情態動詞和動詞原型連用，多表示對目前或將來情況的看法或態度，但情態動詞和完成時連用時，多用來表示對過去情況的看法或態度。

1. should+have+過去分詞 表示過去“本應該┅”。而實際上該動作并未做，暗示說話人對自己的責備，抱怨或遺憾的意思。

We should have cut away the jungle brush.

我們本應該把叢林的灌木砍掉。

How I regretted the days when I had played and should have studied.

我多么懊悔我把本應該好好學習的日子都玩掉了。

Shouldn’t+have+過去分詞表示過去“本不應該┅”而實際上做了的動作。

You shouldn’t have told anyone about it.

你本來不應該告訴任何人。

They shouldn’t have left so soon..

他們本來不應該去得那么早。

2. ought to + have + 過去分詞表示過去“本應該。。。”而實際上未做。相當于“should + have + 過去分詞”

You ought to have helped him.

你應該幫他一把。

You ought to have returned these books to the school library last week.

上周你就應該把這些書還給學校圖書室。

否定形式oughtn’t to + have + 過去分詞 = shouldn’t + have +過去分詞

eg. You oughtn’t to have taken his umbrella away.

你不該把他的傘拿走。

He oughtn’t to have been there.

他本不應該到那去。

3. must + have + 過去分詞表示對過去情況的推測，譯成“一定， 相必，可能”。

What a challenge I must have been to this young teacher.

對這位年輕教師來說，教我這樣的學生一定是個巨大的挑戰。

Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night.

因為溝里漲滿了水，昨晚一定下雨了。

表示對過去情況的否定推測時。要用“can’t (couldn’t) + have + 過去分詞”，一般不用“mustn’t + have + 過去分詞”。

Joe can’t have left. I saw him just now.

喬不可能離開，剛才我還看見他了。

The party couldn’t have been successful as you had hoped.

舞會不可能象你希望的那樣成功。

“must + have + 過去分詞”表示對過去情況推測時，反意疑問句用have (has), 有明確表示過去時間的狀語（before 除外） 反意疑問句用did.

He must have finished his homework, hasn’t he?

他準把作業做完了。對嗎？

He must have attended the meeting yesterday evening, didn’t he?

他昨晚上肯定參加會議了，是嗎？

4. may (might) + have + 過去分詞表示對過去情況的推測。用might + have + 過去分詞可以用于肯定句，否定句，但不用于疑問句

In return I may have been able to teach you a little about medical technique.

作為報答，我也許教給了你們一點點醫療技術。

Might he have been caught and killed?

他有可能被抓住殺掉嗎？

Might + have + 過去分詞也能表示對過去的事情的可能性的推測，有“本應該。。。”，但未實現的動作，含有婉轉責備的意思。

You might have listened to me while I was talking to you.

我對你講話時，你應該認真聽才對。

You might have let me know before you went out.

外出之前，你應該先告訴我。

5. can (could) + have +過去分詞表示對過去情況的推測。“can + have + 過去分詞”一般多用于疑問句和否定句， 不用于肯定句。

Can he have gone yesterday?

難道他昨天就已經走了嗎？

They can’t have lost themselves in the woods, because I drew a map to them.

他們不可能在森林中迷路，因為我給他們畫了一張畫。

Bill couldn’t have gone home this weekend. I saw him at the school ground this morning.

本周末貝爾不可能回家，今天下午我還在學校操場上看見他了。

“Can (could) + have + 過去分詞” 也表示過去“本應該。。。”而未做。。。

John could have read his assignment while he waited for the doctor.

約翰在等醫生的時候應該看一下他的作業。

Mary can’t have gone to school. It’s Sunday.

瑪麗不可能去上學，今天是星期天。

在表示對過去某事的推測時，可用could/ might / may + 完成時。

They could/might/may have heard the news from smith.

他們也許從史蜜斯那兒聽到了這個消息。

6. need + have +過去分詞表示過去“沒有必要做”，有責備的意思。否定形式表示“做了本不應該。。。”的 事

Need you have watched TV last night?

你昨晚有必要看電視嗎？

You needn’t have woken me up so early. It’s Sunday today.

你沒有必要這么早就叫醒我，（因為）今天是星期天。

7. would + have + 過去分詞表示“本應該。。。”，而未。。。

We would have argued with you.

我們當時應該與你們爭辯一下。

另外：would like to have + 過去分詞表示過去希望做。。。，但未。。。

I would like to have seen the film.

我希望我當時看了這部電影。

I would like to have met her.