高一上知識歸納（U13）
a. suggest 提議，建議
[搭配]suggest + n. / + doing sth．/ (to sb.)that + 主語 + should do
(l)They suggested another development program to the government.
他們向政府提議另一項開發(fā)計劃．
(2)May I suggest going there by train?
我建議大家搭火車去那里如何?
(3)She suggested (that) we (should) }lave lunch at the new restaurant.
她提議在那家新開的餐館吃午餐．
(4)I suggested to him (that) he (should) join the club activities.
我建議他參加該俱樂部的活動。
[用法] suggest
suggest 表示 “建議” + 名詞, 代詞, 動名詞.
(1) He suggested a visit to the museum tomorrow.
(2)Did he suggest anything to the boss?
(3) I suggest putting the meeting off.
(4) She suggested sending for a skilled worker to get the machine repaired.
suggest + 疑問詞引導的不定式或賓語從句, (可用 should, could,不能用 would)
(5)He didn't suggest what to do (where to go, how to deal with it).
(6) He didn't suggest where I should (could) park my car.
(7)What do you suggest we should (could) do?
suggest + that 引導的賓語從句, 從句中用 (should ) + 動詞原形.
should 可以省略, 不能用 would, must 等其它情態(tài)動詞.
(8) The doctor suggested that the new hospital (should) be set up on the hill.
(9)She suggested that the class meeting not be held on Saturday.
在現(xiàn)代英語中, 表示 suggest 具體建議的 that 從句中, 常省略 should,
否定式也可用 don't, doesn't 代替 should not.
(10)I suggest you ask Mr Wu.
(11)I suggest that you don't (not, should not) ask him home for the vacation.
suggest 在臉上表情讓人知道他在生氣, 并非 "建議".
此時, that 從句中的謂語動詞用 was, 不用 should be.
Suggest 的名詞形式為suggestion，
(12)Does any one have a suggestion? 有誰要提出建議嗎?
(13)His speech was full of suggestion. 他的演說充滿了暗示．
名詞 suggestion 后表示具體建議的表語從句, 同位語從句同樣應(yīng)用
should + 動詞原形, should 可省略.
(14)His suggestion was that the debts (should) be paid off first.
(15)They made a suggestion that the patient (should) be sent to hospital without delay.
suggest 表示 "暗示", "表明", 即 "并未明言, 但看了或看了之后不禁
想到"的意思. 其主語往往代表事物, 而不是人.
(16)His pale face suggests bad health.
(17)Her expression suggested that she was angry (= suggested anger.)
b. contain vt. 包含，包括；<能)容納，(能)裝入
(1)The jar contains sugar. 那個罐子里裝的是糖。
(2)The box contains child’s toys．那個箱子里裝了那個孩子的玩具。
(3)This book contains a lot of illustrations．這本書中有很多插圖．
(4)The auditorium will contain 3000 people. 這座禮堂可以容納3000人．
(5)How much does this bottle contain? 這個瓶子容量是多少?
[比較] contain與include
contain和include雖然都有“包含”的意思，但contain可用于表示包含所含之物的全部或部分，而include則只能用于表示所含之物中的一部分。例如：
(l)The parcel contained a dictionary. 那包裹里裝的是-本字典.
(2)The parcel included a dictionary. 那包裹里包括一本字典。
c. hurt vt 使……受傷／疼痛．傷害……vi.受傷，疼痛
(l)He jumped from the top of the wall and hurt他從墻上跳下扭傷了腿。
(2)Be careful not to get hurt. 小心不要受傷了。
(3)I’m all right and I'm not hurt. 我沒事，沒受傷。
(4)These shoes are tight and hurt me(my feet).這雙鞋緊得使我(的腳)感到疼痛．
(5)My injured left leg still hurts．我受傷的左腿還疼。
(6)He (His remarks) hurt her feelings.他(他的話)傷了她的感情。
d. a11 the time一直，始終，老是
(1)She kept crying all the time 她一有哭著。
(2)I cough all the time．我老是咳嗽。
e. ripe adj．（果實、谷物等）熟的，成熟的；(人等)老練的
(1)ripe oranges／grain地成熟的柑橘，谷物
(2)The apples are ripe enough to be picked．蘋果已經(jīng)熱得可以采收了。
(3) a ripe judgment 純熟的判斷
(4) He is ripe in experience. 他經(jīng)驗豐富。
[拓展] ripe的反義同為green(指果實，谷物等不成熟或無經(jīng)驗)，例如：
(1)These tomatoes are still too green to pick. 這些番茄還未成熟．不能采摘．
(2)I'm not so green as to believe that. 我不至于那么不成熱，而去相信那件事．
f．keep up with不落在……后面，跟上
(1)He walked so fast that she couldn't keep up with him.
他走得很快，使得她無法跟上。
(2)keep up with the changes in fashion. 跟上時尚的變化，跟上潮流。
g. be good / bad for 對。。。。。。有好處/壞處
(1)The cream is good for insect bites. 這藥膏對于昆蟲蜇傷有效。
(2)Watching much is bad for our eyes. 電視看得太多對我們的眼睛有害．
h. base on/upon 以。。。。。。為基礎(chǔ)（根據(jù)）
(l)You should base your conclusion upon careful research.
你應(yīng)該以審慎的研究為基礎(chǔ)而下結(jié)論。
(2)This story is based on facts. 這故事是有事實根據(jù)的。
i. choose vt. 挑選，選擇，決定
[搭配] choose + sth
+ between / from + sth.
+ sb. sth. = choose sth. for sb.
+ to do sth.
+ that 從句 / wh-從句
(1)He chose a reference book from the library. 他從圖書館中選了一本參考書．
(2)There are too ninny cakes to choose from. 蛋糕太多了，不知要選哪個好。
(3) I want to choose her a nice present. 我想要挑選一件精美的禮物送給她。
=I want to choose a nice present for her.
(4)She chose to stay at home because she had a cold.
因為她感冒了，所以她決定留在家里。
(5)He choose that his son (should) change his school. 他決定讓他的兒子轉(zhuǎn)學。
(6)You may chime what you like. 你可以選擇你喜歡的東西。
(7)Have you chosen where to go for your holiday yet？你想好了要去哪兒度假嗎?
j. short adj. 缺乏的，短缺的，不足的
(1)short weight/measure 重量／材積不足
(2)I'm short of money this week. 我這星期缺錢。
(3)I need filly dollars, but Pm ten dollars short. 我需要五十美元，但還差十美元。
k. refuel vt. vi. 給(飛機、汽車等)補給燃料；給(人等)增加營養(yǎng)、能量
(l)Please refuel the car. 請給小車加油。
(2)We need Io refuel every day. 我們得每天都增加(些)能量。
l. best of all adv. 尤其；特別；最
(1)My father loves golf best of all. 我的父親特別喜愛打高爾夫球。
(2)Best of all，they taste great! 最重要的是，它們味道特好。
m. had better (not), should (not), ought(not) to 的用法
had better（not）
表示“最好(別)……”，用于向別人提出建議或表明自己的主張、看法；其
后接不帶 to的不定式，否定形式為had better not
(1)We had better go now. 我們最好現(xiàn)在就走．
(2)You'd better get some rest. 你最好休息一下。
(3)You'd better not eat fruit that isn't ripe. 你最好別吃沒有熟的水果。
Should (not)
意為“應(yīng)該”多指主觀上有責任，有義務(wù)干某事，語氣比 must稍弱，也比
ought to弱。其否定形式為should not(shouldn't)。
(1)We should speak more English. 我們應(yīng)該多講些英語。
(2)Everyone should know some first aid. 每個人都應(yīng)掌握一些急救的知識。
Ought(not) to
意為“應(yīng)該”，常指義務(wù)，責任做某事，語氣比should強烈，其否定形式為
ought not to(oughtn’t to)十動詞原形．
(1)You ought not to write carelessly. 你不應(yīng)當寫得這樣潦草。
(2)Oughtn’t we to give him a chance to try? 我們難道不應(yīng)該給他一個嘗試的機會嗎?
高一上知識歸納（U14）
a. compare vt. , vi.
[搭配] compare A to B . 把A比作B
compare A with B .把A和B比較起來
(l)Try on both these coats and compare them.把這兩什外套都試穿看看，比較-下。
(2 )I compared the translation with the original. 我把譯文拿來和原文對照一番.
(3)Be rudely compared my homemade bread to a lump of rock.
他把我家里做的面包比喻成硬石塊，真是無禮．
(4)My works doesn't compare with yours. 我的作品不能和你的相比。
(5)Compared with /to her mother, she is tall. 和她的媽媽相比，她算是很高了。
b. know of 聽說過。知道有(某人或某事)
(l)I know of the man, but I haven't met him. 我聽說過那個人，但沒見過面。
(2)I don't know the man, but I know of him. 我不認識那個人。但我聽說過他。
c. celebrate vt. 慶祝（節(jié)日等），過節(jié)
(1)How do you celebrate Christmas? 你們?nèi)绾螒c祝圣誕節(jié)?
(2)Today is her birthday, so we're going to celebrate it.
今天是她的生日，所以我們要慶賀一番。
celebrate的名詞形式為celebration，例如：
We gathered together for the celebration of her birthday.
我們聚在一起慶祝她的生日。
d. dress up盛裝，使打扮
(l)We dressed up for the wedding. 我們?yōu)閰⒓踊槎Y而盛裝打扮。
(2)The mother dressed her baby up. 那位母親將自己的寶寶打扮-番。
e. during prep. 在……期間，在……之間
(1)It rained during the day. 白天下了一整天的雨。
(2)She kept on talking during the meal. 整個用餐時間中她講個不停。
(3)I went swimming in the sea twice during the vacation.
休假期問，找到海水浴場游過兩次泳。
(4)Mr. Scott phoned you during your absence.
你不在時，斯考特先牛給你們過電話。
[比較] during 與 for
during與表示“何時”，的用語連用，for則與表示“時間的長度”的詞連用．
(1)I was in hospital during June. 我六月間-直住院
(2)1 was in hospital for a month. 我住院一個月。
（3）He stayed with mc for five days during the summer.
那年夏天他與我一起呆了五天．
During 與 in
表示在某時間中所發(fā)生的事，during與in都可使用，但有時要注意比較用法。
(l)We’re going on vacation during/in August. 我們八月份要去度假。
(2)He was injured in the match. 他在比賽中受傷了。
(3)He was on the bench during the match. 他在比賽時間內(nèi)做替補選手．
f. common adj. 普通的，常見的
* common = shared by two or more people, 意為“共有的”，“公共的”．
work for the common good(為公益工作),
work for the common cause (為共同的事業(yè)而工作)
* common = usual and ordinary, 意為“普通的”'“一般的”'“平常的”．
the common reader (普通讀者),the common people (老百姓)，
a common saying (俗話),a common mistake (常見錯誤)，
the business of common life(日常事務(wù))
in common表示“共同的”, We have many things in common. (我們有許多共同之處.)
(1) The husband is French, the wife is German and the servant is Italian, but
they have English as a common language.
丈夫是法國人，妻子是德國人。仆人是意大利人，但他們都說英語。
(2) Tom’s trouble is very common to boys these days.
湯姆的毛病是目前男孩子們所兒同的．
(3) They have nothing in common (with each other).
他們(互相之間)沒有共同之處。
[區(qū)別] common, general ,ordinary和usual在意思上有所差異．
(1) Colds are common in winter. 冬天感冒是很普通的。
(2) I use ordinary gasoline. 我用普通汽油．
common 側(cè)重“普通”．表示“時時發(fā)生，人所共有”，井含有“并不高貴．地位低下”之意味．其反義詞為rare．
common saying(俗話)．a(chǎn) common wish(一個共同的愿望)．
general側(cè)重“普遍”之意．表示在大多數(shù)人或事物中流行并受到關(guān)注，不含有“地位低下”之意，其反義詞為specific．
ordinary與common基本同義．均指“普通的”．不是特別的。Common指因許多事物或人所共同具而常見的性質(zhì)；ordinary指由于與一般事物之標準或品質(zhì)相同而普通的性質(zhì)，側(cè)重“平凡的普通的”．表示“隨時可以碰到．不值得驚奇”，其反義詞是superior．
an ordinary(or a common)event(一件極平常的事)，
an ordinary(or a common)person(一個普通人)．
usual用來指事物，意為“通常的，慣常的”，含有“隨集體風俗或個人習慣而常常發(fā)生”之意，其反義詞為unusual．
如：It's a usual thing with him．(這對他來說是平常事)．
g. believe vt. 相信；認為
(1)I believe him (to be) right. 我認為他是對的．
(2)1 believe his report. 我相信他的報告。
（3）Long ago, people believed (that) the earth was flat.
很久以前，人們相信地球是平的。
[注意]believe接從句，如果所接賓語從句有否定含義時，通常不否定從句而否定believe，與之相似的還有think，suppose、imagine，expect等.
(1)I don’t believe that he is at home. 我相信他不在家．
(2)He doesn’t believe that she knows the truth, does she?
他認為她不知道事實，是嗎?
[比較] believe 與 believe in
believe表示“相信事物的真實性或人的誠實”后接名詞，代詞或從句作賓語，也可接復(fù)合賓語(名詞+不定式)；believe in中的in是介詞，后接名詞或代詞，表示對某人的信任，對真理， 主張、宗教的信仰。
(1)I believe him. = I believe what he says. 我相信他的話．
(2)I believe in him. = I believe that he is a good man. 我信任他(為人可靠)。
h. create vt. 創(chuàng)造，創(chuàng)作，塑造，制造(事端)
（l）God created the world. 上帝創(chuàng)造了世界。
(2)All men are created equal. 人人生而平等。
(3)Shakespeare created many famous characters. 莎士比亞創(chuàng)作了許多有名的人物。
(4)His words created an awkward situation. 他的話引起了尬尷的場面。
i. play tricks on捉弄，戲弄
(1)The children used to play tricks on each other.那些小孩以前常�；ハ嘧脚�
(2)Don't play tricks on old mere 。別捉弄老年人。
j. take in 根據(jù)語境，有很多不同的含義）
(1)Please take the washing in, if it rains. 如果下雨，請把洗好了的衣物收進來。
(2) He took in a deep breath. 他深深地吸了一口氣．
(3)He was homeless, so we took him in. 他無家可歸，所以我們收留了他。
(4)My mother takes in sewing. 我母親在家承接縫紉工作。
(5)The tour takes in some famous old castles.
這趟觀光旅行包括參觀若干著名的古堡。
(6)I couldn't take in why you are angry. 我無法理解你為什么生氣。
(7)The salesmen have taken in the old people and made them buy their poor
quality goods. 那些推銷員欺騙老人，讓他們購買低品質(zhì)的貨物。
k. prepare
prepare vt. 直接帶賓語 (表示在準備什么)
1. Mother is preparing a meal while we were doing our homework.
我們在做作業(yè)的時候．媽媽在做飯．
2. He is preparing his speech for tomorrow's meeting. Don't interrupt him.
他正在準備明天大會的演講稿，別去打擾他．
3. The teacher is preparing the students for the coming examination.
老師讓學生為即將到來的考試作準備．
prepare vi. 與介詞 for 搭配, 表示在 "為......作準備".
4. Will you help me prepare for the evening party?
你能幫我為晚會作準備嗎?
5. The farmer are busy preparing for the autumn harvest.
農(nóng)民正忙于準備秋收．
be prepared to do, be prepared for...表示結(jié)果,表示 "已作了充分的準備做某事".
6. I'm not prepared (=ready) to listen to your excuse。我不想聽你的辯解．
7. He is not prepared (=ready) to accept others' ideas. 他不大愿意接受別人的觀點．
8. The students are well prepared for the sports meeting.
學生們?yōu)檫\動會作了充分的準備． (for = to take part in)
9. They were not at all prepared for the bad news.
他們?nèi)f萬沒有料到這個壞消息．
其它:
10.He is getting prepared (= is preparing) for the exam.
他正在為考試作準備．
11.He's trying to prepare himself as a basketball player.
他正在為成為一個籃球運動員而努力鍛煉．
l．情態(tài)動詞must, should，ought to, have to
▲ must表示必須” “肯定”，在表示推測意義的 “肯定”時，只能用于肯定句．如：
1. You mustn't move someone if they are badly hurt．
如果有人受了重傷，你不可以搬動他們。
2． We must get help． 我們必須取得幫助．
3．She must be injured．她肯定受傷了．
▲ should意為應(yīng)該”,‘應(yīng)當”，語氣比must稍弱．如:
4. Everyone should know some first aid． 每個人都應(yīng)當懂得急救知識．
5．You shouldn't．move if you are badly hurt．如果你受了重傷．就不應(yīng)該移動．
▲ “ought to”意為“應(yīng)該”，更強調(diào)責任、義務(wù)．如：
6. Elder brothers should take care Of their younger brothers and sisters.
兄長應(yīng)該照顧弟妹．
7． Students ought to attend class on time. 學生應(yīng)該準時去上課．
▲ have to 強調(diào)客觀上的“必須”。
8．Do you often have to go to the dentist's? 你必須常常去看牙嗎?
9．The children don't have to go to school on Saturday. 孩子們周六不必上學．
m. get together為動詞短語，常用來指為討論或社交活動而進行的某種“聚會”
如：
1． Let's get together one evening and talk about old times.
讓我們找個晚上聚一聚．談?wù)勍拢?/p>
2． The students of Grade Three got together for an English evening.
三年級的學生們聚集在一起開了個英語晚會。
3． It's a long time since I got together with Robert.
我已經(jīng)好久沒有和羅伯特相聚了。
4．We'd better get together to discuss the students' suggestions. "said the headmaster. 校長說：“我們最好聚會一下討論學生們提出的建議”。
5．Teachers in our school often get together to have discussions on how to improve their teaching methods. 我們學校的老師經(jīng)常聚會討論怎樣改進教學方法。
6．”How often do you get together?" asked Mr Smith.
史密斯先生問：“你們多久聚會一次?”
7．He has a large family and all the members get together once a year.
他有一個大家庭，全家人每年團聚一次。
8．On New Year's Eve, when all the members get together, my parents are very happy. 除夕之夜，當全家人團聚在一起的時候，我的父母親總是非常高興。
9．It was a very cold evening, but the room was warm and bright with all the members getting together, singing and laughing over the dinner.
這是一個寒冷的夜晚，但屋子里卻明亮而暖和，全家人聚集在一起，邊吃晚飯，邊唱著、笑著。
10．We often miss each other after we part, but when we get together, it seems that we have nothing to say.
我們分別的時候經(jīng)�；ハ嗨寄睿嗑蹠r卻又好象無從說起。
▲get together還可作“收集”解釋。如：
11.In the past ten years, Mr Smith got together over two thousand stamps, including Chinese and foreign stamps.
十年以來，史密斯先生收集了二千多張中外郵票。
12. Quick, Tom, get your things together. We'll start off.
湯姆，快把你的東西收拾好，我們就要出發(fā)了。
13. In a few years, he got together a good record collection.
幾年之間他收集了相當數(shù)量的唱片。
14.The little boy got together all kinds of seashells.
這小男孩收集了各種各樣的貝殼。
15. The rebel leader auld not get an army together.
叛軍領(lǐng)導人拉不起一支隊伍．
16.In the darkness, the soldiers can get their things together in less than one minute. 黑暗中．戰(zhàn)士們健在不到一分鐘的時間內(nèi)把一切收拾好．
▲ get together也可引伸為“取得一致意見”．如：
17. We finally got together on his suggestion.
我們最后就他的建議取得了一致意見．
18. At last the committee got together on its proposals.
委員會終于就其議題取得了一致意見．
19. Can you get together on raking the plan?
你們能在制訂計劃上取得一致意見嗎?
20. Having got together on the plan, they started their work separately.
在計劃上取得一致意見后，他們分頭開始工作．
21. They couldn't get together on the plan and quarreled all night.
他們不能在制訂計劃上取得一致．爭吵了一夜．
高一上知識歸納（U15）
a. recognize
作“認出”解，強調(diào)從外表上辨認出，指一時性的動作。(瞬間動詞) 不同 know
= to know and remember sb. or sth. one has seen before
know是狀態(tài)性動詞，表示知道有這個人并認識他，在一定程度上還對他有所了解，
指長久性的一種情況。如：
1． I know him, but when I saw him last night, I could hardly recognize him.
我認識他，但當我昨晚看到他時，我?guī)缀跽J不出他了。
2. I recognized her voice over the phone. 我在電話里聽出她的聲音來了。
3. He had changed so much that one could hardly recognize him.
他改變得太多了，幾乎使人不認識他。
[注]不能說 I recognized him ten years ago. I knew him ten years ago.或I knew him ten years ago.
應(yīng)該說:I got to know him ten years ago.
表示“我是十年前(開始)認識他的。”，注意中英文表達上的差異。
recognize 承認, 認可 = to accept as being lawful, real, or having value
4. They recognized the new government. 他們承認了那個新政府。
5. That's recognized method of teaching English. 那是一種得到認可的英語教學法.
6. He refused to recognize her as his lawful heir. 他拒絕承認她作為他的合法繼承人。
意識到, 自認 = be ready/ prepared to admit, + that 從句
7. After the accident, he recognized that he was not fit for the work.
事故發(fā)生后．他認識到不能勝任這項工作．
8. I clearly recognized from that matter he was far more clever than I was.
從那件事情上我清楚地認識到他要比我聰明得多．
b. hope 與 wish
hope (vt.) + that 從句, 可以達到的希望
+ 不定式 但不能接 “賓語十不定式”．
1. We hope to see you again. = We hope we can see you. 我希望能再次見到你．
2. I hope you can help me with my maths.
希望你能幫助我學數(shù)學．(不能說I hope you to help me with my maths. )
wish 想要, 希望 = would like, want
+ that 從句, 強烈而難以實現(xiàn)的愿望
+ 不定式/ 賓語 + 不定式
wish后面接不定式或賓語+不定式”都可以，其意義相當廣“想要’．“希望”(＝would like或want)．wish接that從句時一般表示某種強烈而又難以實現(xiàn)的愿望”，而hope表示的是可以實現(xiàn)或能達到的希望’．例如：
3. I wish to place an order right now. 我想馬上訂購．
4. I wish him to make progress. 我希望他取得進步．
5. I wish I could fly like a bird. (用 can *)
但愿我能象烏一樣飛．(從句中的could裹示其動作不可能實現(xiàn)．不能用can．)
6. I hope he can do that. 我希望他會干哪件事．
(本句表示有可能實現(xiàn)的一種希望，can不能用could代替．)
wish可表示良好的“祝愿”，后面接“賓語+賓補(形容詞或名詞)．而hope不能這樣用．
7. I wish you happy. 祝你幸福．(不用hope)
8. I wish you a pleasant journey. 祝你旅途愉快．(不用hope)
在簡略句中，如要表示希望某事不會發(fā)生時，應(yīng)說I hope not，而不說I don’t hope so．
hope用作動詞時．后面可接不定式或that從句．
c. accept 與 receive
accept和receive均表示收取所給予、提供或送到的東西，但
receive僅指客觀上“收到”，“接到” accept是主觀上“接受”，“領(lǐng)受”。試比較：
1. I received a present from Jack, but as I wouldn't accept it, I returned it to the sender.
我收到了杰克送來的一份禮物，但由于我不愿接受，所以我退給了送來的那個人。
2. She did receive your invitation but she refused to accept it.
她確實收到了你的邀請，但她不愿接受。
3. Dr Barker replied to the invitation, accepting it.
Baker先生對這一邀請回了封信，表示接受邀請。
accept還可用來表示主觀上“吸收”某人，“承認”或“贊同”某一看法或理論。如：
4. I can't accept (=take) you as my secretary.
我不能聘任你為我的秘書(不能用receive)
5. I can't accept(=recognize) my defeat. 我不能承認我失敗了．(不能用receive)
6. He had to accept our explanation. 他只好接受了我們的解釋．
7. His new theory was widely accepted/received (= recognized).
他的新理論被廣泛地承認和肯定．
8. The young man was accepted/received (=admitted) into the organization.
這位男青年被吸收加入這個組織．
[注]如果不強調(diào)主觀．而把某事作為一種客觀情況來敘述．則receive 也可用來表示“吸收”或“承認”．
receive 自然獲得 (= get), 接待 (= welcome), 遭受 (= suffer) 瞬間動詞,
accept不能這樣用．
It's five days since I received your letter. = I received your letter five days ago
（不能用： I have received your letter for five days. )
9. He received (=got) a good education. 他受到過良好的教育．
10.She received (=got) a doctor's degree at the age of twenty-eight.
她在二十八歲時獲得博士學位．
11.You will receive (=get) a warm welcome when you get here. 你到時會受到熱烈歡迎．
12.He received (= welcomed) his guests with a smile. 他向來賓微笑表示歡迎．
13.She went to the door to receive (=welcome) her visitors. 她走到門前迎接客人。
14.The soldier received (=suffered) a bad wound in the head. 那士兵頭部受傷嚴重．
d. invite sb. to a place 表示“邀請某人去某處”，to是介詞，后面可接表示活動或聚會地點的名詞．
invite，b．to do sth 表示邀請某人做某事”．to為不定式符號．
1． We shall invite one of our friends to dinner tonight.
今晚我們將邀請一位朋友吃飯．
2. I was invited to give a talk at the meeting. 昨天我應(yīng)邀在會上發(fā)言．
e. cost, take, pay, spend
cost v. 花費金錢,時間,勞力, 事物作主語
n. (u. c.)作名詞時表示‘成本’、‘價錢”、“費用’，用作可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞．
living costs生活費用
the cost of a book一本書的成本
What's the cost of the car? 那輛汽車得花多少錢？
take 花費時間, 事物作主語
1．The composition cost (took) me three hours. 我用了三小時才寫成這篇作文．
2. How much did the radio cost you? 這臺無線電花了你多少錢?(不用take)．
3. The work cost them much labour. 這件工作花費了他們很大的勞動．(不用take)
4. It took them over two years to build the bridge. (少用 cost)
修建這座橋花了他們二年多時間．
spend 一般用來表示花費錢或時間，主語是表示有生命的名詞或代詞（一般為人）。
常用”spend…onsth.”或”spend…(in)doing sth.結(jié)構(gòu)。
5. I spent 50 dollars on the camera. 買這只照相機，我花了50美元．
6. He often spent his spare time (in) helping the poor.
他經(jīng)常利用他的業(yè)余時間幫助窮人．
如要說“這件上衣我花了20美元．可用下面幾種表達方法．
7. I spent 20 dollars on the coat. = The coat cost me 20 dollars.
= I paid 20 dollars for the coat. = I bought the coat for 20 dollars.
= I bought the coat at the price of 20 dollars.
pay vt. 付...報酬, 付款
8. Have you paid the doctor yet? 醫(yī)生的酬金付了嗎?
9. You have to pay me first before I do it. 你得在我于以前先付錢。
10.When will you pay back the money? 你什么時候還這筆錢?
11.I paid 200 yuan for the radio. 買這臺收音機我花了200元。
12. How much did you pay for all these things?
買所有這些東西你一共花了事少錢?
pay vi. 付款, 賠
13.If you have lost it, I'm afraid you will have to pay for it.
如果你丟了，恐怕你得賠了。
14.It was time to pay for the things on the list.
該付款買清單上的東西了．
f. after all
說話人在使用after all這一短語時要強調(diào)的是盡管有前面某種情況，但后面這種情況不能不考慮．用來引出對方似乎忘了的某個重要論點或理由．這時after all大多位于句首，意思是“不管怎么說”，“畢竟”．帶有‘We mustn't forget．．．”之意．例如；
1. Mary didn't pass the exam, but after all she had done her best.
瑪麗考試沒有及格．但他畢竟盡了努力．
2. I think we should let her go with her boy friend. After all, she's a big girl now.
我覺得我們應(yīng)該讓她和她的男朋友一塊去．她現(xiàn)在畢竟是個大姑娘了．
3. It's not surprising you're tired. After all, you were up until last night.
你感到疲勞不奇怪．你昨晚畢竟到三點才睡．
after all含有"雖然有前面說過的話" 或 "與預(yù)料相反"之義 (用在句尾)
4. I did promise I would lend you money, but I'm sorry I can't manage after all.
我確實答應(yīng)過借給你錢，但實在對不起．我現(xiàn)在實在無能為力．
5. I thought I was going to fail the exam, but I passed it after all.
我原以為我考試會不及格，然而(沒想到)我還是及格了。
g. instead 與 instead of
instead (adv.)
instead of (prep.) + n. / pron. / -ing
1．If Harry isn't well enough to go with you, take me instead.
如果哈利身體不好不能跟你去，就帶我去吧．
2. Come another day instead. 改日來吧．
3. If you have no jewellery, can't you wear a flower instead.
如果沒有首飾的話，就不能戴朵花嗎?
4. Last year I went to Japan. This year I am going to Hongkong instead.
去年我去了日本．今年我準備去香港．
5. I will go instead of you. 我代你去．
6. If I hadn't got a headache, I'd be working instead of lying here in bed.
要不是因為我頭痛，否則的話我就不會躺在床上而不上班．
不能說：instead to lie
h. marry
marry vt. + sb.
在大多數(shù)情況下，marry用作及物動詞，表示與……結(jié)婚”，嫁”，娶”．后面直接帶賓語，從來不與with連用．有時可用get married to代替．(get married to sb.)
1. Jack is going to marry Mary. 杰克將和瑪麗結(jié)婚．
2. His sister married (= got married to) a rich man. 他的姐姐嫁給了一個有錢人．
當marry不帶賓語時．更為常見的說法是be/get married
3. They are going to get married. 他們將要結(jié)婚．
4. He got married last week. 他上周結(jié)婚的．
5. Is she married? ( = Has she got married? ) 她結(jié)婚了嗎?
marry vi.
6. He married young. 他早婚。
7. She didn't marry until forty. 她一直到四十歲才結(jié)婚。
i. try on, put on, pull on
try on 試穿 put on 穿上 pull on 匆匆穿上
1. You tried the necklace on ( tried on the necklace) and it looked wonderful on you. (on)
你當時把項鏈試戴了一下．真是好看極了．
2. She put on the skirt and looked more beautiful in it. (in) 她穿上裙于，顯得更漂亮．
3. He pulled on his overcoat and it seemed just to cover him like a blanket.
他匆匆穿上大衣，就好象一條毯子只是把他的身體遮�。�
[注]動詞dress也可表示穿的動作．但dress的賓語是人的名詞或代詞．如She dressed herself／her baby.(她穿上衣服／她替嬰兒穿上衣服.)不能說She dressed her clothes．
Wear 不能表示穿的動作，只能表示“穿著”這一狀態(tài)．如She wears a red skirt today these days．(她今天／這幾天穿著一條紅裙子．)
wear 表示佩帶飾物等
wear glasses, (戴著眼鏡)， wear a sword,．(佩著劍)
wear a necklace / flower / watch / gold ring... (戴著項鏈／花／手表／金戒指)
have on 狀態(tài)，也表示‘穿著”不能用于進行時．
He had on a red hat. 彈(他戴著一頂紅帽子．)
The boy has nothing on. (那孩子一絲不掛．)
(注)有時marry也可用作不及物動詞。如：
j. call on和call at
call on后面接表示人的名詞或代詞，call at后面接表示地方或
場所的詞語。試比較：
1. I called on (=went to see) Mr Smith yesterday. 我昨天拜訪了Smith先生。
2. I called at (= went to ) Mr Smith's yesterday. 我昨天去了Smith先生的家。
3. I called on the Smiths yesterday. 我昨天拜訪了Smith一家人。
4. I called on the doctor's yesterday. 我昨天到了Smith家。
5. I called on the doctor／my sister yesterday．我昨天去拜訪了醫(yī)生。
6. I called at the doctor's／my sister's yesterday．
我昨天去了醫(yī)務(wù)所／我姐姐家。
[注] 注意中英文表達“叫”時的差異。我們可以說I called John to come．I called to John to come或 I called out to John to come．意思是“我大聲叫John來。”You may ask him to help意思是“你可以叫他幫忙”，而You may call him to help則表示“你可以高聲喊他來幫忙”。You can tell him to come tomorrow一句中的tell不能用call。另外，“他的名字叫Jack”一句應(yīng)說His name is Jack或
He's named／called Jack，不能說His name is called Jack。
[注] What do you call this in English? 和How do you say this in English? 兩句都正確，注意兩句的疑問詞What和How不能換用。前一句中的call可帶復(fù)合賓語，What為賓語補足語，不能用How。第二句中的say沒有這種功能，How為狀語。
What do you call this in English? (call + 復(fù)合賓語)
How do you say this in English? ( how 為狀語)
k. well
well并不總是表示“好”的意思．有時可用來表示“很”，“相當”，指程度，常與一些特定的介詞、形容詞、動詞連用．這時不能用very，quite或very much等詞代替．下面句子中一般都使用
well，而不用very或very much．
1. Mr Smith is well past forty. 史密靳先生有四十好幾歲了．
2. I can't reach it. It is well above my head. 那東西我夠不著．它高出我頭很多．
3. This book is well worth reading. 這本書很值得一讀．
4. I don't know him well enough. 我對他了解得還很不夠．
5. He is well known in this city. 他在這個城里很出名．
6. It fits you well. 你穿這很合身．
7. I didn't understand his lesson well. 他的課我聽不大懂．
l. true 與 real
true可用定語或表語，而real一般只作表語。兩者都可用來表示“真的”．而“不是假的”之意．
true 作定語, 表語 ( 真的, 不假, 符合實際的, 忠誠的)
real 只作表語 (真的, 不假, 真正的不是想象的,)
1. That necklace you borrowed from me wasn't a real / true diamond n