一、定義：在復(fù)合句中相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞，做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)的從句。
二、引導(dǎo)詞：
1. 連詞: that , if, whether, as if
2. 連接代詞: who , what, which, whose, whom以及wh+ever
3. 連接副詞: when, where, why, because, how
三、引導(dǎo)詞的作用：
1. 連詞只有連接的功能，而不在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分。
2. 連接代詞和連接副詞不但有連接的功能，同時(shí)還要在從句中充當(dāng)特定的句子成分，主
語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)。
主 語(yǔ) 從 句
基本概念
1． 定義：在復(fù)合句中作句子主語(yǔ)的從句叫做主語(yǔ)從句。
2． 構(gòu)成：關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡(jiǎn)單句
3． 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類：
連詞that、whether;
疑問(wèn)代詞who, what, which;
疑問(wèn)副詞when, where, how, why
⑴ 連詞that（無(wú)詞意）, whether(是否), 在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分，只起連接作用; whether
能引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，而if不能。
That you don’t like him has nothing to do with me.
Whether John will do this experiment remains a question.
⑵ 疑問(wèn)代詞who, what, which, 在從句中既作連接詞又充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。
Who will be sent abroad to further his studies is not announced.
What surprised me most was that such a little girl could play the violin so well.
Which school will win the prize is not known.
Whose dictionary has not been found is still unknown.
Whichever you take will be yours.
Whoever wants this book may take it.
Whatever was said here must be kept secret.
⑶ 疑問(wèn)副詞when, where, how, why在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)、方式狀語(yǔ)、原
因狀語(yǔ)
When they will start hasn’t been decided yet.
Where the heroine went is not mentioned at the end of the story.
How he managed to finish the composition in such a short time is still a mystery.
Why he often comes here is known to us all.
難點(diǎn)
1． 主語(yǔ)從句能用it作形式上的主語(yǔ)，而把真正的主語(yǔ)放在后面。常以it作形式主語(yǔ)的
句型有：
A. It+be+形容詞(well-known, obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that從句。如：
It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)她考試成績(jī)會(huì)很好。
It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告訴她了。
B. It+be+名詞詞組(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, common
Knowledge, a surprise, a fact, etc.)+that從句。如：
It’s a pity that we can’t go. 很遺憾我們不能去。
It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我們沒(méi)贏這場(chǎng)比賽真意外。
C. It+be+過(guò)去分詞(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged,
etc.)+that從句。如：
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 據(jù)說(shuō)格林先生已經(jīng)到了北京。
It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.
據(jù)報(bào)道中國(guó)又成功地發(fā)射了一顆人造地球衛(wèi)星。
It has been suggested that much should be done to prevent the river from being
polluted. 有人建議應(yīng)做更多的工作阻止河流受到污染。
D. It appears / seems that…… （似乎……）
It happens that…… （碰巧……）
It occurred to me that…… （我突然想起……）
It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不來(lái)參加晚會(huì)。
It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。
E. It+doesn’t matter (makes no difference, etc.)+連接代詞或連接副詞引起的主語(yǔ)從
句。如：
It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not. 她是否來(lái)這無(wú)關(guān)緊要。
It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我們?cè)谀睦镩_(kāi)會(huì)毫無(wú)區(qū)別。
F. 當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句出現(xiàn)在疑問(wèn)句中時(shí)，要以it作形式主語(yǔ)，而把主語(yǔ)從句
后置。如：
Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week?
下周那位科學(xué)家將給我們作報(bào)告是真的嗎？
Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他們明天不來(lái)很要緊嗎？
G. 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)從句出現(xiàn)在感嘆句中時(shí)，要以it作形式主語(yǔ)，而把主語(yǔ)從句后置。如：
How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子們這么安靜真奇怪！
2． 注意連接代詞whoever, whatever, whichever等引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的含義
Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 來(lái)的人將受到歡迎。
Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正確的。
Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who)
你們當(dāng)中不論哪個(gè)進(jìn)來(lái)將會(huì)得到獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。
表 語(yǔ) 從 句
基本概念
1． 定義：用作表語(yǔ)的從句叫做表語(yǔ)從句。
2． 構(gòu)成：關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡(jiǎn)單句
3． 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞的種類：
(1) 從屬連詞that。如：
The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻煩是我把他的地址丟了。
(2) 從屬連詞whether, as, as if。如：
He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起來(lái)還與十年前一樣。
The question is whether they will be able to help us. 問(wèn)題是他們是否能幫我們。
注：從屬連詞if一般不用來(lái)引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，但as if卻可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，如：
All this was over twenty years ago, but it’s as if it was only yesterday.
這都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一樣。
能跟表語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般為系動(dòng)詞be, seem, look等。如：
It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起來(lái)天要下雨了。
(3) 連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
連接副詞 where, when, how, why。
如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 問(wèn)題是我們能找到誰(shuí)去替換她呢。
The question is how he did it. 問(wèn)題是他是如何做此事的。
That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了閣樓干的。
難點(diǎn)
1． 連詞because可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。如：
I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想這是因?yàn)槟阕龅锰唷?/p>
2． 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的that不省略，that僅起連接作用，在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，無(wú)任何
意義
The impression he makes on me is that he is a reliable person.
他給我的印象是他是一個(gè)可靠的人。
3． the reason后面的表語(yǔ)從句只能用that引導(dǎo)，我們學(xué)生易犯“the reason is because…”
的錯(cuò)誤
The reason why the little actress has been such a success is that she is both clever and
hard-working.
4． 在表示命令order等，建議suggestion, advice等的名詞后的表語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要
用虛擬語(yǔ)氣：should+動(dòng)詞原形，should可省略
His suggestion is that we (should) hold another meeting to discuss the problem.
5． whether可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，表“是否”，它在從句中不充當(dāng)成分，if不能引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。
賓 語(yǔ) 從 句
基本概念
1． 定義：用作賓語(yǔ)的從句叫賓語(yǔ)從句。
2． 構(gòu)成：關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡(jiǎn)單句
3． 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類：
(1) 從屬連詞that。如：
He told us that he felt ill. 他對(duì)我們說(shuō)他感到不舒服。
I know he has returned. 我知道他已經(jīng)回來(lái)了。
注： that在引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)也并非任何情況下都可以省略。在以下情況下，that不能
省略。
① Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and連接兩個(gè)
賓語(yǔ)從句，that賓語(yǔ)從句放在and的后面時(shí)，that不能省略。)
大家都會(huì)看出所發(fā)生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。
② I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句作
介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，that不能省略。) 對(duì)他我一無(wú)所知，只知道他是南方人。
③ That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe. (that從句位于句首時(shí)，that
不可省略。) 我簡(jiǎn)直不相信他曾說(shuō)過(guò)這樣的話。
④ We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a
probationary period. (主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與that從句之間有插入語(yǔ)，that不可省略。)
鑒于他的特殊情況，我們決定應(yīng)允他一段試用期。
(2) 從屬連詞if/whether。如：
I doubt whether he will succeed. 我懷疑他是否會(huì)成功。
I don’t know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否幫助我。
(3) 連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
連接副詞 where, when, how, why。
Who or what he was, Martin never learned.
他是什么人？他是干什么的？馬丁根本不知道。
I wonder what he’s writing to me about. 我不知道他要給我寫(xiě)信說(shuō)什么事。
I’ll tell you why I asked you to come. 我會(huì)告訴你我為什么要你來(lái)。
You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。
4． 介詞賓語(yǔ)從句
賓語(yǔ)從句也可用作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。如：
He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.
他對(duì)那天發(fā)生的事感到很不快。
I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。
I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要說(shuō)什么。
Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.
你是否成功將主要取決于你做什么和怎樣做。
有時(shí)介詞可以省略。如：
I don’t care (for) who marries him. 我不管誰(shuí)跟他結(jié)婚。
Be careful (as to) how you do that. 你要注意做這件事的方式。
難點(diǎn)
1． 如果賓語(yǔ)從句后還有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，則用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而將賓語(yǔ)從句后置。如：
We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.
我們認(rèn)為小王昨天沒(méi)來(lái)是奇怪的。
He has made it clear that he will not give in.
他已表明他不會(huì)屈服。
2． 作介詞的賓語(yǔ)：連詞that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句很少作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，只用在except, but, in
后。其他一些介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句如果由連詞that引導(dǎo)，則需用it作形式賓語(yǔ)。如：
He is a good student except that he is careless.
他是一個(gè)好學(xué)生，只是有點(diǎn)粗心。
You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我會(huì)幫助你的。
介詞賓語(yǔ)不可以用which來(lái)引導(dǎo)，而要用what來(lái)引導(dǎo)。如：
Are you sorry for what you’ve done?
你為你所做的一切感到內(nèi)疚嗎？
3． 某些形容詞或過(guò)去分詞后常接賓語(yǔ)從句，這類形容詞或過(guò)去分詞有sure, glad, certain,
pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等，連詞that可省略。如：
I am not sure what I ought to do. 我不能確定我該做什么。
I’m afraid you don’t understand what I said. 恐怕你沒(méi)領(lǐng)會(huì)我說(shuō)的意思。
I’m surprised that I didn’t see all that before. 我好奇怪，我以前沒(méi)看到過(guò)。
Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.
媽媽為她的女兒通過(guò)了考試而感到高興。
4． 連詞whether (…or not)或if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句
if和whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句可以互換使用，但whether常和or not連用，if一般不
與or not連用。如：
I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。
用if引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句如果會(huì)引起歧義，應(yīng)避免使用if而用whether。試比較：
Please let me know if you want to go.
Please let me know whether you want to go.
if從句可理解為賓語(yǔ)從句，意為“請(qǐng)告訴我你是否想去”；此句又可理解為條件狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“如果你想去的話，請(qǐng)告訴我一聲”。
5． 賓語(yǔ)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移。在think, believe, suppose, expect等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句，有時(shí)謂
語(yǔ)盡管是否定意思，卻不用否定形式，而將think等動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问健Ｈ纾?/p>
I don’t think you are right. 我認(rèn)為你錯(cuò)了。
I don’t believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他們還未完成他們的工作。
I don’t suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在意，是嗎？
6． 賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)變化規(guī)律：
(1) 當(dāng)主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句可根據(jù)需要用任何時(shí)態(tài)。
(2) 當(dāng)主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句只能使用過(guò)去范圍內(nèi)的任何時(shí)態(tài)。但客觀真理除外。如：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. 老師說(shuō)地球繞著太陽(yáng)運(yùn)行。
同 位 語(yǔ) 從 句
基本概念
1． 定義：用作同位語(yǔ)的從句叫做同位語(yǔ)從句。
2． 用法：
① 同位語(yǔ)從句的先行詞多為fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，關(guān)聯(lián)詞多用從屬連詞that。如：
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
對(duì)你生病這件事，他們都很焦慮。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?
你在哪兒聽(tīng)說(shuō)我不能來(lái)？
Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.
德國(guó)已對(duì)俄國(guó)宣戰(zhàn)的消息一大早就傳來(lái)了。
注：同位語(yǔ)從句偶爾由從屬連詞whether引導(dǎo)。如：
I have no idea whether he’ll come or not. 我不知道他是否來(lái)。
② 連接代詞who, which, what和連接副詞where, when, why, how亦可引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從
句。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
誰(shuí)該干這項(xiàng)工作，這個(gè)問(wèn)題需要考慮。
We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
到哪兒去度暑假，這個(gè)問(wèn)題我們還沒(méi)有決定。
It is a question how he did it.
那是一個(gè)他如何做了此事的問(wèn)題。
難點(diǎn)
1． that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句之區(qū)別：
We expressed the hope (that) they had expressed.
我們表達(dá)了他們?cè)?jīng)表達(dá)過(guò)的那種希望。（定語(yǔ)從句）
We expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.
我們表示希望他們?cè)賮?lái)中國(guó)訪問(wèn)。（同位語(yǔ)從句）
① 從語(yǔ)法角度上看，引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的that是連詞，只起連接作用，在從句中不作任何句子成分；而引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的that是關(guān)系代詞，除起連接作用外，還在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)等句子成分。
② 從語(yǔ)義角度上看，同位語(yǔ)從句與前面的名詞hope是同位關(guān)系，表示hope的內(nèi)容是they would come to visit China again。因而同位語(yǔ)從句是名詞性的，其功能是對(duì)名詞作補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明；而定語(yǔ)從句與它前面的名詞是所屬關(guān)系，表示“…的”（他們?cè)?jīng)表示過(guò)的），起修飾作用，因此定語(yǔ)從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，我們可以將同位語(yǔ)從句改寫(xiě)成“主語(yǔ) + be + 表語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)。
The hope was that they would come to visit China again.
③ 同位語(yǔ)從句的連詞that不能省略，而定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞that，當(dāng)其在從句中作賓語(yǔ)中，可省略，作主語(yǔ)也不可省略。
I’ve heard the news that he visited our factory.
I’ve heard the news that he told you the other day.
The news that the plane would take off on time made everybody happy.
The news that is spreading around the airport is that a heavy storm is coming.
The suggestion that students should learn something practical is worth considering.
The suggestion that they are considering is that students should learn something practical.
The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位語(yǔ)從句，that不可省。)
李先生將是我們的新英語(yǔ)老師這個(gè)消息是真的。
The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中作told的賓語(yǔ)，可省。)
他昨天告訴我的消息是真的。
2．引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的when, where, why是關(guān)系副詞， 在其前面分別有表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因或方式意義的名詞作先先詞。
I will never forger the day when I joined the League.
我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我入團(tuán)的那一天。
The factory where I once worked has changed a lot.
我曾經(jīng)工作過(guò)的那家工廠發(fā)生了巨大的變化。
That’s the reason why she didn’t come to the meeting.
這就是她為什么沒(méi)有到會(huì)的原因。
當(dāng)when, why, where引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，它們?yōu)檫B接副詞。雖然它們?cè)趶木渲谐洚?dāng)句子成分，但前面卻沒(méi)有與其意義相當(dāng)?shù)南刃性~。
I have no idea when he will be back. 我不知道他什么時(shí)候回來(lái)。
The problem where we got the machine needed has already been solved.
我們到哪里去弄所需機(jī)器的問(wèn)題已經(jīng)解決了。
He has solved the question why he was ill. 他已經(jīng)解決了他為什么生病這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
3． 一些表示“建議、命令、要求”的名詞后所跟的同位語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用虛擬語(yǔ)氣should+動(dòng)詞原形表示。should可省。如：
This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible.
這就是我們唯一的請(qǐng)求：盡快解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
高考題實(shí)錄
1. Can you make sure ______ the gold ring? ( NMET1990)
A. where Alice had put B. where had Alice put
C. where has Alice put D. where Alice has put
2. No one will be sure ______ in a million years. (NMET1991)
A. what will man look like B. what man will look like
C. man will look like what D. what look will man like
3. Go and get your coat . It’s ______ you left it (NMET1992)
A. there B. where C. there where D. where there
4. It worried her a bit ______ her hair was turning grey (NMET1992)
A. while B. if C. that D. for
5. ____ the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet．
A．Whenever B．If C．Whether D．That
6. ____he said at the meeting astonished everybody present. (NMET 1993)
A. What B. That C. The fact D. The matter
7. --- Do you remember ____ he came?
---Yes, I do, he came by car (NMET 1994)
A. how B. when C. that D. if
8. _____ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. (NMET1995)
A. There B. This C. That D. It
9. _____we can’t get seems better than _____we have (NMET1996)
A. What, what B. What, that C. That, that D. That, what
10. ______ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. (NMET1996)
A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where
11. It’s generally considered unwise to give a child _____ he or she wants. (NMET1997)
A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever
12. Bob is no longer____ he used to be. (NMET1998)
A. that B. which C. who D. what
13. ---I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
---Is that _____ you had a few days off？ (NMET1999)
A. why B. when C. what D. where
14. ______ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising． (上海1999)
A．Who B．The one C．Anyone D．Whoever
參 考 答 案
1─5 DBBCC 6─10 A ADAB 11─14 BDAD