1. 單元內(nèi)容介紹與分析
2. 重點(diǎn)詞匯與短語講解
3. 重，難點(diǎn)句的解釋與分析
知識總結(jié)與歸納：
（一）單元內(nèi)容介紹與分析：
1. 本單元的中心話題是“拯救地球’，具體涉及地球所面臨的問題、造成這些問題的原因和解決問題的辦法等。語言技能和語言知識都是圍繞拯救地球這一中心話題設(shè)計的。
2. 學(xué)習(xí)材料：聽力”（Listening）部分提供了一段演說詞，談到了地球所面臨的問題。第一部分要求學(xué)生通過聽弄清說話者的觀點(diǎn)，并根據(jù)所聽內(nèi)容預(yù)測下文；第二部分要求學(xué)生列出說話人的觀點(diǎn)等，然后預(yù)測下文。
“閱讀”（Reading）部分是一篇關(guān)于“地球峰會”的介紹性文章。文章介紹了2002年在南非首都約翰內(nèi)斯堡召開的“地球峰會（The Earth Summit）”的基本情況，包括會議召開的背景、會議的主題以及與會者所討論的主要問題和提出的解決辦法等。通過對該文章的閱讀，可以豐富學(xué)生有關(guān)本單元主題的語言和信息。
“綜合技能”部分設(shè)計了聽、說、寫的活動，以寫為主線。聽的內(nèi)容是“地球峰會”上的兩篇發(fā)言。在聽的基礎(chǔ)上，要求學(xué)生陳述他們的觀點(diǎn)。寫的活動包括聽中補(bǔ)充提綱，聽后寫要點(diǎn)、提綱以及說后寫段落，環(huán)環(huán)相扣，層層深入。
“語言學(xué)習(xí)”：掌握有關(guān)倒裝句的幾個常用結(jié)構(gòu)。
（二）詞匯學(xué)習(xí)：
運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞知識理解下列單詞：
ecology；environmentalist；sustainable；killer；equality；fairness；responsibility；cooperation；willingness；incorrect
（三）重點(diǎn)詞匯與短語的用法：
1. issue：問題；爭議；發(fā)行；分配，期刊
You will attend the meeting and discuss the issue.
I just got a rise, so money is no longer an issue.
Unemployment is not the issue-the real problem is the decline in public morality.
The article will appear in the next month's issue.
The post office issued the stamps last week.
2. content：內(nèi)容；目錄；容量；滿足；滿意
Without reading the text, try to predict its content.
The content of your essay is excellent, but it’s not very well expressed.
注意表達(dá)“滿足，滿意”的短語：
be content with sth.
be content to do sth.
He is content with life.
John seems content to sit in front of the television all night.
3. access：接近；進(jìn)入；接近……的方法；到達(dá)……的權(quán)利
20% of the people on earth do not have access to clean drinking water.
The house is in the center part of the town with good access to the shops.
Hospitals should give patients the right of access to their medical records.
All the branch managers can access the data bank of the general office.
4. responsibility：責(zé)任；責(zé)任心；職責(zé)
Rich countries have a responsibility towards poor countries and must do whatever they can to help others.
Taking care of family is a big responsibility.
注意構(gòu)詞形式：responsibility的形容詞形式為responsible；常見短語是：be responsible for：替/對……負(fù)責(zé)。
She is my student, and I must be responsible for her.
5. in harmony with：與…協(xié)調(diào)/和諧；反義詞out of harmony with
With better education, people will be able to build a better Society in harmony with nature and perhaps put an end to the death and sufferings caused by the big three.
His tastes are in harmony with mine.
Bob and I worked together in harmony for years.
6. put an end to：結(jié)束
We must put an end to this foolish behaviour.
The chief task of the moment is to put an end to the terrible pollution in the rivers.
（四）辨析下列單詞（近義詞）
1. affect / effect
affect：動詞：影響；感動；侵襲
effect：名詞：影響，效果；常見短語：have an effect on sb./ sth.
What we do is important because it affects the environment.
All the people in the room were affected to tears.
The medicine has little effect on the old man.
2. defend / protect / guard
defend：用武力或其他措施保護(hù)人們不受損害。辯護(hù)。
protect：用各種安全防御措施盡力照顧某人不受損害。
guard： 留心守望，警戒
Make sure that you are ready to answer questions and defend your argument.
It is the duty of every Chinese citizen to defend motherland.
Clothes protect us from cold.
Tow big dogs guard the farm.
（五）重，難點(diǎn)句的解釋與分析
1. One of the main themes Of the summit was “sustainable development’，or the question of how we can continue developing the world without damaging the environment.
其主題之一是“可持續(xù)發(fā)展”，也就是如何在不破壞環(huán)境的情況下使世界繼續(xù)發(fā)展的問題。
（1）句中or意為“也就是：即”，用于補(bǔ)充說明上文的內(nèi)容。例如：
The company is paying the rent or at least Contributing to it
or的用法很多，除了上述的意思外，常見的還有：
Don’t put anything plastic in the oven or it will probably start melting.
Are you going with your parents or by yourself ?
（2）without doing結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中作狀語，表示“在沒發(fā)生……情況下”。
They left the school in a hurry, without saying goodbye to anyone.
2. Air pollution alone causes almost three million deaths.
僅空氣污染就造成了近三百萬人死亡。
（1）alone在此是副詞，用在名詞或代詞后面，表示“只，只有；僅僅”。
He alone is not responsible for it.
Money alone cannot make you happy.
alone還可以解釋“單獨(dú)地；獨(dú)自地”。
He likes to go it alone in everything.
alone作形容詞時，解釋“單獨(dú)的; 唯一的：獨(dú)一無二的”，在句子作表語。
I am not alone in this opinion.
（2）deaths：可數(shù)名詞：死亡的人數(shù)。不可數(shù)名詞指：死亡。
3. If we are to develop the world successfully, we must make sure that everyone is able to take part in the new world we create.
如果我們要成功地開發(fā)世界，就必須確保人人都能夠參與我們創(chuàng)造的新世界。
be +to do sth這個結(jié)構(gòu)常常表示安排，命令、職責(zé)、義務(wù)、目的、用途，可能性、命中注定等含義。例如：
We are to meet at the school gate.
You are to be back by 10 o'clock.
The prize is to honour him for his great discovery.
4. Richer countries have a responsibility towards poorer countries and must do whatever they can to help others.
富國對于窮國負(fù)有責(zé)任，他們必須盡可能地幫助其他國家。
do whatever one can相當(dāng)于do what one can，只是前者的語氣更強(qiáng)。
（六）閱讀材料中的典型倒裝句：
1. Without international cooperation, developing countries cannot prosper, nor will sustainable development be possible.
沒有國際合作，發(fā)展中國家合作就不可能繁榮，可持續(xù)發(fā)展也就不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)。
由nor，neither，not，hardly，seldom, never等表示否定意思的詞位于句首時，句子采用部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。部分倒裝類似一般疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)。
Never have I met him.
Seldom have we seen such big melons.
Hardly had she entered the house when she heard the dog barking.
2. Only by changing the way we live can we save the earth.
只有我們改變自己的生活方式，才能拯救地球。
由“only+狀語”結(jié)構(gòu)位于句首，句子也需采用部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
Only in this way can you work out the maths problem.
Only when Tom returns this afternoon will the meeting began.
3. Had I known that air conditioners cause so much pollution, 1 would never have bought one.
要是我以前知道空調(diào)會造成大量的污染，我就不會買它了。
這是一個含有虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)的句子，其中條件句的引導(dǎo)詞if被省略，按照倒裝句的規(guī)則，采用部分倒裝句。原結(jié)構(gòu)是
If I had known that air conditioners cause so much pollution, 1 would never have bought one.
4. A better understanding of the environment is necessary, as is the willingness to act.
更好地了解環(huán)保是必要的，行動的愿望也是必要的。
as相當(dāng)于so：通常表達(dá)“……也是一樣”可以說：as / so is（was ; does; do; did….）+主語。
He believed, as did all his family, that God would bless them.
【典型例題】
單項選擇：
1. We sat there, with what we listened to.
A. satisfying B. to satisfy C. contented D. content
答案：D
分析：content形容詞，作伴隨狀語；也可以用satisfied。
2. Passengers are _____ to be careful of pickpockets.
A. hoped B. informed C. advised D. suggested
答案：C
分析：句意為“乘客被告知要謹(jǐn)防小偷。”advise sb. to do sth．變形為be advised to do sth…其他三項都不能用于這一結(jié)構(gòu)中。
3. When she fainted, her friends opened a window and put cold water on her face to her.
A. refine B. revive C. revise D. reverse
答案：B
分析：句意為“她昏倒后，她的朋友們打開窗戶，井把涼水灑在她的臉上，以使她蘇醒過來。”revive使蘇醒，與句意吻合。
4. No one was ____ for the damage of the broken window, because it was broken by the storm .
A. excused B. considered C. responsible D. possible
答案：C
分析：be responsible for.: 對……負(fù)責(zé)。
5. You must to this bad behaviour.
A. give up B. do away C. put an end D. make way
答案：C
分析：句意為“你必須克服這個惡習(xí)。”put an end to sth. 去掉……與句意吻合。
6. Some people say that students' progress in school is __ by environment and heredity.
A. effected B. affected C. offered D. afforded
答案：B
分析：“有些人認(rèn)為學(xué)生們在學(xué)校的進(jìn)步是會受到環(huán)境和遺傳因素影響的。”affect影響，與句意吻合。
7. The branches could hardly the weight of the fruit.
A. retain B. sustain C. maintain D. remain
答案：B
分析：sustain the weight of sth. 支撐某物。retain保留；保持，maintain維持，remain剩下，留下。
8. Over a third of the population was estimated to have no ____ to the health service.
A. appointment B. assignment C. exception D. access
答案：D
分析：“估計有超過三分之一的人沒有機(jī)會享受健康服務(wù)。”have（no）access to“有（沒有）機(jī)會進(jìn)入（享受；使用）……”。
9. The basic causes are unknown, although certain conditions that may lead to cancer have been ____.
A. identified B. informed C. conveyed D. undertaken
答案：A
分析：identify認(rèn)出；識別，inform通知；告知，convey傳播；傳達(dá)，undertake保證。句意為“癌癥的根本起因還不清楚，但某些可能會導(dǎo)致癌癥的條件已被發(fā)現(xiàn)。”
10. There was once a town in this country where all life seemed to live in ___ with its surroundings.
A. chance B. harmony C. ability. D. introduction
答案：B
分析：句意為“在這個國家曾有一個小城鎮(zhèn)，那兒所有的生命與周圍的環(huán)境都和諧地生存著。”in harmony with協(xié)調(diào)一致；和諧，與句意吻合。
【模擬試題】（答題時間：60分鐘）
一. 單項選擇：
1. The doctor telephoned to say that he couldn’t ____ the meeting because he had to ___ a patient.
A. came to; attend to B. attend; attend
C. join; treat D. attend on; look after
2. Once out of the earth’s gravity, the astronaut is by the problem of weightlessness.
A. affected B. effected C. related D. offered
3. Access the mountain-town is often difficult because of the bad roads.
A. of B. with C. to D. on
4. is a good chance that I'I1 finish the work tomorrow.
A. It B. There C. This D. That
5. He soon found himself his new co-workers.
A. in harmony of B. in the harmony of
C. in harmony with D. in the harmony with
6. Her father gave her the ___ of going on to college or starting to work.
A. chance B. opportunity C. alternative D. possibility
7. They their side of the field very well.
A. defended B. protected C. keep D. prevent
8. I feel that it was time for me to ____.
A. take actions B. take an action
C. take the action D. take action
9. The town’s drinking-water _____ with prim chemicals at present.
A. contaminates B. is contaminated
C. is being contaminated D. has been contaminated
10. The students on the professor’s lecture now and then.
A. took note B. took notes C. took notice D. took action
11. Only after reaching eighteen join the army.
A. have you; you can B. have you; can you
C. you have; you can D. you have; can you
12. So funny ___ that everyone burst into laughing.
A. she looked B. was she looking
C. did she look D. had she looked
13. a nice man that we all believe him.
A. So; he seined B. So; did he seem
C. Such; he seethed D. Such; did he seem
14. ____ sat down for a rest the door bell rang.
A. Hardly I had; when B. Hardly I had; than
C. Hardly had I; than D. Hardly had h when
15. Not only ____ this machine, but ____ it.
A. can he run; can he repair B. he can run; can he repair
C. he can run; he can repair D. can he run; he ran repair
二. 閱讀理解：
（A）
The view over a valley of a tiny village with thatched（茅草蓋的）roof cottages around a church; a drive through a narrow village street lined with thatched cottages painted pink or white; the sight over the rolling hills of thatched farm buildings--these are still common sights in parts of England. Most people will agree that the thatched roof is an essential part of the attraction of the
English countryside.
Thatching is in fact the oldest of all the building crafts（行業(yè)）practiced in the British Isles. Although thatch has always been used for cottages and farm buildings, it was once used for castles and churches, too.
Thatching is a solitary（獨(dú)自的）craft, which often runs in families. The craft of thatching as it is practiced today has changed very little since the Middle Ages. Over 800 full-time thatchers are employed in England and Wales today, maintaining and renewing the old roofs as well as thatching newer houses. Many property owners choose thatch not only for its beauty but because they know it will keep them cool in summer and warm in winter.
In fact, if we look at developing countries, over half the world lives under thatch, but they all do it in different ways. People in developing countries are often unwilling to go back to traditional materials and would prefer modem buildings. However, they may lack the money to allow them to import the necessary materials. Their temporary（臨時的）small mud house with thatched roofs of wild grasses often only last six months. Thatch which has been done in the British way lasts from twenty to sixty years, and is an effective defense against the heat.
1. Which of the following remains a unique feature of the English countryside ?
A. Narrow streets lined with pink or white farm buildings.
B. Rolling hills with pretty farm buildings.
C. Cottage with thatched roofs.
D. Churches with cottages around them.
2. What do we know about thatching as a craft?
A. It is a collective activity.
B. It is in most cases handed down among family members.
C. It is quite different from what it used to be.
D. It is practiced on farms all over England.
3. People in developed countries also live under thatch because
A. thatched cottages are a big tourist attraction
B. thatched roof houses are the cheapest
C. thatch is an effective defense against the heat.
D. they like thatched houses better than other buildings
4. Thatched houses are still preferred because of
A. their style and comfort
B. their high quality
C. their easy keeping
D. their ready-made materials
（B）
Coketown was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed it; but in fact it was a town of unnatural red and black like the painted face of savage（野人）. It was a town of machinery and tall chimney, out of which smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever. It had a black canal in it, and a river that ran purple with ill smelling color, and large piles of building full of windows where there was a rattling and a trembling all day long, and where the steam-engine worked up and down like the head of an elephant in a state of madness. The town contained several large streets all very like one another, and many small streets still more like one another, inhabited（居住）by people equally like one another.
A sunny midsummer day. There was such a thing sometimes even in Coketown. Seen from a distance in such a weather, Coketown lay covered in a smoke of its own. You only knew the town was there, because you knew there could have been no such a place upon the view without a town.
The streets were hot and dusty on the summer day, and the sun was so bright that it even shone through the smoke over Coketown, and could not be looked at steadily. Workers appeared from low underground doorways into factory yards, and sat on steps, wiping their face sand looking at coals. The whole town seemed to be frying in oil. There was a smell of hot oil everywhere. The atmosphere of those places was like the breath of hell（地獄）, and their inhabitants wasting with heat, walked lazily in the desert. But no temperature made the mad elephants more mad or more sane（理智的）. Their tiresome heads went up and down at the sane rate, in hot weather and in cold, wet weather and dry. The measured movement of their shadows of wood; while for the summer noise of insects, it could offer all the year round, from the dawn of Monday to the night of Saturday.
1. Which of the following words is NOT properly used to describe Coketown ?
A. unpleasant B. dirty C. noisy D. deserted
2. From the passage we know that Coketown was mainly a（n）_____town.
A. industrial B. agricultural C. historical D. cultural
3. Only _____ were not affected by weather.
A. the workmen B. the habitants C. the steam-engines D. the woods
4. Which is the author’s opinion of Coketown?
A. Coketown should be replaced by woods
B. The town had too much oil in it
C. The town was seriously polluted
D. The town’s atmosphere was unchanged
三. 短文改錯：
When Joe left university, he got a good work in a bike factory. 1. ______
But after he had been worked there for some years, he decided 2. ______
to have change, so he put a notice in several newspapers, 3. ______
saying what experiences he had and the kind of job he would 4. ______
like to have. One of the answers he accepted was from a man 5. ______
was looking for a job, too. This man wrote to him, “Dear, sir, 6. ______
when you get a new job, be kind enough to give your name and 7. ______
address to your present boss as I have been trying to find 8. ______
a position like yours for a long time.” After he reads the letter, 9. ______
he suddenly realized that what he had done was real foolish. 10. _____
【試題答案】
一. 單項選擇：
1. B 參加會議常用attend（be present at）the meeting，照看病人可用attend（on）a patient或look after a patient。
2. A 句意為“一旦擺脫了地球吸引力，宇航員就受到失重問題的影響。”affect vt. 影響，與句意吻合。
3. C “由于路況不好，進(jìn)入山城總是很難。access to… 進(jìn)入……接近……為一固定用法。
4. B there is a good chance（that）… 有可能發(fā)生某事，為一固定句型。
5. C in harmony with 與……和睦；與……和諧．為一固定短語。
6. C 句意為“她父親讓她在上大學(xué)繼續(xù)求學(xué)和開始工作之間作出抉擇。alternative“兩者（或兩者以上）選一”，與句意相符。
7. A 句意為“他們側(cè)面防守很好。”defend防守；防御，與句意吻合。
8. D take action采取行動．為一固定短語。
9. C “這城市的飲用水目前正受到有毒化學(xué)藥品的污染。”drinking-water與contaminate之間存在被動關(guān)系，由at present可知應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時的被動式，
10. B “學(xué)生們聽教授講課時不時地做筆記。”take notes“做筆記”，為一固定搭配。
11. D 在only之后的從句要倒裝。
12. C look作“看起來”講時無進(jìn)行時態(tài)，空格處無需使用完成時。
13. D “such+名詞”位于句首時，句子要倒裝。
14. D Hardly…when…表示“一……就……”，位于句首時，主句要倒裝。
15. D not only引導(dǎo)的句子中前一個分句倒裝，后一個分句不倒裝。
二. 閱讀理解：
（A）
1. C 從文中第一段最后一句可知，茅草屋成為英國農(nóng)村一道獨(dú)特的（unique）風(fēng)景o
2. B 從第三段第一句話可知。
3. C 從全文最后一句話可知。
4. A 人們今天仍然在使用茅草屋是因?yàn)樗鼈兊慕?jīng)濟(jì)與實(shí)用（冬暖夏涼）。
（B）
1. D 從全文對整個小鎮(zhèn)的描述看；小鎮(zhèn)讓人感到不舒服，骯臟，充滿了噪音。所以D項不符合對小鎮(zhèn)的描述。Deserted：荒廢的。
2. A 整座小鎮(zhèn)是一個工業(yè)城鎮(zhèn)。從這樣幾處細(xì)節(jié)可以看出：第一段：It was a town of machinery and tall chimney, out of which smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever.；第二段：Seen from a distance in such a weather, Coketown lay covered in a smoke of its own.；以及第三段：Workers appeared from low underground doorways into factory yards, and sat on steps, wiping their face sand looking at coals。
3. C 根據(jù)第三段：But no temperature made the mad elephants more mad or more sane（理智的）. Their tiresome heads went up and down at the sane rate, in hot weather and in cold, wet weather and dry.。在第一段曾把the steam-engine比喻為處于瘋狂狀態(tài)的大象。即：the steam-engine worked up and down like the head of an elephant in a state of madness.。
4. C 小鎮(zhèn)的景色明顯受著嚴(yán)重的工業(yè)污染。
四. 短文改錯：
When Joe left university, he got a good work in a bike factory. 1. job
But after he had been worked there for some years, he decided 2. 去掉been
to have∧ change, so he put a notice in several newspapers, 3. a
saying what experiences he had and the kind of job he would 4. experience
like to have. One of the answers he accepted was from a man 5. received
was looking for a job, too. This man wrote to him, “Dear, sir, 6. 去掉was
when you get a new job, be kind enough to give your name and 7. my
address to your present boss as I have been trying to find 8. √
a position like yours for a long time.” After he reads the letter, 9. read
he suddenly realized that what he had done was real foolish. 10. really