休假了兩個(gè)星期。 25. be afraid to do sth.不敢做…… be afraid of＋n/ doing 害怕…… be afraid that 恐怕…… 26. outer space 外太空 27. do research on / in / into 對(duì)……進(jìn)行調(diào)查，研究

28. go wrong走錯(cuò)路，誤入歧途；不對(duì)頭；出毛病 29. top 最高的;最優(yōu)良的;最重要的;居首位的（無最高級(jí)）

30. owe vt.1. 欠(債等)(+to/for) 2. (應(yīng))感激(+to) 3. 應(yīng)該把……歸功于(+to) e.g. ①I owe the landlord one hundred dollars./I owe one hundred dollars to the landlord. 我欠房東一百美元。 ②We owe a great deal to our parents. 我們深受父母之恩。 ③We owe to Newton the principle of gravitation. 我們?nèi)�靠牛頓才知道引力的原理。 31. in all = altogether 總共（放于句末）

32. accept (1) vt. “接受，領(lǐng)受”“承認(rèn)，認(rèn)可” e.g. ①Her suggestion was accepted. 她的建議被采納了。 ②I accept your idea. 我同意你的想法。 (2) vi. “同意，承認(rèn)” e.g. ③He asked her to marry him and she accepted. 他向她求婚，她答應(yīng)了。

[辨析]accept，receive ①accept表示主觀上接受。②receive表示客觀上收到。e.g. I received her invitation but didn't accept it. 我收到她的請(qǐng)柬，但沒有接受她的邀請(qǐng)。 33. couldn’t help doing 情不自禁做……；忍不住做…… e.g. On hearing the news,

she couldn’t help bursting into tears. 聽到這個(gè)消息,她忍不住放聲大哭。 區(qū)別：can’t help (to) do 不能幫忙做……

34. stay away (from) 1. 離開 2. 缺席 3. 不在家 35. take sb’s place = take the place of sb. 取代；代替 如果sb就是主語本人，意為“入座”。 36. lock sb. up 將某人鎖于某處不得進(jìn)出,將某人監(jiān)禁起來 37. run after 追趕,追蹤;追逐

38. escape vi.1. 逃跑;逃脫(+from) 2. 避免(+from/out of) 3. 漏出;流出(+from/out of) vt.1. 逃避;逃脫;避免[+v-ing] 2. 沒有被……注意到;被……忘掉 e.g. ①The soldier escaped from the enemy’s prison. 這個(gè)士兵從敵人的監(jiān)獄里逃了出來。 ②He escaped the trials after the war. 戰(zhàn)后他逃過了審判。 ③Her name escapes me. 我記不起她的名字了。

39. determine to do sth./ be determined to do sth. 決定做…… e.g. ①Have you determined where to spend the holiday? ②He was determined that no one should know anything about it. 40. bring sb. back 送回某人

41. afford vt. (常與can, could, be able to連用)買得起;有足夠的……(去做……)[+to-v] e.g. ①They did not consider whether they could afford the time or not. 他們沒有考慮是否抽得出時(shí)間。 ②We can t afford to pay such a price. 我們付不起這個(gè)價(jià)錢。

42. do one’s best to do = try one’s best to do = do what they can to do = do everything / all they can to do 盡力…… to do表目的

43. 1ive (1)在本單元中用作形容詞，意思是“活的，實(shí)況轉(zhuǎn)播的，生動(dòng)的，精力充沛的”。 e.g.①Look．A live big elephant is passing by. 看!一頭活生生的大象走了過去。 ②The theatre can hold a live audience of 4,000. 這個(gè)劇院可以容得下四千現(xiàn)場(chǎng)觀眾。(2)用作動(dòng)詞，意思是“生存，活”，通常后面可跟同源賓語。 e.g. ③They live a happy life. 他們過著幸福的生活。

[辨析]live，alive，living 這三個(gè)形容詞，都表示“活的”的意思。live通常用作定語，意思是“活的，有生命的”，指物不指人。alive通常用作表語或后置定語，意思是“活的，有生命的，還出氣的”。living通常用作表語或前置定語，意思是“活的，健在的”。e.g. ①There is a live fish in the pool. 池子里有條活魚。 ② He was alive when we took him to the hospital. 我們把他送到醫(yī)院，他還活著。 ③The old lady is still living at the age at 108. 那位老人已108歲，仍然健在。

44. on the air “正在播出的” e.g. The English programme is on the air. 英語節(jié)目正在播放。 in the air意思是“在空中” “尚未決定的” e.g. Some birds are flying in the air. 幾只小鳥在空中飛翔。 45. together with “和……一起”

e.g. Mr. Black，together with his wife and children，is going to visit China next year. 布萊克先生和他妻子、兒女明年來中國(guó)參觀。[注意]together with連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)和前面的主語保持一致。

46. not just(only)...but also... 并列連詞， “不但……而且……”，連接兩個(gè)相同成分，也可連接兩個(gè)分句。

e.g. ①He likes not only English but also maths. 他不僅喜歡英語，而且喜歡數(shù)學(xué)。 ②Not only you but also I am a teacher. 不僅你而且我是一名老師。 ③Not only does he work hard，but also he is very clever. 他不僅學(xué)習(xí)認(rèn)真，而且很聰明。

[注意]①not only...but also...連接兩個(gè)并列主語，謂語動(dòng)詞和后面主語保持一致。②not only...but also...連接兩個(gè)并列分句，not only置于句首，通常用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是說，把not only引導(dǎo)的分句中的助動(dòng)詞或be提到主語前面。

47. comment n.1. 注釋,評(píng)注(+on/about) 2. 批評(píng),意見,評(píng)論(+on/about) vi.1. 做注解,做評(píng)注(+on/upon) 2. 發(fā)表意見,評(píng)論(+on/upon) vt. 注釋,解釋;評(píng)論[+(that)] e.g. 1) He made no comments on our proposal. 他對(duì)我們的建議沒有作評(píng)論。 2) He did not comment on what I said. 他對(duì)我的話未作評(píng)論。 48. think highly of 高度贊揚(yáng);高度評(píng)價(jià) 類似意思的短語還有think well of; sing high praise of think badly / poorly of 對(duì)……評(píng)價(jià)不好/評(píng)價(jià)低

Unit 6 Good manners

1. gratitude n. [U] “感恩，感謝” out of gratitude “出于感謝” express one's gratitude to sb. for sth. “為某事對(duì)某人表示感謝”

e.g. ①He expressed his gratitude to me for my help. 他為我對(duì)他的幫助表示感謝。②Out of gratitude, he invited me to dinner. 出于感激，他邀請(qǐng)我吃飯。 2. make use of 利用 e.g. ①You should make good use of your spare time.

②The result depends on the use we make of the energy. 3. interrupt vt/vi 打斷;打擾;中斷 e.g. ① I’m sorry to ~ you. Can I ask you a question? ②Traffic was ~ed by a severe flood. ③I’m sorry to ~ but I wonder whether you want some coffee.

4. apologise (1) vi. 也可拼寫為 apologize, 意思是“道歉”。常見詞組：apologize to sb. for sth. / doing sth. / having done sth. “為某事向某人道歉” e.g. He apologised to me for being late. 他因遲到向我道歉。 (2) apology n. [C] “道歉” e.g. ①I must make an apology to him.我必須向他道歉。 ②Please accept my apologies. 請(qǐng)接受我的歉意。 5. find fault with sb. (sth.) 對(duì)某人(事)吹毛求疵鼓手 6. introduce vt. “介紹，引入” e.g. ① I introduced myself to them. 我向他們作了自我介紹。

② His works began to be introduced into China forty years ago. 他的作品是40年前介紹給中國(guó)讀者的。

[辨析]introduce...to..., introduce...into... ①introduce...to...把某人或某物介紹給某人，to 后面接人作介詞賓語。

e.g. First I introduce myself to you all. 首先我向你們作自我介紹。 ②introduce...into...把某物傳入或引進(jìn)某地方，into后面接地點(diǎn)作介詞賓語。 e.g. Tobacco was introduced into Europe from America. 煙草是從美洲傳入歐洲的。

7. You are looking for two seats to sit down with your friend，but there are none. none意思是“沒有一個(gè)”，代替不可數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；代替可數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)，也可用復(fù)數(shù)。 e.g. ①None of them know(knows)the story. 他們沒有一個(gè)知道這個(gè)故事。 ② None of the students are(is)afraid of difficulties. 沒有一個(gè)學(xué)生害怕困難。

[辨析]none，no one，nothing ①none用于指人和物，可與of短語連用，用作單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)。 e.g. --“How many elephants did you see in the park?” --“None.” -你在公園里看到幾頭大象? -一頭也沒看到。 ②no one只能指人，不能與of連用，用作單數(shù)。 e.g. No one knows what they fought for. 沒有人知道他們?yōu)槭裁窗l(fā)生戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。 ③nothing用于指物，不與of連用，通常泛指“沒有什么事情或東西”，用作單數(shù)。 e.g. Nothing can change the world. 什么也不能改變世界。

8. forgive sb. sth./for doing sth. 原諒某人(做的)某事 9. manners 與manner的用法 (1)復(fù)數(shù)形式manners “禮貌；禮節(jié)；規(guī)矩；風(fēng)俗”。 It’s good / bad manners to do sth. 如：①His good manners were praised by his teachers. 他的彬彬有利受到了老師的稱贊。② He has no manners at all.他一點(diǎn)也不講禮貌。 (2)manner的意思是“方式；方法；舉止；態(tài)度”。如：①He spoke in such a manner as to hurt their feeling. 他講話的態(tài)度傷害了他們的感情。 ② She has a very easy manner. 她的舉止落落大方。

10. for the first time“第一次” (1)for the first time 是介詞短語，意為“第一次”，在句中作狀語。如： On that day the old scientist took us to the physics lab for the first time. 那一天，那位老科學(xué)家第一次帶我們?nèi)ノ锢韺?shí)驗(yàn)室。 (2)the first time也可相當(dāng)于一個(gè)連詞，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，也表示“第一次”。如：The first time we met, he answered a lot of questions. 我們第一次見面時(shí)，他回答了許多問題。 (3) "It is/was the first ( second, third. . .) time that"句型中，that從句要用完成時(shí)，表示“這是第一（二、三……）次做……了”。如：It is the first time that I have been here.這是我第一次來這里。 11. impression (1)n. [C] “印象，感想”

e.g. He made/left a strong impression on (upon)us. 他給我們留下了深刻的印象。 (2)impression的動(dòng)詞是impress“留下印象”常用短語impress sth. on (upon)sb “某事給某人留下印象” e.g. ①What he did was greatly impressed on(upon)us. 他所做的一切給我們留下深深的印象。 ②The girl impressed her sense of humor on(upon)her friends. 這個(gè)女孩的幽默感給她的朋友留下深刻的印象。 12. behave (1) v “行為，舉止，行為好” e.g. He behaves badly. 他行為壞。 (2)behave的名詞是behavior，意思是“行為，舉止，態(tài)度”。 e.g. The boy is always on his good behavior. 那個(gè)男孩一直舉止規(guī)矩。

13. at table 在吃飯 e.g. ① Children must learn to behave at table.小孩吃飯時(shí)必須有規(guī)矩。② They were at table when we called.

我們?nèi)グ菰L時(shí)他們正在吃飯。 at a / the table "在桌邊" e.g.③ They were sitting at the table, discussing an important problem. 他們正在桌邊討論一個(gè)重要問題。 14. cloth n. [U] “布料，布” [C] “桌布，臺(tái)布，揩布” e.g. ① Cover the table with a table cloth. 用一塊桌布把桌子蓋住。 ②The tailor needed a piece of cloth. 那位裁縫要一塊布料。

15. (1)start “開始”，后跟名詞、動(dòng)名詞和不定式 e.g. ①He's just started a new job. 他剛剛開始一項(xiàng)新工作。 ②She started making money for herself. 她開始為自己賺錢。 ③When did you started to learn English? 你是什么時(shí)候開始學(xué)英語的？

(2)start with “以……為開始，先從……做起” e.g. ①He advised me to start with something easy. 他建議我從容易的事做起。

②The first word of a sentence should start with a capital letter. 句子的第一個(gè)單詞應(yīng)以大寫字母開始。 (3) to start with “起初、首先、第一”，在句中作狀語，后不跟任何賓語。 e.g.①Our group had five members to start with.我們小組開始時(shí)只有五個(gè)人。 ②To start with, we haven' t enough money, and secondly we' re too busy. 一來我們的錢不夠，二來我們沒有時(shí)間。 ③To start with, we had many difficulties, but later on, we had help from the teachers. 開始，我們困難重重，但后來我們得到了老師的幫助。 16. a second serving 不定冠詞a/an用在序數(shù)詞前，表示“又一……，再一……” e.g. ①I need a second day to finish my work. ②He has already tried for three times, and he still wants to try a fourth.

17. drink to someone s health 為某人的健康干杯 [聯(lián)想]toast your health; drink a toast to your health

18. (1)raise vt. 撫養(yǎng);提高;飼養(yǎng);提出;舉起籌款 e.g. ①They both worked in order to ~ the children. ②Those who have questions please ~ their hands. ③They have ~d enough money for the school for the deaf. (2) rise vi. “升起，上升，起立” e.g. Price has been raised up. 價(jià)格被提高了。 Price rises gradually. 價(jià)格漸漸地漲上去了。 19. advice n. [U] 勸告；忠告；意見

a piece of advice some piece give sb. some advice on sth. / wh- to do ask sb. for advice take/follow one’s advice

advise vt. 勸，建議，給……出主意 advise doing sth. advise sb. (not) to do acvise + that從句（從句中用should do, should常省略） 20. follow the fashion 趕時(shí)髦 follow vt. (1) 跟隨。例: ① We followed the teacher into the hall. 我們跟隨老師進(jìn)了大廳。 (2) 遵從。例: ② We should follow the instructions on the bottle when taking the medicine. 我們應(yīng)按瓶子上的說明來服用藥。 (3) 聽清。例: ③ I can't quite follow you. Will you speak slowly? 我不太明白你的話,請(qǐng)說慢一點(diǎn)好嗎? (4) 向……學(xué)習(xí) follow the example of。例: ④ We must follow the example of heroes. 我們必須向英雄學(xué)習(xí)。 搭配: as follows...如下

the following + n. 接下來的…… 21. besides adv. “除此之外”，“此外”，“而且” （表遞進(jìn)關(guān)系）＝moreover, furthermore, apart from, what’s more e.g. ①Those shoes are very expensive, and besides, they're too small. 那些鞋子太貴了，此外，還太小了。 ②It’s too late to go to the movie. Besides, it’s raining. 現(xiàn)在去看電影太晚了，何況天還在下雨。 22. look good 修養(yǎng)好、受歡迎 [比較]look well, well用作表語時(shí)只能指人的身體狀況 23. lay the table 擺放餐桌

24. make a list of 列出……；開出……的名單 25. custom n. “風(fēng)俗，習(xí)俗”，“習(xí)慣”，“顧客”

e.g. ①Social customs vary greatly from country to country. 各國(guó)的社會(huì)風(fēng)俗大不相同。 ②The waiters are kind to the custom. 服務(wù)員對(duì)顧客友好。 [辨析]custom，habit，hobby 這三個(gè)詞都有“習(xí)慣”的意思，但含義有一定的不同。custom通常指大范圍、長(zhǎng)時(shí)間形成的風(fēng)俗和習(xí)慣。habit通常指?jìng)�(gè)人短時(shí)間的習(xí)慣。hobby通常指“愛好”。 e.g.①The Spring Festival is a custom in East Asia. 春節(jié)是東亞的一個(gè)風(fēng)俗。 ②He formed a habit of getting up early. 他養(yǎng)成早起的習(xí)慣。 ③Reading is his hobby. 看書是他的愛好。 26. spirit (1)作“精神，心靈”的意思講時(shí)，通常用作不可數(shù)名詞。 e.g. He was troubled in spirit. 他內(nèi)心煩惱。(2)用作復(fù)數(shù)形式，意思是“情緒” “烈酒”。 e.g. The soldiers are in high spirits. 戰(zhàn)士們情緒高漲。(3)用作可數(shù)名詞，意思是“幽靈，妖精，靈魂”。 e.g. Some people think that the spirit lives on after death. 有些人相信死后靈魂繼續(xù)存在。

27. serve “招待；端上；擺出” e.g. ①What may I serve you with?（營(yíng)業(yè)員問顧客用語）您要些什么？ ②Dinner is served. 飯已準(zhǔn)備好了。 ③The restaurant serves nice food.這家飯館供應(yīng)的飯不錯(cuò)。 serve還有“為……服務(wù)”之意，注意其后不能加介詞for。由它派生的名詞后面往往加介詞to。 e.g. ④Make the past serve the present and foreign things serve China. 古為今用，洋為中用。 ⑤We should learn from his spirit of wholehearted service to the people. 我們應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)他全心全意為人民服務(wù)的精神。

28. provide vt. “提供，供給”，與supply同義。 provide(supply)sth. to/for sb. 或provide(supply)sb. with sth. “為某人提供某物”

e.g. The school provides (supplies)food to/for the students. 這所學(xué)校為學(xué)生提供食物。 29. allow sb. to do sth. 允許某人做某事

allow doing sth. 允許做某事 e.g. ①They don't allow smoking here. 他們不允許在此地吸煙。 ②The teachers don't allow us to cheat in the exam. 老師不允許我們考試作弊。 30. leave out省去,遺漏,不考慮 e.g. ①You can leave out their plan. 你們能夠不考慮他們的計(jì)劃。 ②You shouldn’t leave out this important detail in the trial. 在審判中，你不該漏掉這個(gè)重要細(xì)節(jié)。

31. think of “想起” e.g. The film made him think of the children in the countryside. 這部電影使他想起農(nóng)村的孩子。

32. (1)for a moment “片刻，一會(huì)兒”。如：①He was silent for a moment. 他沉默了一會(huì)兒。②Won't you come in for a moment? 你不進(jìn)來呆會(huì)嗎？ (2)for the moment “暫時(shí)，一時(shí)”。如：③I can't recall his name for the moment. 我一時(shí)想不起他的名字。④Stop writing for the moment, please. 請(qǐng)暫時(shí)不要寫了。 (3)in a moment “立刻”、“馬上”、“很快”。如：⑤Hurry up, the lecture will start in a moment. 快點(diǎn)，報(bào)告馬上就要開始了。⑥He will come in a moment.他一會(huì)就到。 (4)at any moment “隨時(shí)”、“任何時(shí)候”。如：⑦You can ask him for help at any moment. 我們隨時(shí)都可以請(qǐng)他幫忙。⑧They are ready to start at any moment. 他們隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備出發(fā)。 (5)at the / this moment“目前、此刻”。如：⑨I can't afford a house at the moment.我目前還買不起一座房子。⑩They are reading at this moment.他們此刻正在讀書。 33. be busy at / about / over / with sth. 忙于某事 be busy (in) doing sth. 忙于做某事 34. (1)It is time for sb. to do sth. “到某人做某事的時(shí)候” e.g. It is time for us to do our homework.

到了我們做作業(yè)的時(shí)候了。 (2)It is time for sth. “到做某事時(shí)候了” e.g. It is time for class. 到上課時(shí)間了。 (3)It is time that... “到什么時(shí)候了”，that引導(dǎo)的從句謂語動(dòng)詞用過去時(shí)。 e.g. It is time that we went to school. 到我們上學(xué)的時(shí)候了。

35. would / should like (to do) sth. 想要（做）什么 would / should like sb. to do sth. 想要某人做…… would like to have done sth. （過去）本來想要做某事，但沒做成 36. I wish you all the best. 祝你一切順利。 Best wishes ( to you ) !

37. stare (1) vt. & vi. “盯，凝視” e.g. ①It is impolite to stare at other people. 盯著別人看是不禮貌的。②The teacher stared the whole class into silence. 老師盯著全班學(xué)生，使他們安靜下來。 (2)用作名詞，通常用作可數(shù)名詞，意思是“盯，凝視”。

e.g. ③He gave me an icy stare. 他冷冰冰地盯了我一眼。 38. make jokes about拿……開玩笑

39. disabled people = the disabled 殘疾人