知識梳理
Ⅰ.網(wǎng)絡(luò)構(gòu)建
詞匯 單詞 *relic pyramid *represent include ruin burn *restore portrait recreate unite period damage *project brick official cave pollution breath limit continent tie *athelete medal *torch dive shooting *competitor further prepare effect *compete weigh weight position point title *gesture facial
詞組 give in give up in ruins bring...back to life pull down set up in one’s opinion with the help of so far make oneself heard stand for because of would rather take part in preparation for prefer...to... have...effect on by hand
語法 被動語態(tài)
Ⅱ.重點(diǎn)精講
●重點(diǎn)單詞
1.include vt.
例句集錦
Does the price include tax?
這個價格包括稅款嗎？
Your duties include typing letters and answering telephone.
你的職責(zé)是打信件和接電話。
You should include some examples in your essay.
你應(yīng)該在文章里舉一些例子。
用法歸納
*include vt.主要義項有：包括；包含；使成為……的一部分。
相關(guān)歸納
（1）included（包括……在內(nèi)）放在被包括的之后。
（2）including（包括……在內(nèi)） 放在被包括的之前。
We all went,me included.
我們都去了，包括我在內(nèi)。
I’ve got three days’ holiday including New Year’s Day.
包括元旦在內(nèi)，我有三天假。
Six people were killed in the riot,including a policeman.
暴亂中有六人死亡，包括一名警察。
2.burn
例句集錦
v.
The house is burning.
房子著火了。
The fire burned her hand.
火燒傷了她的手。
Fires were burning all over the city.
全城處處燃燒著大火。
The smell of burning rubber filled the air.
空氣中彌漫著橡膠燃燒的氣味。
Some people burn calories faster than others.
有些人熱量消耗的比其他人快。
Your forehead is burning.Have you get a fever?
你的前額很燙，你發(fā)燒了嗎？
He was burning to go climbing again.
他渴望再去爬山。
n.
She had a burn on her hand.
她手上有一處燒傷。
用法歸納
*burn可以用作動詞或名詞。作動詞時，主要義項有：著火；燃燒；燒傷；燒焦；發(fā)燙；渴望；有強(qiáng)烈的情感。
作名詞時，主要義項有：燒傷；灼傷；燒的痕跡。
相關(guān)歸納
（1）burn sth. down（被）燒毀
The fire burned down the house.
火燒毀了房子。
（2）burn sth. up 被燒毀；被燒掉
The spaceship burned up as it entered the earth’s atmosphere.
宇宙飛船進(jìn)入地球大氣層時被燒毀。
（3）burn away（使）燒掉；燒光
Half the candle had burnt away.
蠟燭已燒掉了一半。
（4）burn out/burn itself out 燒盡；熄滅
The fire had burnt（itself）out before the fire engines arrived.
救火車到達(dá)之前，火就熄滅了。
（5）burn out/burn sth.out（因過熱或使用過久）出故障
The clutch has burnt out.
離合器因過熱而失靈。
（6）burn out或burn yourself/sb.out 耗盡體力；積勞成疾；累垮
If he doesn’t stop working so hard,he’ll burn himself out.
他要是繼續(xù)這樣拼命工作，就會把自己累垮。
3.breathe v.
breath n.
例句集錦
He breathed deeply before speaking again.
他深深地吸了一口氣，然后繼續(xù)說下去。
Most people don’t realize that they are breathing polluted air.
大多數(shù)人沒有意識到自己正在呼吸被污染的空氣。
He opened his mouth and took a deep breath.
他張開嘴深深地吸了一口氣。
His breath smelled like coffee.
他呼出的氣有咖啡味。
用法歸納
*breathe 主要義項有：呼吸；呼出。
*breath 主要義項有：呼吸；呼出的空氣。
相關(guān)歸納
（1）hold one’s breath（由于激動、害怕等）不出聲；屏息
Hold your breath and count to ten.
屏住呼吸，數(shù)到十。
He held his breath while the results read out.
宣讀結(jié)果時，他屏住呼吸。
（2）out of breath 上氣不接下氣；喘不過氣來
We were out of breath after only five minutes.
五分鐘后我們便氣喘吁吁了。
（3）short of breath 呼吸短促
She was very short of breath.
她呼吸困難。
（4）take one’s breath away 令人驚嘆；讓人嘆絕
My first view of the island from the air took my breath away.
我第一次從空中看到這個島嶼時，嘆賞不已。
4.prepare v.
preparation n.
例句集錦
A hotel room is being prepared for them.
正在為他們準(zhǔn)備一間旅館客房。
The college prepares students for a career in business.
這個學(xué)院是培養(yǎng)商務(wù)人才的。
The whole class is working hard preparing for the exam.
全班都在用功準(zhǔn)備考試。
The police are preparing themselves for trouble at the demonstration.
警察正在準(zhǔn)備防范示威時可能出現(xiàn)的騷亂。
I was preparing to leave.
我正準(zhǔn)備離開。
He was in the kitchen preparing lunch.
他在廚房做午飯。
Preparation for the party started early.
聚會的準(zhǔn)備工作很早就開始了。
We made preparations to move to new offices.
我們已準(zhǔn)備好搬到新辦公室。
The country is making preparations for war.
這個國家正在進(jìn)行備戰(zhàn)。
用法歸納
*prepare的主要義項有：使作好準(zhǔn)備；把……預(yù)備好；防范；準(zhǔn)備。
常見搭配有：prepare+sth./sb.（for sb./sth.）；prepare+for sth.；prepare+to do sth.
相關(guān)歸納
（1）in preparation（for）（為……）準(zhǔn)備
The third book in the series is currently in preparation.
叢書的第三冊現(xiàn)在正準(zhǔn)備出版。
The team has been training hard in preparation for the big game.
為備戰(zhàn)這場重要比賽，隊伍一直在嚴(yán)格訓(xùn)練。
（2）be prepared（for sth.）準(zhǔn)備好；有所準(zhǔn)備
I was not prepared for all the problems it caused.
我對這事引起的諸多麻煩毫無準(zhǔn)備。
We’ll be better prepared next time.
下次我們會準(zhǔn)備得更充分。
（3）be prepared to do愿意
We are not prepared to accept these conditions.
我們無意接受這些條件。
How much are you prepared to pay?
你愿意出多少錢？
5.weigh v.
weight n.
例句集錦
-How much do you weigh?
你體重多少？
-I weigh about 60 kilos.
大約60千克。
He weighed himself on the bathroom scales.
他用浴室磅秤稱體重。
She weighed the stone in her hand.
她用手掂了掂石頭的重量。
The doctor said he should not lift heavy weights.
醫(yī)生說他不應(yīng)該舉重物。
The full weight of responsibility falls on her.
全部的重任都落在她的肩上。
It is about 76 kilos in weight.
這東西重約76千克。
Bananas are sold by weight.
香蕉按重量出售。
She is trying to lose weight.
她正在設(shè)法減肥。
He is putting on/gaining weight since he gave up smoking.
他戒煙后體重增加了。
No more for me,I have to watch my weight.
我不再吃了，我得控制體重。
用法歸納
*weigh的主要義項為：有……重；重；稱……的重量；測……的重量。
*weight的主要義項有：重量；分量；重物；重任；重?fù)?dān)。
6.point
例句集錦
v.
He pointed to the spot where the house used to stand.
他指出那所房子原來所在的地方。
“What’s your name?”he asked,pointing at the child with his pen.
他用筆指著小孩問：“你叫什么名字？”
She pointed in my direction.
她指向我這邊。
She pointed her finger in my direction.
她（用手指）指向我這個方向。
He pointed the gun at her head.
他舉槍對準(zhǔn)她的頭。
A compass needle points north.
羅盤指針指向北方。
We asked her the way and she pointed towards the town.
我們向她問路，她指向小鎮(zhèn)的方向。
n.
She made several interesting points in the article.
她在文章中列舉了幾個有趣的觀點(diǎn)。
I wish she would get to the point and tell us what she wants us to do.
我希望她能快點(diǎn)說正題，告訴我們她要我們做什么。
What is the point of this meeting?
這次會議的目的是什么？
The climber was at/on the point of death when they found him.
當(dāng)他們發(fā)現(xiàn)那個登山者時，他已奄奄一息。
Australia finished 20 points ahead.
澳大利亞隊終局領(lǐng)先20分。
We broadcast on ninety-five point nine FM.
我們以調(diào)頻95.9播音。
用法歸納
*point可以用作動詞和名詞。作動詞時，主要義項有：（1）指,指向；（2）瞄準(zhǔn)；（3）對著，朝向。
用作名詞時，主要義項為：（1）觀點(diǎn)，論點(diǎn)；（2）要點(diǎn)，重點(diǎn)；（3）目的；意圖；（4）時刻，關(guān)頭；（5）得分；（6）小數(shù)點(diǎn)。
相關(guān)歸納
（1）to the point簡明恰當(dāng)；簡潔中肯
The letter was short and to the point.
這封信簡短扼要。
（2）to the point of（doing）sth.達(dá)到某種程度；近乎
He was rude to the point of being aggressive.
他粗魯?shù)叫U不講理的程度。
（3）up to a point在某種程度上
I agree with you up to a point.
我在某種程度上同意你的看法。
（4）point out指（給某人）看；（向某人）指出
I’ll point him out to you next time he comes in.
他下次來的時候，我指給你看。
He pointed out the dangers of driving alone.
他指出單獨(dú)駕車的危險。
I should point out that none of these paintings is original.
我應(yīng)當(dāng)指出，這些畫中沒有一幅是真跡。
●重點(diǎn)短語
1.give up 放棄；戒掉；認(rèn)輸
例句集錦
He gave up smoking last year and became fat.
他去年戒煙后就發(fā)胖了。
They gave up without a fight.
他們不戰(zhàn)而降。
She doesn’t give up easily.
她絕不輕易認(rèn)輸。
2.give in 讓步；屈服；投降；勉強(qiáng)同意；交上
He would rather die than give in.
他寧死不屈。
The authorities have shown no signs of giving in to the kidnappers’ demands.
當(dāng)局對綁架者的要求沒有絲毫讓步跡象。
Please give your work in before Monday.
請在星期一之前把作業(yè)交上來。
相關(guān)歸納
（1）give away 背棄；出賣；泄漏；暴露；贈送；泄露
They are giving away prizes at the new store.
新開張的商店在送贈品。
He gave away most of his money to charity.
他把大部分錢都捐給了慈善事業(yè)。
She gave away state secrets to the enemy.
她把國家的機(jī)密泄露給了敵人。
（2）give off（散）發(fā)出
She gives off a smell of rose.
她身上散發(fā)著玫瑰的香味。
（3）give back 還給；歸還；使恢復(fù)
My friend gave back the tools that he borrowed.
我朋友歸還了他借的工具。
The operation gave him back the use of his legs.
手術(shù)使他的雙腿恢復(fù)了功能。
（4）give sb.a hand 幫某人的忙
Give me a hand with this table.
幫我搬這張桌子。
3.base sth.on/upon 以……為根據(jù)（基礎(chǔ)）；把……建立在……
例句集錦
What are you basing this theory on?
你這種理論的根據(jù)是什么？
The film is based on a famous novel.
這部電影是根據(jù)一部著名的小說改編的。
One should always base his opinion on facts.
一個人應(yīng)該始終以事實為依據(jù)發(fā)表自己的觀點(diǎn)。
4.so far 迄今為止；到目前為止
例句集錦
What do you think of the show so far?
到目前為止你覺得這場演出怎么樣？
Detectives are so far at a loss to explain the reason of his death.
至今偵探對他的死因仍茫然不解。
We haven’t heard from Tom so far.
到目前為止，我們還沒收到湯姆的來信。
相關(guān)歸納
（1）by far（常用來修飾比較級或最高級，用以加強(qiáng)語氣）大大的；……得多
The last of these reasons is by far the most important.
這些理由中最后一條比其他的重要得多。
Amy is the smartest by far.
埃米顯然是最聰明的。
（2）as far as the eye can/could see極目所盡
The bleak moorland stretched on all sides as far as the eye could see.
荒涼的曠野向四面伸展開去，一望無際。
（3）as far as I know就我所知
As far as I know,the Pacific Ocean is by far the largest in the world.
據(jù)我所知，太平洋是世界上最大的洋。
（4）as far as I can remember（see,tell,etc）盡我所記得的；依我看
As far as I can see,you have done nothing wrong.
依我看，你沒有做錯任何事。
She lived in Chicago,as far as I can remember.
根據(jù)我記得的，她過去住在芝加哥。
（5）as far as sb./sth.be concerned就……而言
As far as I am concerned,you can do what you like.
就我而言，你想干什么就干什么。
（6）as far as it goes在有限程度上（通常指不滿意）
It’s a good plan as far as it goes,but there are a lot of things they haven’t thought of.
這計劃還不錯，不過還有很多事情沒有考慮到。
5.every four years 每四年
用法歸納
every 與數(shù)詞或few、other連用，表示時間或空間的間隔，一般形成以下幾個結(jié)構(gòu)：
（1）every+基數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞，意為“每……”；
（2）every+序數(shù)詞+單數(shù)名詞，意為“每第……”；
（3）every+ other+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，指“每隔……”；
（4）every+few+復(fù)數(shù)名詞，譯為“每隔幾……”
例句集錦
I go there every three days.
每三天我去那里一次。
He comes to see his uncle every third Sunday every month.
他每月第三個星期天來看他的叔叔。
He goes to town every other day.
他隔天去一次城里。
Write on every other line.
要隔行寫。
He stopped and turned round every few minutes.
每隔幾分鐘他都停下來回頭看看。
6.make sure 確保；一定要；保證做到；核實；弄清楚
例句集錦
Make sure you turn off all the lights before leaving the lab.
在你離開實驗室前一定要關(guān)掉所有的燈。
You’d better make sure of the time and the place.
你最好核實時間和地點(diǎn)。
相關(guān)歸納
（1）be sure of/be sure that有把握；確信
主語是人，表示主語感到“有把握，確信”。
I’m sure of his success.=I’m sure that he will succeed.
我確信他會成功。
（2）be sure to do一定要；必然會
主語可以是人或物，表示說話人推測主語“一定要，必然會”。
He is sure to succeed.他一定會成功。
It is sure to rain.天準(zhǔn)會下雨。
●必背句型
1.表示“盡其所能去做某事；盡力做某事”的句型
教材原句
（1）We will not let our history and culture be destroyed and we will do everything we can to save our city.
我們不會讓我們的歷史和文化被毀滅的，我們將盡我們的所能去挽救我們的城市。
（2）They do their best to win medals.
他們努力去贏得獎牌。
特別提示
“盡其所能去做某事；盡力做某事”可用 sb.do what one can to do或sb.do everything/ all （that）one can to do來表達(dá)。該句型中can后省略了do，不定式作目的狀語。也可用do/try one’s best to do來表達(dá)。
補(bǔ)充例句
Whenever he met with difficulty,she would do what she could to help him.
=Whenever he met with difficulty,she would do all/everything she can to help him.
=Whenever he met with difficulty,she would do/try her best to help him.
每當(dāng)他遇到困難時，她總是盡她所能去幫助他。
2.用why表示建議的句型
句型1：Why not join us?
句型2：Why don’t you join us?
和我們一塊干吧？
特別提示
“Why not +動詞？”或“Why don’t you+動詞？”通常用來表示建議。
補(bǔ)充例句
Why not go to the library to borrow some books?
何不去圖書館借幾本書看看?
Why don’t you take your girlfriend with you?
為什么不帶你的女朋友一塊來？
3.be+介詞＋名詞
教材原句
It was under attack for 900 days,but the people of the city never gave in.
城市受到了900天的攻擊，但是城里人從來沒有屈服。
特別提示
“be+介詞+名詞”可以用來表示動作，名詞前不能使用冠詞。
補(bǔ)充例句
They are now at work.You can find them at the factory.
他們在上班，你可以在工廠里找到他們。
He is on business.We couldn’t find him at his office.
他出差了，我們在辦公室里沒找到他。
The workers are on strike.
工人們正在罷工。
The Whites are on holiday in Egypt.
懷特一家正在埃及度假。
The bridge is under construction.We can’t drive through it.
這座橋正在修建中，開車過不去。
The car is under repair.You can’t use it now.
車正在維修，現(xiàn)在不能用。
He is now in hospital,but I think he’ll be out of hospital soon.
他住院了，我想他不久就會出院。
4.would rather...（than...）
教材原句
I’d rather watch it than play it.
我寧愿看球而不愿意打球。
特別提示
（1）would/had rather...（than）意為“寧愿……而不愿；寧愿；更喜歡”。
（2）would rather后接從句時，從句中用過去時。
補(bǔ)充例句
She’d rather die than give a speech.
她寧愿死也不愿意演講。
He would rather listen to others than talk himself.
他寧愿聽別人說而不愿自己說。
-Do you want to come with us?
你想跟我一起來嗎？
-No,I’d rather not.不，我不想去。
Would you rather walk or take the bus?
你愿意步行還是坐公共汽車？
-Do you mind if I smoke?
你介意我抽煙嗎？
-Well,I’d rather you didn’t.
最好別抽。
I’d rather you came tomorrow than today.
我寧愿你明天來，而不是今天來。
疑難突破
1.included,including
including意為“包含……在內(nèi)；包括”，要放在被包括的名詞或代詞之前。included意為“包括在內(nèi)”，要放在被包括的名詞或代詞之后。
應(yīng)用
（1）There are a lot of names in the list,______ his name.
（2）There are a lot of names in the list,his name ______.
（3）There are 40 students in our class,______ four students from America.
答案：（1）including （2）included （3）including
2.farther,further
表示時間、空間和距離時兩者可換用;表示“進(jìn)一步、進(jìn)一層、更多”時，只能用further。
應(yīng)用
（1）I could walk no ______.
（2）This problem will be ______ discussed tomorrow.
（3）No ______ explanation is needed.
（4）It means every athlete should try to run faster,jump higher,and throw ______.
答案：（1）farther/further （2）further （3）further （4）farther/further
3.bring,take,carry,fetch
bring指將某物或某人從其他地方帶到說話人所在地方。
take將人或物從說話人所在的地方帶到別處。
carry攜帶東西從一處到另一處，無方向性。
fetch指到別處去，然后把某物或人帶來。
應(yīng)用
（1）Go and______ today’s newspaper for me.
（2）Please ______ your son along next time you come.
（3）The woman is ______a baby in her arms.
（4）Let me ______ the suitcase for you.
（5）Who has ______ away today’s newspaper?
（6）______ the umbrella.It’s going to rain.
（7）He asked us to ______ our notebooks and pens when we go to listen to the report.
答案：（1）fetch （2）bring （3）carrying （4）carry （5）taken （6）Take （7）take
4.prepare,prepare for,get（be）ready
（1）get/be ready意為“準(zhǔn)備好”,強(qiáng)調(diào)準(zhǔn)備的結(jié)果。常見結(jié)構(gòu)有：①get ready（for sth.）；②get sth.ready；③be ready（for sth.）；④be ready to do（準(zhǔn)備干某事，樂于干某事）
（2）prepare意為“準(zhǔn)備”,強(qiáng)調(diào)準(zhǔn)備的動作與過程。賓語是這一動作的承受者。其后也可接雙賓語，還可接不定式。
（3）prepare for意為“為……作準(zhǔn)備”,for的賓語不是動作的承受者，而是表示準(zhǔn)備的目的，即所要應(yīng)付的情況。
prepare常見結(jié)構(gòu)如下：
prepare sth.準(zhǔn)備某物（事）
prepare sth.for sth.使……為……作好準(zhǔn)備
prepare to do sth.準(zhǔn)備做某事
prepare for sth.為某事作準(zhǔn)備
prepare sb.for sth.使某人對某事有思想準(zhǔn)備
be prepared for sth.準(zhǔn)備好應(yīng)付某事
應(yīng)用
（1）Mother was busy ______ us lunch in the kitchen when I got home.
（2）The doctor told the nurses to ______the operation at once.
（3）We ______to do anything for the people.
（4）Will you help me ______ the party?
（5）Please ______ by seven o’clock tomorrow morning.
（6）The teacher is ______ the exam.
（7）The students are ______ the exam.
（8）Will you ______ her for the bad news that is coming?
答案：（1）preparing （2）prepare for （3）are ready （4）prepare for （5）get/be ready （6）preparing （7）preparing for （8）prepare
5.win,beat
beat賓語只能是表示人的詞或一個集體，“在比賽、戰(zhàn)斗、爭論中擊敗某人”應(yīng)說beat sb.in...。win作“贏”解時，其賓語通常是war,battle,game,match,argument,medal等，不能是表示人的詞。
應(yīng)用
（1）They do their best to ______medals.
（2）We ______their team by 10 points.
（3）Jim ______Tom by a yard and ______ the race.
（4）Do you know who ______ the Nobel Prize for physics this year?
答案：（1）win （2）beat （3）beat,won （4）won
6.manage to do,try to do
manage to do sth.=succeed in doing sth.，表示“努力做成某事”。
try to do sth.表示“試圖、企圖、努力”去做，不強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果。
應(yīng)用
（1）We were pleased that they ______ to get what we wanted.
（2）He ______ to pass the exam but he had no luck.
（3）The box was heavy but he ______ to lift it.
（4）If I am to get away,can you ______ the factory?
（5）I cannot ______ another cake.
答案：（1）managed （2）tried （3）managed （4）manage （5）manage
7.because of,because
because是連詞，用于引導(dǎo)表語從句或狀語從句。
because of是介詞，用于名詞、代詞、what從句或動名詞前。
應(yīng)用
（1）She was worried ______her daughter came home late.
（2）Her daughter came home late ______the busy traffic.
（3）She was angry ______what you said.
（4）______ missing the last bus,we had to take a taxi.
（5）My views of the world have changed ______traveling.
（6）She looks worried.That is ______her daughter hasn’t come home.
答案：（1）because （2）because of （3）because of （4）Because of （5）because of （6）because
典例剖析
【例1】 （2005年春季北京，22）After a fire broke out in the lab,a lot of equipment ______.
A.is damaged B.had damaged C.damaged D.was damaged
剖析：從主謂關(guān)系判斷，該句應(yīng)使用被動語態(tài)，故排除B、C兩項；由于表達(dá)是過去的動作，應(yīng)該使用過去時，故選D項。
答案：D
【例2】 （2004年全國卷Ⅰ，25）Roses need special care ______ they can live through winter.
A.because B.so that C.even if D.as
剖析：根據(jù)句意判斷，句子的后半部分是目的狀語從句，故選B。
答案：B
【例3】 （2004年全國卷Ⅲ，22）Helen had to shout ______ above the sound of the music.
A.making herself hear B.to make herself hear
C.making herself heard D.to make herself heard
剖析：根據(jù)句意和結(jié)構(gòu)判斷，句子后部分是表達(dá)大聲喊的目的，一般用不定式表達(dá)，故排除A、C兩項。hear與賓語herself有邏輯上的被動關(guān)系，故選D項。
答案：D
【例4】 （2004年全國卷Ⅲ，26）To enjoy the scenery,Irene would rather spend long hours on the train ______ travel by air.
A.as B.to C.than D.while
剖析：本題考查習(xí)慣搭配would rather do...than do ...。
答案：C
【例5】（2004年全國卷Ⅳ，33）Lizzie was ______ to see her friend off at the airport.
A.a little more than sad B.more than a little sad
C.sad more than a little D.a little more sad than
剖析：more than修飾形容詞、名詞或動詞時，通常放在被修飾的詞之前，故排除A、C、D三項。more than用于修飾形容詞、名詞或動詞時，要看作習(xí)語，意思是“不僅、很、非常”。全句意思是：“Lizzie在機(jī)場為朋友送行時，非常難過。”
答案：B
【例6】 （2003年北京，23）Don’t mention that at the beginning of the story,or it may ______ the shocking ending.
A.give away B.give out C.give up D.give off
剖析： 本題檢測考生在特定語境中對短語動詞的辨異和使用能力。準(zhǔn)確把握各選項中短語動詞的意思是關(guān)鍵。give away意為“泄露（機(jī)密），捐贈”;give out意為“分發(fā)；用完、耗盡”;give up意為“放棄”;give off意為“發(fā)出（光、熱、氣味等）”。只有g(shù)ive away符合題意，故選A項。
本題意思是：“不要在故事開頭就提到那事，否則便將驚人的結(jié)局暴露了。”
答案：A
【例7】 （2002年上海，39）The shopkeeper gave us ______ weight:we got 9 kilos instead of 10 kilos.
A.scarce B.short C.light D.slight
剖析：本題考查固定短語。short weight意為“斤兩不夠;缺斤少兩”。
答案：B