------江蘇省海門中學(xué) 李俊
一、情態(tài)動詞
助動詞與情態(tài)動詞最主要的區(qū)別之一是，助動詞本身沒有詞義，而情態(tài)動詞則有自己的詞義，能表示說話人對有關(guān)動作或狀態(tài)的看法，或表示主觀設(shè)想。例：
What have you been doing since? （構(gòu)成完成進行體，本身無詞義）
I am afraid I must be going. （一定要）
You may have read some account of the matter. （或許已經(jīng)）
除此之外，情態(tài)動詞還有如下詞法和句法特征：
1) 除ought和used以外，其他情態(tài)動詞后面只能接不帶to的不定式。如果我們把ought
to和used to看作是固定詞組的話，那么，所有情態(tài)動詞無一例外地只能接不帶to的不定式。例：
We used to grow beautiful roses.
I asked if he would come and repair my television set.
2)情態(tài)動詞在限定動詞詞組中總是位居第一。例：
They need not have been punished so severely.
3)情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。例：
She dare not say what she thinks.
4)情態(tài)動詞沒有非限定形式，即沒有不定式、-ing分詞和-ed分詞形式。例：
Still, she needn’t have run away.
5)情態(tài)動詞的“時”的形式并不是時間區(qū)別的主要標(biāo)志。在不少場合，情態(tài)動詞的現(xiàn)在時和過去時形式都可以表示現(xiàn)在、過去或?qū)頃r間。例：Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something? She told him he ought not to have done it.
6)情態(tài)動詞之間是相互排斥的，即在一個限定動詞詞組中只能出現(xiàn)一個情態(tài)動詞，但有時卻可以與助動詞have和be連用。例：
You should have washed the wound.
Well, you shouldn’t be reading a novel.
1. can與could
1） can可用于表示能力、可能性、允許等。例：
She can sing that song in English. /Can the news be true? /Can I smoke here?
2）（用于否定句、疑問句或感嘆句中）表示猜測、懷疑或驚詫。例：
She couldn't / can't be so stupid to do that .
2） can 只有兩種時態(tài)，過去式為could。
could 不僅用于過去，也可用于現(xiàn)在，表示委婉、客氣，常用于疑問句；而be able to 有較多的時態(tài)形式。be able to 的過去式表示“設(shè)法做某事”，經(jīng)過努力之后才完成的，而could 沒有這個含義。例：
The fire spread through the hotel quickly, but everyone was able to get out.
2.may與 might
1）表示請求、許可、允許、可能性。例：
The librarian told her that she might return the book to the library in three days.
當(dāng)回答由may 引起的問題時，否定答語要用must not,表示“不許可”、“不應(yīng)該”、“不行” 。例：---May I come in? ---Yes, please. /--No, you mustn’t.
2)may (might) + have done 表示對過去發(fā)生行為的推測，含有“想必”、“也許是”的意
思。例：
He might not have settled the question.
3.must與have to
1)must表示必須、必要。例：We must protect people’s rights.
2)“must be + 表語”的結(jié)構(gòu)，通常表示猜測，含有“一定”之意。（只用在肯定句中）例：
He must be an honest boy.
“must +have +過去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)，常用在肯定句中，表示對過去發(fā)生行為的推測，含有“一定”、“準(zhǔn)是”的意思。否定和疑問句用can。例：It must have rained last night for it is so wet outside.
3)must 的否定式有兩個：當(dāng)回答由must引起的問題時，否定答復(fù)要用needn’t或don’t have to 表示“不必”、“無須”、“用不著”、“不一定”的意義。當(dāng)表示“不應(yīng)該”、“不許可”、“禁止”時，就用must not。例：-Must I go tomorrow? -Yes, please./Yes, you must.
-No, you needn’t./No, you don’t have to.
4)have to 比較強調(diào)客觀需要，must著重說明主觀看法。例：
I must clean the room.（主觀想法）
I have to clean the room.（客觀需要）
have to 能用于更多時態(tài)。例：We had to be there at ten .
have to 的否定式don’t have to do 表示“不必做……”之意。
4. ought to與should
1.ought to
1)表示“職責(zé)、義務(wù)”。例：
Your son is still young. You ought to take care of him.
2)表示推測。
注意與must表示推測時的區(qū)別：
He must be at home by now.斷定他已到家）
He ought to be home by now.（不十分肯定）
This is where the oil must be.（比較直率）
This is where the oil ought to be.（比較含蓄）
這時，ought to和should可以互相換用。
3)“ought to + have + 過去分詞”
a. 表示“本應(yīng)該做，而實際沒有做某事”，相當(dāng)于should + have+過去分詞。例：
You ought to have asked him (but you didn’t).
b. 表示“本不應(yīng)該做，而實際做了某事”。例：
You oughtn’t to have stopped on the motor way.你本不應(yīng)該在高速公路上停車的。
c.表示推論或推測某事已經(jīng)發(fā)生，含有說話人不能肯定其說法是否爭取的含義。例：
If he had started at nine o’clock, he ought to have been in London by eleven o’clock.
如果她是酒店出發(fā)的話，那他十一點中該到達(dá)倫敦了。
4）ought to 可用于否定句, 疑問句，其否定形式可縮略為oughtn’t to。例：
You oughtn’t to smoke so much.
Ought you to smoke so much?
5）ought to的疑問式及其回答。
---They ought to do it，oughtn’t they？
---Yes，they ought（to）.
---No，they oughtn’t .
在美國英語中，ought to用于否定句和疑問句時，to可以省略。例：
Ought you smoke so much?
You oughtn’t smoke so much.
2.Should
1)should用于第一人稱疑問句中詢問對方的意愿，表示說話人的一種謙遜、客氣、委婉的語氣。例：
What should we do now?
2）表示應(yīng)該、必須，常與must 換用。例：
We should (must) master a foreign language at least.
3）“should+be+表語”的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示推測或驚奇。例：
They should be back by now.
4）“should+have+過去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)，
表示過去該做而實際上尚未做的動作或行為；其否定則表示發(fā)生了不應(yīng)該發(fā)生的行為。其同義結(jié)構(gòu)“ought to have +過去分詞”,表示過去“早應(yīng)該”、“本當(dāng)”之意，語氣較強。例：
I should have thought of that. 這一點我是應(yīng)當(dāng)想到的。（但沒想到）
They should not have left so soon.他們不應(yīng)當(dāng)走得這么早。（但已走了）
should表示勸告、建議、命令，其同義詞是ought to；在疑問句中，通常用should代替ought to。ought to表示“應(yīng)該”時和should差不多，只是口氣稍重一些, 常可互換用。ought to比should具有更強烈得道義、責(zé)任、法律或原則等意味；should指主觀上感到有責(zé)任或義務(wù)去做某事，語氣較婉轉(zhuǎn)。例:
You ought to keep your promise.
You should apologize to him.
5. shall 與should
1)shall用于第一人稱征求對方的意見。例：What shall I wear on the journey?
2) 用于第二、第三人稱時表允諾、命令。例：You shall come to my office immediately .
3)should用于第一人稱疑問句中詢問對方的意愿，但語氣較委婉溫和，例：
What should we do now?
4)表示應(yīng)該、必須，常與must 換用。例：
We should (must) master a foreign language at least.
5) should 的其他用法請參閱上條ought to與should 。
6. will與would
1)表示意志，決心或愿望。例：
Surely we will support all the people in the world in their struggle for peace.
If you will go,I shall go with you.
2)will表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性或傾向性，would表示過去的習(xí)慣行為。例：
He will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.
He would come to see me when he was in Beijing.
3)用于主語是第二人稱的疑問句中，表示對對方的請求，would的語氣比will委婉。例：
Would/Will you kindly tell me the way to the station?
7. need 與dare
need 與dare作情態(tài)動詞用時，一般用在否定句和疑問句中，如果用在肯定句中，多
數(shù)是實義動詞，一般現(xiàn)在時單數(shù)第三人稱要加s，并有時態(tài)變化，后接不定式時須帶to。例：
Need you go so soon?
Dare you stay here alone in the night?
Need I explain once more? 需要我再解釋一次嗎？（情態(tài)動詞）
The question needs to be discussed. 這個問題需要加以討論。（實義動詞）
She dare not tell the truth to him. 她不敢向他講真話。（情態(tài)動詞）
We should dare to think, to speak and to act. 我們應(yīng)該敢想、敢說、敢干。（實義動詞）
錯句：She dares not go out at night.
He doesn’t need do that.
Dare she to go there？
8. 注意推測性用法中謂語動詞發(fā)生的時間
如果推測的為過去的事情，情態(tài)動詞后要用完成形式。例：
There must have been no one in, for nobody answered the phone.
如果推測的是正在進行的事情，情態(tài)動詞后則用動詞的進行形式。例：
They must be talking about something very secret.
如果推測的是現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)等，情態(tài)動詞后則用動詞原形。例：He must be badly ill. He looks so pale.
如果推測的是將來發(fā)生的事情，情態(tài)動詞后同樣用動詞原形，這時，情態(tài)動詞只能是may/might。例：
There may be a terrible storm in the following few days.
肯定的推測一般用may, should, must,它們的意思分別是“可能”，“應(yīng)該”，“必定”，口氣逐漸加強。
否定的推測常有兩種情況：口氣較弱，對否定不大有把握時，用may not “可能不”；口氣比較強，對否定比較有把握時用cannot，表示“不可能”。推測的疑問句，一般只用can/could, 例：
Who can it be ? / Can it be true?
9.其它幾個“情態(tài)動詞+ 動詞的完成形式”并不表示推測，注意意義上的區(qū)別：
could have done本來能夠，例：
He didn't take part in the competition, he could have won, though.
needn't have done 本來沒必要，例：
You needn't have hurried. There was plenty of time.
should/ought to have done 本來應(yīng)該，例：
You should have told me earlier. I could have helped you.
shouldn't/oughtn't to have done 本來不應(yīng)該，例：
You shouldn't have been following him so closely; you should have kept your distance.
二、主謂一致
英語句子中謂語動詞的數(shù)必須與主語的人稱和數(shù)取得一致，這就叫做主謂一致。主謂一致主要遵循三個原則：語法一致原則、意義一致原則和就近一致原則。
1.either, neither, each, one, the other, another, anybody, anyone, anything, somebody, someone, something, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing做主語時，謂語動詞一般使用單數(shù)。例：
Neither of the two words is correct. Everything around us is matter.
2.表示“時間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積”等概念的名詞，謂語用單數(shù)。例：
Three times five makes fifteen. Four hours is enough to do the experiment.
3. one and a half后面帶名詞的復(fù)數(shù)，但謂語動詞必須使用單數(shù)。例：
One and a half bananas is left on the table.
4.each…and each; every…and every; no…and no; many a…and many a…等結(jié)構(gòu)
由于強調(diào)個體行為，因此謂語動詞使用單數(shù)。例：
Each boy and each girl has got a seat. No sound and no voice is heard for a long while.
5.從句、不定式、動名詞作主語時謂語動詞使用單數(shù)形式。例：
To say something is one thing, to do it is another. What he has done is of great use.
6. 用and 連接的兩個名詞表示單一概念時謂語動詞使用單數(shù)。例：
The professor and doctor is going to give a lecture. Bread and butter is his usual breakfast.
7.有些名詞呈復(fù)數(shù)形式，但并不表示復(fù)數(shù)概念。例：
The news is inspiring. The chemical works lies in the north of the city.
8.名詞由and 連接或由both…and…連接主語時，謂語動詞使用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例：
Both coffee and beer are on sale in that shop.
9. people, public, police, cattle 做主語時，謂語動詞習(xí)慣上使用復(fù)數(shù)。例：
People are talking about the news.
The police are after a cheat.
10.表示成雙、成套的名詞做主語時，謂語動詞使用復(fù)數(shù)。例：
His black trousers are too long.
These shoes fit you quite well.
但當(dāng)這些名詞由a pair of 連接時，則用單數(shù)。例：
There is a pair of compasses in his pencil case.
11.不可數(shù)名詞作主語，但前面有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞修飾時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例：
Three million tons of coal were exported that year.
12.在or, either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, not…but…, There be… 等結(jié)構(gòu)中，采取就近原則，即謂語動詞使用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)取決于最靠近該動詞的主語的單復(fù)數(shù)。例：
Either the teacher or the students are to blame.
Not only the students but also their teacher is to blame.
13.下列結(jié)構(gòu)用于引起一個附加的成分，謂語動詞的形式應(yīng)不受附加成分的影響而與其前面的主語取得一致：as well as, rather than, like, but, except, besides, with, along with, together with, including，such…as…等。例：
The boy with his two dogs is here.
No one but your parents was there then.
Mr. Green besides his daughters likes swimming.
14. some of, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, most of, the rest of, all(of), half(of), 分?jǐn)?shù)或百分
＋of＋名詞做主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)以名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)為準(zhǔn)。例：
A lot of students are waiting outside.
Lots of the money has been wasted.
More than 70% of the earth’s surface is covered by water.
15.由a kind of, this kind of, many kinds of和名詞＋of this kind等以及與kind意思相近的type, sort等構(gòu)成的短語作主語時，謂語動詞與of 前的名詞取得一致。例：
This kind of apple is highly priced. Apples of this kind are highly priced.
16.more than 打頭的句子，謂語動詞的數(shù)看其后面的名詞。例：
More than one answer is written on the blackboard.
More than two hundred soldiers were killed in the battle.
17.定語從句中謂語動詞的形式應(yīng)與先行詞一致，但one of＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞＋who/that/which
引導(dǎo)的定語從句的謂語動詞的形式要看one 的前面是否有the (only)等修飾語，有則為單數(shù)，無為復(fù)數(shù)。例：
Tom is one of the students who are from Shanghai.
Tom is the only one of the students who is from Shanghai.
18. population, company, class, team, family, group, nation, world, government等詞做主語時，如果強調(diào)整體，謂語動詞使用單數(shù)；如果強調(diào)組成成員，謂語動詞使用復(fù)數(shù)。例：
Our football team is playing well.
Our football team are having lunch in the dining-hall.
19. “the ＋形容詞”表示一類人，謂語動詞使用復(fù)數(shù)，但在有上下文明確表示單數(shù)的情況下必須使用單數(shù)。例：
The rich are for the plan, but the poor are against it.
三、倒裝句
1.全部倒裝
全部倒裝是只將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有：
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語動詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。例：
There goes the bell.
Here is your letter.
2) 表示運動方向的副詞或地點狀語置于句首，謂語表示運動的動詞。up，down，out，
in，away，off 等副詞開頭的句子里，以表示強調(diào)。例：
Down jumped a monkey.
Out rushed a dog from under the bed.
Ahead sat an old woman.
[注意]上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語必須是名詞，如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。例：
Here he comes. Away they went. Out they rushed!
2. 部分倒裝
部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞，則需添加助動詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語之前。
1) 句首為否定或半否定的詞語，例：
not, rarely, never, scarcely, no sooner, little, few, hardly, seldom, nowhere, nobody, not only, not until, at no time, in no way, by no means等。
Never have I seen such a performance.
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
當(dāng)Not until引出主從復(fù)合句，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。
[注意] 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。例：
I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
3. 以否定詞開頭Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than時部分倒裝。例：
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.
[注意]只有當(dāng)Not only… but also連接兩個分句時，才在第一個分句用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如果置于句首的Not only… but also僅連接兩個并列詞語，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例：
Not only you but also I am fond of music.
當(dāng)so，neither，nor表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒裝。例：
If you don't go, neither will I.
He works hard，so does she.
[注意] 當(dāng)so引出的句子用以對上文內(nèi)容加以證實或肯定時，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。意為“的確如此”。例：
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
---It's raining hard.
---So it is.
5. only加狀語在句首的倒裝。例：
Only in this way, can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
如果句子為主從復(fù)合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。例：
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed
6. as, though 引導(dǎo)的倒裝句
as 引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語或狀語提前 （形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實義動詞提前）。though也可以用在這種倒裝句中。
[注意]1) 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。
2) 句首是實義動詞, 其他助動詞放在主語后。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語, 隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。例：
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
7. 其他部分倒裝
1) so… that 句型中的so 位于句首時，需倒裝。例：
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
2)在某些表示祝愿的句型中：
May you all be happy.
3)在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動詞有were, had, should等詞，可將if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主語之前，采取部分倒裝。例：
Were I you, I would try it again.
經(jīng)典例析
1. --- The woman biologist stayed in Africa studying wild animals for 13 years before she
returned. (2005江蘇)
---Oh, dear! She _____ a lot of difficulties!
A. may go through B. might go through
C. ought to have gone through D. must have gone through
[為你支招]上文說：那位女生物學(xué)家在非洲研究野生動物十三年，下文推測她一定經(jīng)歷了許多艱難困苦。所以用must have gone through表是對過去事實的推測。答案D。
[熱點剖析] 本題是考查情態(tài)動詞。
2. He _____ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldn’t be enjoying himself by the seaside. （2005北京卷）
A. should B. must C. wouldn’t D. can’t
[為你支招]采用語境法, 從he wouldn’t be enjoying himself中尋找隱含信息。做完了事才玩得開心，這樣的推測是合乎情理的。所以用must，表示肯定的推測。答案B。
[熱點剖析] 考查表示推測的情態(tài)動詞。情態(tài)動詞表示推測的用法中需要特別注意的是：must只能用于肯定句中；can用于疑問和否定句中；may和might用于肯定和否定句中。情態(tài)動詞+動詞原形通常表示對現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼耐茰y；只有情態(tài)動詞+動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時形式才表示對過去發(fā)生的事情做出推測。
3. I was on the highway when this car went past followed by a police car. They ____ at least 150 kilometers an hour.(2005重慶卷)
A. should have been doing B. must have been doing
C. could have done D. would have done
[為你支招]根據(jù)語境，說話人對剛發(fā)生的事情進行推測，斷定車速很快，所以用must have been doing表示肯定的推測。答案B。
[熱點剖析] 考查表示推測的情態(tài)動詞。
4. Mr. White _____ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn’t’ show up. (2004廣西)
A. should have arrived B. should arrive
C. should have had arrived D. should be arriving
[為你支招]采用語境法從整個句子中尋找隱含信息。 “懷特先生應(yīng)當(dāng)在八點半是來開會的，但他卻沒來”。表示“過去應(yīng)該做而沒有作”的應(yīng)該用should have done結(jié)構(gòu)。答案A。
[熱點剖析] 考查表示抱怨的情態(tài)動詞。
5. Tom, you leave all your clothes on the floor like this! (2005全國I卷)
A. wouldn’t B. mustn’t C.needn’t D. may not
[為你支招]根據(jù)所給語境以及驚嘆號，可以體會到，說話人在責(zé)怪Tom，說他不可以這樣在地上亂扔衣服。答案B。
[熱點剖析] 考查情態(tài)動詞的用法。
6. The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, _______visiting a museum when the earthquake struck. （2004北京）
A. was B. were C. had been D. would be
[為你支招]首先采用一致法確定句子的主語。with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class是介詞短語，將主語和謂語隔開了。但是謂語仍和主語中心詞The teacher保持一致。答案A。
[熱點剖析] 考查主謂一致。
7. No one in the department but Tom and I ____ that the director is going to resign.（2004上
海）
A. knows B. know C. have known D. am to know
[為你支招]首先采用一致法確定句子的主語。主語的結(jié)構(gòu)是名詞/代詞+介詞短語。no one but…做主語時，no one是主語的中心詞，謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)根據(jù)no one確定。 答案A。
[熱點剖析] 考查主謂一致。
8.In the dark forests ________, some large enough to hold several English towns.（2005遼寧卷）
A. stand many lakes B. lie many lakes C. many lakes lie D. many lakes stand
[為你支招] 地點狀語In the dark forests在句首時，主謂語要全部倒裝。湖泊作主語，當(dāng)然不可跟stand搭配。故選B。
[熱點剖析] 當(dāng)表示方位的狀語或表語位于句首時，句子采用全部倒裝的結(jié)構(gòu)，即把謂語動詞全部都移到主語之前。
9. ______ about wild plants that they decided to make a trip to Madagascar for further research.(2005江蘇卷)
A.so curious the couple was B. So curious were the couple
C. How curious the couple were D. The couple was such curious
[為你支招]考查倒裝語序。so+adj.或adv.放在句首時，句子的主謂語部分倒裝。答案B
[熱點剖析] 在部分倒裝句中，如果so在句首有時也有不倒裝的情況，即so作“確實如此”解釋的時候不用倒裝。
10. Maybe you have been to many countries, but nowhere else _____such a beautiful palace.
(2004遼寧)
A.can you find B.you could find C.you can find D.could you find
[為你支招]將but后面的句子還原成陳述句為：you can find such a beautiful palace nowhere else. 把否定副詞nowhere放在句首，句子的主謂語部分倒裝，必然選擇A。
[熱點剖析] 考查倒裝語序。
Weekly Test
1. 單項選擇
1. When he was there, he ______go to that coffee shop at the corner after work every day.
A. would B. should C. had better D. might
2. Johnny , you ____play with the knife; you _____hurt yourself.
A. won’t; can’t B. mustn’t ; may C. shouldn’t; must D. can’t; shouldn’t
3. ---When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
---They _____be ready by 12:00.
A. can B. should C. might D. need
4. He _____ you more money, even though he was not rich himself.
A. might have given B. might have C. may have given D. may give
5. - Will you stay for lunch?
- Sorry, _____. My brother is coming to see me.
A. I mustn’t B. I can’t C. I needn’t D. I won’t
6. - Are you coming to Jeff’s party?
- I’m not sure. I _____ go to the concert instead.
A. must B. would C. should D. might
7. - Write to me when you get home.
- _____.
A. I must B. I should C. I will D. I can
8. I was really anxious about you, you _____ home without a word.
A. mustn’t leave B. shouldn’t have left C. couldn’t have left D. needn’t leave
9. - Is John coming by train?
- He should, but he _____ not. He likes driving his car.
A. must B. can C. need D. may
10. You say you will not do it ,but I say you ____ do it.
A. would B. will C. shall D. need
11. --- Let me tell you all about it.
--- You_______. I have been informed of it.
A. mustn't B. may not C. can't D. needn’t
12. - Who is the girl standing over there?
- Well , if you know , her name is Mabel.
A. may B. can C. must D. shall
13---________ you make so much noise?
-Sorry. I'll take care not to.
A.Can B. May C.Will D. Must
14. -- What do you do?
--- I'm a pilot.
--- That __________ exciting.
A. would be B. must be C. might be D. can be
15. He asked me for this book many times. Please tell him that he _____ have it tomorrow.
A. must B. ought to C. shall D. will
16. ---Your phone number again? I _____ quite catch it.
---It’s 9568442.
A. didn’t B. couldn’t C. don’t D. can’t
17. Mother _____ us stories when we were children.
A. was used to tell B. is used to telling C. used to tell D. used to telling
18. I got up early that morning, but I _____ so because I had no work to do.
A. mustn’t have done B. didn’t need to do C. needn’t have done D. can’t have done
19. She’s already two hours late. What ______ to her?
A. can have happened B. may have happened C. should have happened D. must happen
20. Since the road is wet this morning, _____ last night.
A. it must rain B. it must be raining C. it must have rained D. it must have been raining
21. You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers ____ not like the design of the furniture.
A. must B. shall C. may D. need
22. It’s nearly seven o’clock. Jack _____ be here at any moment.
A. must B. need C. should D. can
23. .-Excuse me. Is this the right way to the Summer Palace?
-Sorry, I am not sure. But it ______be.
A. might B. will C. must D. can
24. You ______ be tired --- you've only been working for an hour.
A. must not B. won' t C. can' t D. may not
25. - When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
- They _____ be ready by 12:00.
A. can B. should C. might D. need
26. A computer _____ think for itself, it must be told what to do.
A.can’t B.couldn’t C. may not D. might not
27. - Shall I tell John about it?
- No, you _____. I’ve told him already.
A.needn’t B.wouldn’t C. mustn’t D. shouldn’t
28. - Do you know where my address book is?
- It________ be in the hall cupboard. I think I saw it this morning.
A. could B. can C. will D. must
29. - We want someone to design the new art museum for us.
- ________ the young fellow have a try?
A.May B.Shall C.Will D. Need
30. According to the local regulations, anyone who intends to get a driver’s license ____ take an eye test.
A. can B. must C. would D. may
31. Of the making of good books there is no end; neither ______ any end to their influence on man’s lives.
A. there is B. there are C. is there D. are there
32. ___ of the land in that district ___ covered with trees and grass.）
A. Two fifth … is B. Two fifth … are C. Two fifths … is D. Two fifths … are
33.He is the only one of the students who _____ a winner of scholarship for three years.
A. is B. are C. have been D. has been
34.The writer and poet ___ our meeting to everyone’s surprise.
A. were to attend B. are to attend C. is attended D. is to attend
35.Each student ___a dictionary means the students each___ dictionary.
A. has, has B. have, have C. has, have D. have, has
36. Many a man ____come to help us when we are in trouble.
A. have B. has C. is D. are
37. Every possible means _______ to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear.
A. is used B. are used C. has been used D. have been used
38. The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys in her class, _______ visiting a museum when the earthquake struck.
A. was B. were C. had been D. would be
39. Neither of the young men who had tried to get the job in the company_____.
A. has been accepted B. have been accepted C. was accepted D. were accepted
40. In Switzerland, six miles west of Geneva,____ a collection of laboratory buildings.
A.lie B. are lying C. lies D.lays
41. --- Who is the man talking to the headmaster?
---- A professor____ a visit to our school.
A.paying B. is paying C.paid D. pays
42. Not only I but also Jane and Mary ____ tired of having one examination after another.
A. is B. are C. am D. be
43. This is one of the most interesting questions that ____ asked.
A. have B. has C. have been D. has been
44. Between the two rows of trees _____ the teaching building.
A. stand B. stands C. standing D. are
45. He said that the twelfth and last lesson _______ rather difficult.
A. were B. was C. will be D. are
46. What he says and what he does ___________ .
A. is not agree B. are not agree C. does not agree D. do not agree
47._____ is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to become white collar workers.
A. It B. Such C. This D. That
48.Scarcely _______ asleep _______ a knock at the door awakened him.
A. she had fallen; when B. she had fallen; than
C. had she fallen; than D. had she fallen; when
49. finish the task better than the others, I think.
A. Only you can B. Only can you C. Only do you D. Only you do
50. yesterday, you would have met him .
A. Did you come B. You came C. If had you come D. Had you come
51. Only when the war was over ________ to his hometown.
A. did the young soldier return B. the young soldier returned
C. returned the young soldier D. the young soldier did return
52. Only in this way ____to make improvement in the operating system.
A. you can hope B. you did hope C. can you hope D. did you hope
53. Only one of these books _________.
A.worth is to read B. is worth being read C. worth is of reading D. is worth reading
54.Not until all the fish died in the river___ how serious the pollution was.
A. did the villagers realize B. the village realize
Ｃthe villagers did realize D. didn’t the villagers realize
55. Only then _______ what he really meant when he said “ You left something here.”
A. did I understand B. I understood C. understood I D. did understand I
56. ______ can you expect to get a rise.
A. With hard work B. Although work hard
C. Only with hard work D. Now that he works hard
57. _____ she wondered if she had made a mistake.
A. Not until long afterwards that B. It was not until long afterwards that
C. Not long until afterwards D. It was long afterwards until
58. The naughty boy has cried wolf many times. Scarcely ____ him before he says that he is in trouble.
A. anybody believes B.had anybody believes
C. does anybody believe D.will anybody believe
59. ________ sat down for a rest______ the door bell rang.
A. Hardly I had; when B. Hardly I had; than C. Hardly had I; than D. Hardly had I; when
60. - Were you worried about him last night?
- Yes. It was ________.
A. until he returned that I went to bed B. until be returned that l slept well
C. not until he returned that I went to bed D. not until did he return that I went to sleep
2. 單句改錯
1. Everyone is here. Should we start the meeting?
2. I parked my car right here but now it's gone. It must have stolen
3. He must have finished the work yesterday, but he didn't.
4. He did not pass the examination. As a good student, he may not have failed.
5. May it be true that Albert passed the test in geography?
6. You may lead a horse to the water but you dare not make it drink.
7. ─Must we finish the composition in class?
─No, you mustn't.
8. Her eyes were red. She must have been cried.
9. Mary has received his letter, otherwise she would have replied before now.
10. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ought to write it out for her.
11.Only one percent of the students in the college is Party members.
12.Tom as well as two of his friends were to the concert.
13.There is a plate on the table. The knife and fork are beside it.
14.The number of the girl students in that school are smaller than that of the boy students.
15.The doctor and scientist were invited to the meeting last week.
16. Strange so was his appearance that no one could recognize him.
17. Up the cat jumped and caught the mouse.
18. Such is the results of the experiments.
19. Among the films being shown are a popular film directed by Hanson Lee.
20. ---You forgot your purse when you went out.
---Good heavens, so did I.
3. 根據(jù)漢語翻譯下列句子
1.她一定把鑰匙丟了。
2.他們一定走了,可是應(yīng)當(dāng)給我留一個條子呀!
3.你本不必要把整個課文都譯成漢語。
4.我是可能早一些來的,可是我在路上碰到一個朋友。
5.下一次你應(yīng)該更小心些。
6.我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我入團的那一天。
7.只有不斷地練習(xí),我們才能學(xué)好英語口語。
8.雖然這個問題很復(fù)雜，(complicated)但是用計算機只要五秒鐘就能解決。
9.如果沒有計算機,就不會有人造衛(wèi)星和火箭。
10.我沒有去過那兒，他也沒去過。
參考答案：
單項選擇
1-20ABBAB DCBDC DCDBD ACCAC
21-40 CCACB AAABB CACCA BCBBD
41-60 CCDDC BBDAB ACDAA CBC DC
單句改錯
1.Should--Shall 2.have-- have been 3.must-- should 4.may-- should 5.May--Could
6.dare-- can7.mustn't-- needn't 8. cried--crying 9.has-- couldn't have 10.write --have written
11.is are 12. were--was 13.are--is 14.are--is 15.were- was16.Strange so --So strange 17.Up the cat jumped-- Up jumped the cat 18.is-- are 9.are-- is 20. so I did
根據(jù)漢語翻譯下列句子
1. She must have lost her key.
2. The must have left, but they should have left us a note.
3. You needn't have translated the whole text into Chinese.
4. I could have arrived a little earlier, but I met a friend of mine on the way.
5. You should be more careful next time.
6.Never shall I forget the day when I joined the League.
7.Only by practising continuously can we learn oral English well.
8.Complicated as the problem is, it can be solved in only five seconds with a computer.
9.Had there been no computers, there would have been no man-made satellites or rockets.
10.I have never been there, neither has he.