（三）過(guò)去分詞：

1、過(guò)去分詞的基本用法：過(guò)去分詞只有一種形式，也沒(méi)有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，它所表示的動(dòng)作是一個(gè)被動(dòng)的或是已完成的動(dòng)作。過(guò)去分詞在句中也可用作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)等成分。過(guò)去分詞在句中作某種成分時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)一般為該分詞所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者，如：

（1）作定語(yǔ)：過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果這個(gè)分詞是一個(gè)單詞，就位于其修飾的名詞之前，如果是分詞短語(yǔ)，就位于其修飾的名詞之后。被過(guò)去分詞所修飾的名詞，就是該分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)，如：The stolen car was found by the police last week.

（2）作表語(yǔ)：過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示其邏輯主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)就是句中的主語(yǔ)，如：The glass is broken.這個(gè)玻璃杯是破的。 注：過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，和動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)相似，但兩者表達(dá)的意義不同，如：The glass was broken by my little brother.這個(gè)玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。作表語(yǔ)用的過(guò)去分詞在許多詞典中已列為形容詞，如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。

（3）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，句中的賓語(yǔ)就是其邏輯主語(yǔ)，如：When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. 注：動(dòng)詞have后的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)如為過(guò)去分詞，常表示該分詞所表示的動(dòng)作是由別人來(lái)執(zhí)行的而不是句中主語(yǔ)自己來(lái)執(zhí)行的，如：I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我（找別人）把我的自行車(chē)給修了。

（4）作狀語(yǔ)：過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句，該結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)一般都是主句的主語(yǔ)，是過(guò)去分詞所表示意義的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。為了使作狀語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞意義更加明確，常在分詞前加when, if, while, though, as等連詞，如：Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.; Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.（we是該結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)，是give的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。）

獨(dú)立主格：上述-ing和過(guò)去分詞的用法中，-ing和過(guò)去分詞在句中均有邏輯主語(yǔ)，但有時(shí)它們也能有自己的獨(dú)立的主語(yǔ)，這種獨(dú)立的主語(yǔ)，一般為名詞或代詞，位于其前之前，和-ing或過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格。獨(dú)立主格在句中一般只作狀語(yǔ)用，而-ing和過(guò)去分詞作用的形式，則要根據(jù)它們所表示的動(dòng)作和句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的時(shí)間關(guān)系而定。至于獨(dú)立主格中是使用-ing或是過(guò)去分詞，則要根據(jù)它們的主語(yǔ)和其所表示的動(dòng)作的主動(dòng)被動(dòng)關(guān)系而定，如：The bell ringing, we all stopped talking. 注：The work having been finished, she sat down to have a rest. ①獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中的being或having been常可省去，如：The meeting (being) over, all left the room. ②作伴隨狀語(yǔ)的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)常可用with短語(yǔ)來(lái)代替，如：She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks./ She read the letter with tears rolling down her cheeks.

2、-ing形式與過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別：

（1）語(yǔ)態(tài)不同：-ing形式表示主動(dòng)概念，及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)概念。an inspiring speech鼓舞人心的演說(shuō)；the inspired audience受鼓舞的聽(tīng)眾。

（2）時(shí)間關(guān)系不同：現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作一般是正在進(jìn)行中的動(dòng)作，而過(guò)去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作，往往是已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，如：The changing world正在發(fā)生的世界；the changed world已經(jīng)起了變化的世界。

練習(xí)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（三）

1. There is no question of _____ able to finish it himself.

A. Tom was B. Tom's being C. Tom's be D. Tom is

2. The new shopping center _____ now will be put into use by the end of this year.

A. built B. be built C. being built D. to be built

3. "Have you had supper?" "Not yet. The meal_____."

A. are being cooked B. is being cooked C. is cooked D. are cooked

4. "I'm glad ______ you here in the hotel." "It's my great pleasure to have you ______ us."

A. meeting, to B. to have met, with C. having met, among D. to meet, of

5. I'm afraid I can't make myself _____ in English.

A. understanding B. understand C. to be understood D. understood

6. Although in a hurry, Wilson ______.

A. couldn't stop walking B. couldn't help the stranger

C. stopped to help the stranger D. didn't answer the stranger

7. Janet is easy _____.

A. for getting along with B. by getting along with

C. to get along with D. got along with

8. Don't forget ______ the light when you leave.

A. turn off B. to turn off C. turning off D. turned off

9. The mother is very glad; her baby is beginning ______.

A. understanding what she means B. to understand that she meant

C. to understand what she means D. noticing what she means ,

10. I think this story is _____ .

A. worth being read B. worth reading C. worth to read D. worth of reading

11. This scientist is a man ______ praise.

A. worth to B. worthy to be C. worthy of D. worth

12. I don't want ______ any more trouble, you see?

A. there being B. it to be C. it being D. there to be

13. When she returned home, she found the window open and something ______.

A. stealing B. missed C. stolen D. to steal

14. Strictly _____, it isn't worth the price you are asking.

A. to speak B. speaking C. speak D. spoken

15. Time ______, they'll come here to watch us ______ football.

A. permitted, playing B. permitted, to play C. permitting, play D. permitting, to play

16. The man was seen _____ into the courtyard.

A, stealing B. stolen C. be stealing D. had stolen

17. Bob should love _____ to the party tomorrow evening.

A. taking B. to be taken C. to take D. being taken

18. Tom had no choice but _____ the classroom with his classmates.

A. to clean B. clean C. cleaning D. cleans

19. Mr. Brown said that his car needed

A. to be repaired B. being repaired C. be repairing D. to repair

20. The old man didn't know whether to sell the car or____ .

A. being kept for later use B. kept for later use

C. to keep it for later use D. to be kept it for later use

21. The noise of the desks _____ could be heard in the next classroom.

A. being opened and closed B. opened and closed

C. having been opened and closed D. to be opened and closed

22. I remember _____ someone ____ the umbrella away.

A. to see, take B. having seen, to take

C. to see, to take D. having seen, take

23. She was noticed ______ the shop.

A. to enter B. enter C. having entered D. entered

24. I couldn't help _____ when I heard the joke.

A. being laughed B. laughing C. to be laughing D. to laugh

25._____, she burst into tears.

A. Deeply moved B. Deeply moving

C. As she deeply moved D. As she was deeply moving

26. The problem requires ______.

A. studying with great care B. to study carefully

C. to be studied without carelessness D. taking great care of studying it

27. _____ carelessly, the boy made mistakes here and there. .

A. being written B. Wrote C. Write D. Writing

28. He would rather ______ his parents with their housework than _____ out to play games.

A. to help, to go B. help, go C. help, to go D. to help, go

29. The boy had his leg _____ while ____ football.

A. broken, playing B. break, play C. broken, played D. broke, was playing

30. Having finished the work,_____. A. it was almost six o'clock

B. a postman came and delivered the evening paper and some letters

C. supper had been already prepared D. we had a rest and then had supper

31. He is ill. He has kept_____.

A. coughing all along B. to cough at night

C. cough since yesterday D. being coughed day and night

32. It is no use ____ without _____.

A. to talk, doing B. taking, being done

C. talking, doing D. being talked, being to do

33. "I usually go there by boat." "Why not _____ by train for a change?"

A. try going B. to try going C. trying to go D. to try and go

34._____, she felt quite shy at the party.

A. As she a stranger B. Being a stranger

C. According to a stranger D. She like a stranger

35. Every morning he gets up early and practises ______ and then _____ to school.

A. to read English, go B. reading English, going

C. reading English, goes D. of reading English, goes

36. While _____ football on tin playground, I found 'my keys ______.

A. playing, lost , B. play, losing C. played, being lost D. having played, lost

37. ____ the same mistakes again made his parents very angry.

A. His having made B. He has made C. He had making D. Him making

38. Dick made it ______ to all his friends.

A. to know B. known C. know D. knowing

39. Anna spends one hour a day _____ spoken English.

A. practise B. to practise C. on practising D. in practising

40. No one was surprised at _____ the examination.

A. he passing B. his pass C. him pass D. his passing

41. Although swimming is his favourite sport, yet he doesn't like _____ today.

A. to swim B. swimming C. swim D. to have swim

42. She sat at the desk and set about _____ a letter to her friend.

A. to write B. writing C. write D. written

43. This soup is cold; it needs _____.

A. to heat B. to be heated C. being hot D. heated

44. I went ______a balloon but I didn't see anyone _____ balloons.

A. to buy, to sell B. to buy, selling C. buying, selling D. buying, to sell

45. Anna is often heard ______songs in her room.

A. sung B. singing C. sing D. to sing

46. The more you practise ______ English, the better your _____ English will be.

A. to speak, speaking B. speaking, spoken C. spoken, spoken D. spoken, speaking