Language tips
Lesson 29
1. Chen Wei and Susan are walking down the street when they saw an accident.陳偉和蘇珊正沿著街道向前走，就在這時(shí)他們看到了一個(gè)交通事故。
▲down在此處是介詞，相當(dāng)于along。
We went on down the road. 我們沿著路向前走。
I was walking down the street when I met Tom, an old friend of mine. 我正在街上走，遇見湯姆，我的一位老朋友
And then she saw her mother coming down the path. 她看到她母親沿著小路走過來。
▲ down的原意是“向下”，“沿著，，，往下”
He fell down the stairs.他從梯上曬了下來。
Tears of happiness flowed down her cheeks.幸福的淚水沿著她的臉頰流下來。
He took my temperature and pulse and looked down my throat. 他給我量了體溫，號(hào)了脈，然后看了我的喉嚨。
▲ when在本句中是并列連詞，意為“就在這（那）時(shí)”，所連接的是一個(gè)并列句，不能理解為是一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句。
I was just coming along to see you when I ran into Wilson. 我正要來看你，就在這時(shí)我撞見了威爾遜。
He was about to go when it began to rain. 他正要走，天下起雨來了。
2. Look! That girl has fallen off her bicycle. A child ran into the street and knocked off her bicycle.
▲ fall off 意為“從，，，摔下來”，此處 off是介詞。
That child fell off the table and hurt his leg.這小孩從桌上摔下來，傷了腿。
The bird was seen to fall off the tree and struck the ground heavily.有人看到那只鳥從樹上摔了下來，種種地摔在地上。
▲ fall off可作“減少”，“越來越少”。
Their enthusiasm seems to be falling off a bit.他們的熱情似乎有點(diǎn)減退。
His supporters were falling off. 支持他的人越來越少了。
Supplies fell off rapidly in that year.那一年的供應(yīng)迅速減少。
Membership of the club has fallen off this year.今年該俱樂部的成員減少了。
▲run into the street在本句中意為“沖到街上”，run into是一個(gè)詞組，有“與。。。相撞”之意。
It was dark and he ran into a tree.天太黑，他撞到一棵樹上。
I ran my head into the glass the door; it hurt badly.我的頭撞到玻璃門上，疼得厲害。
This lamp-post looks as if it’s been run into by a bus.這個(gè)電燈桿看上去似乎被公共汽車撞過。
▲ run into還有“偶然遇見（某人）”，“遇到（困難，危險(xiǎn)）”之意。
You never know whom you’ll run into at a big meeting. 在大型的會(huì)議上常常碰到你意想不到的熟人。
I hope that the climbers don’t run into a snow-storm halfway up.我希望登山者不要在半山腰遇到暴風(fēng)雪。
If you travel alone in the forest,you may run into danger.如果你獨(dú)自在森林里走，你會(huì)遇到危險(xiǎn)的。
▲ run into也可作“達(dá)到某個(gè)數(shù)量”
His income runs into six figures or more.他的收入達(dá)到六位數(shù)字也許還不止。
The book is now running into six printings.這本書正在進(jìn)行第六次印刷。
Months ran into years and still the book was not finished.這本書有幾個(gè)月寫到幾年還沒有寫完。
The wealth they took with them ran into hundreds of millions.他們帶走的錢財(cái)多得以億計(jì)。
▲ knock…off。。。此處作“把，，，從，，，上撞下來”解釋，常見的意思有“磕掉（煙灰），削掉（價(jià)錢）”。
He knocked the ash off his pipe before he went on.他把煙灰磕掉，然后繼續(xù)往下說。
They knocked off 1000 dollars from the price.他們把價(jià)錢削減了1000美元。
My father determined to knock off smoking.我父親決心戒煙。
▲ knock off亦可說“停工”，“下班”解釋。
Let’s knock off our work and have a rest.咱們停下來休息一下吧。
When they knocked off,she fetched them food and water.他們休息時(shí)，他給他們送來了吃的和水。
It’s time to knock off. 現(xiàn)在該下班了。
3.Come and help!I think she must be injured.快來幫忙，我想她肯定受傷了。
▲ injure意為“受傷”既可指身體受傷，也可指精神上受到傷害。
He injured an arm in a car accident. 他在一場(chǎng)車禍中傷了一只手臂。
He had had his leg injured trying to save a mate from a fall of coal.他在煤礦倒塌時(shí)為救一個(gè)同伴而傷了腿。
I hope I didn’t injure her feelings. 我希望我沒有傷害她的感情。
He was a bit injured in his pride when he heard the words.她聽了這些話，自尊心受到一點(diǎn)傷害。
▲injured可用作名詞，作“傷員”解釋，可被數(shù)詞所修飾，當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)看待，但不能在詞尾加 -s
The injured were taken to hospital.傷員已經(jīng)被送往醫(yī)院。
▲ injured是過去分詞作形容詞用，意為“受委屈的”，“受傷害的”。
She had an injured look.她顯出一種受了傷害的樣子。
The boy spoke in an injured voice.這孩子的聲音顯得受了委屈。
4.She’s not moving.But she’s breathing. I think she hit her head when she fell.We must carry her to the side of the road.她不動(dòng)了，但她在呼吸。我想她跌下來時(shí)撞到了頭部。我們必須把她抬到路邊的安全地方。
▲hit意為“碰撞”、“打”、“擊中”，說“腦袋撞在某物上”，一般說hit one’s head on/against sth.很少說 One’s head hits…
She hit her forehead against the wall when she fell.她倒下時(shí)，前額撞在墻上。
The bullet hit him in the chest.子彈擊中了他的胸膛。
One of the stones hit the window.有一塊石頭打中了窗子。
▲ hit可引伸為“使遭受（自然災(zāi)害、損失、痛苦等）。
A powerful earthquake hit the city.這座城市遭受了一次地震。
The death of her dog has hit Mrs Page hard.兒子的死使佩奇太太悲痛欲絕。
I still remember a hurricane that hit us thirty years ago.我還記得三十年前襲擊我們的一次颶風(fēng)。
▲ hit還引伸為“猜中”，“達(dá)到”，“碰到”之意。
You’ve hit it.你猜中了。
The new train can hit 120 mph. 這種新型火車時(shí)速可達(dá)120英里。
This idea hit me when I woke up this morning.今天早上我醒來，突然產(chǎn)生了這個(gè)想法。
【注】beat也有“打”，“擊”之意，但多指反復(fù)的擊打，并可表示心臟的脈搏的跳動(dòng)，打敗對(duì)方等意思，而hit則無此意。
Their team beat ours by a large score. 他們隊(duì)以很高的比分打敗了我們對(duì)。
Hie heart was beating fast at the news.聽到這消息，她的心跳得很快。
The rain was beating on the windows雨點(diǎn)敲打著窗子。
5.No! Leave her where she is.You mustn’t move someone if they are badly hurt. We must get help.別動(dòng)他！讓她留在原地。如果有人傷得利害，你不能動(dòng)他，我們必須取得幫助。
▲ leave在這里是及物動(dòng)詞，作“讓某人或某物處于某種狀態(tài)”，后面常跟形容詞，分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，或從句。
I’m sorry I”ve left some of your questions unanswered. 很抱歉，你有些問題我沒有回答。
That’ll leave the whole morning free,won’t it? 這樣我們整個(gè)上午就有空了，是吧。
They walked off and left me sitting there all by myself. 他們走掉了，讓我孤零零一個(gè)人坐在那里。
His letter left me feeling pretty bad.他的信使我感到相當(dāng)難受。
Don’t touch my writing table,leave it as it is.別動(dòng)我的寫字臺(tái)，就讓它照原樣放著。
【注】間或也可用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。
All the while they were left in the dark about the case. 這事他們一直被蒙在鼓里。
▲ where she is 是地點(diǎn)狀語從句。地點(diǎn)狀語從句通常以 where或wherever開始，與關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)的定語從句不同的是，地點(diǎn)狀語從句前面沒有先行詞。
Where there is life, there is hope.哪里有生命，哪里就有希望。
We should go where we are needed.我們應(yīng)該到需要我們的地方去。
This is the school where I used to study.這是我過去學(xué)習(xí)過的學(xué)校。
She has gone home where she will stay for a week.她回家了，她將在家呆一個(gè)星期。
6.I’ll go to that shop and see if they have a telephone. Yes,do that. I'll stay here with the girl.我去那家商店看看是否有電話。去吧，我看著那女孩。
▲do that用來表示同一主語所做的前面已提到過的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)也可用do so或do it
“Bon kicked the ball several times.” “He always does that/does so/does it when he wants to attractattention.” “鮑伯將門踢了好幾下”，“他想引起別人注意時(shí)總想這樣干”。
“Did you play cards before meal?””No,I never did that.”你吃飯前打牌了嗎？不，我絕沒打過。
【注】如果被替代的部分是不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、動(dòng)名詞等非謂語形式，則用do so或 doing so來替代。
He had promised to pay, but failed to do so.他答應(yīng)過付款，但沒付。
“Peter hunts rabbits.” “yes,I have noticed him doing so.” “彼得總是獵野兔”。 “是的，我已注意到了”。
They decided not to go.To do so would have made things very difficult.他們決定不去了。要是去了情況就非常不妙了。
【注】描述不同場(chǎng)合的某種具體動(dòng)作時(shí)，用do it更好些。
John is playing pingpong. He always does it in the morning.約翰正在打乒乓球。她總是早上打。
7.How is she? She’s beginning to move a little.她怎么樣？她開始動(dòng)了。
▲How is sb.是問候語。如How are you? How is your father?等。
▲ begin 是動(dòng)詞，后面既可接不定式，也可接動(dòng)名詞，如果后接的動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作是有意志的，即主語的有意識(shí)的行為，則用不定式或動(dòng)名詞都可以，如果是無意志的。如(know, like, understand)等，則通常用不定式。
He began to write/writing a book.他開始寫一本書。
He began to understand it.他開始明白了。
▲ 一般說來，接不定式時(shí)多強(qiáng)調(diào)新情況的發(fā)生（如本句），動(dòng)作是否持續(xù)下去則不考慮。接動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，對(duì)新動(dòng)作本身注意較多，而且這一動(dòng)作還將持續(xù)一段時(shí)間。
She begins to look old.她看起來有點(diǎn)開始老了。
They have begun building the house.他們已開始建造房子了。
▲但上述說法的界線不十分清楚，在很多情況下，兩種結(jié)構(gòu)都可以用，意思差別不大。
When did you begin to learn /learning English?你什么時(shí)候開始學(xué)英語的？
He began to pace/pacing in the room.他開始在房間里踱來踱去。
▲當(dāng)begin 用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，后面通常只用不定式。
The medicine is beginning to show its effect.這藥開始起作用了。
I’m glad you are beginning to see it.我很高興你開始明白起來了。
They are beginning to improve the road.他們開始修路。
▲ 如果主語不是由表示人的名詞或代詞充當(dāng)，begin后通常用不定式。
The water began to boil.誰開始沸騰起來。
8.What happened to me? Take it easy! I’ve just called the First Aid Centre. We’ll stay here with you until help comes.我出了什么事？別緊張，我剛剛跟急救中心通了電話，我們要和你在一起直到有人來幫助。
▲happen to意為“（某人）發(fā)生了什么事”或“（某物）發(fā)生了什么情況”，to在這里是介詞，后接表示人或物的名詞或代詞。
What finally happened to the boy?這男孩最后怎樣了？
I don’t see your television set.What’s happened to it?我沒看到你的電視機(jī)。到哪兒去了？
If anything should happen to him,that would be too bad.萬一他要發(fā)生什么事就糟了。
What happened to your leg?你的腿怎么了？
▲ Take it easy. 意為“別著急”，“別過累”，是安慰人家的用語，相當(dāng)于 Don’t worry.
Now no use getting nervous. Take it easy.現(xiàn)在緊張無用，心放開一點(diǎn)。
Your blood pressure is still not normal.You’ll have to take things easy for a while.你的血壓還不正常，一段時(shí)間里你還不能太累。
You’ve been working so hard for several months. You must take it easy and relax over the weekend.你們這樣緊張的干了幾個(gè)月，周末應(yīng)該放松點(diǎn)，休息一下。
He told me to take things easy and not to worry about getting back to work他讓我別著急，不要為回來上班發(fā)愁。
9.Where doesit hurt?My knee hurts,my foot hurts and my head too.你什么地方痛？我的膝蓋痛，腳也痛，頭也痛。
▲ Hurt在本句中是不及物動(dòng)詞，意為“疼痛”
Does your leg still hurt?你的腿還疼嗎？
Are you hurting? Not a bit.你疼嗎？一點(diǎn)不疼。
It doesn’t hurt at all when the needles are inserted.進(jìn)針時(shí)一點(diǎn)不疼。
▲ Hurt 作及物動(dòng)詞用時(shí)意為“使受傷”，“傷害（別人的感情）”“使不高興”
I was afraid of hurting their feelings. 我害怕傷他們的感情。
He was hurt in a traffic accident.在一次交通事故中他受了傷。
I hurt my leg while playing football.我踢足球是傷了腿。
▲ Hurt也可作“損害”“危害”解釋。
It won’t hurt you to miss breakfast for once.一次不吃早飯不會(huì)對(duì)你有損害。
It wouldn’t hurt him to give fifty pounds to the fund.給基金會(huì)捐50英鎊對(duì)她不算什么。
10.Don’t try to get up.You shouldn’t get up if you are badly hurt.I ought to go home.I have to cook supper for my grandmother.別起來，你傷得很厲害，不能起來。
▲ ought是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，作“應(yīng)該”解釋，與should同義。但語氣比should重，含有“按道理應(yīng)該。。�！敝�。當(dāng)我們用should時(shí)，我們說的是自己的主觀看法，如本句 You shouldn’t get up.這是說話者自己的看法。但Ought to更多的I ought to go home.是客觀情況的要求，請(qǐng)細(xì)讀下列例句，體會(huì)Should和ought to的區(qū)別。
You should/ought to go and see Mary sometime.你應(yīng)該什么時(shí)候去看看瑪麗。（兩者均可）
We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I don’t think we will .明天按理我們應(yīng)該去看看瑪麗，但是我認(rèn)為我們不會(huì)。（不能用should，should表示主觀愿望，一方面原意作某事，同時(shí)有說不準(zhǔn)備做，顯得前后矛盾。）
11.Don’t worry about that.Right now you need to stay still until help comes.別為那事著急。現(xiàn)在你需要靜躺直到有人來幫助。
▲ right now意為“現(xiàn)在”，“此刻”
I say,” Make up your mind right now.”“現(xiàn)在就下決心，”我說。
Right now you should listen attentively to the teacher.現(xiàn)在你應(yīng)該認(rèn)真聽老師講課。
▲ 請(qǐng)注意比較right away 和 just now， 前者意為“立刻”，相當(dāng)于at once或immediately，后者意為“剛才”，常與過去時(shí)態(tài)連用。
I’ll return the book right away.我能立刻就還書。
I saw a cat rushing out of the house with a mouse in its mouth just now.剛才我看見一只貓嘴叼著一只老鼠從屋里沖了出去。
▲ worry about意為“為。。。而發(fā)愁／著急”
So there is nothing to worry about any more.因此，再也沒有什么事發(fā)愁了。
Today he doesn’t have to worry about making a living.現(xiàn)在他不用為生活發(fā)愁了。
▲ 有時(shí)也可跟Over引起的短語。
Don’t worry over me.I’m all right,I’ll get along.不用為我發(fā)愁。我沒事，我會(huì)好的。
There is no need to worry over such a side-issue.沒有必要為這樣的枝節(jié)問題發(fā)愁了。
▲ �？捎眠^去分詞作表語，后仍接介詞About
We are all worried about you.我們都為你發(fā)愁。
I told him I was worried about the children not being back.我告訴他，孩子們沒回來，我很著急。
▲Still
此處是形容詞，作“靜止的”，“不動(dòng)的”解釋All sounds are still.萬籟俱寂。
The soldier stood still except that his lips were moving.這戰(zhàn)士一動(dòng)不動(dòng)的站著，除了他的嘴唇還在動(dòng)。
▲ Still如放在行為動(dòng)詞之前，則作副詞用，意為“仍然”。
I still couldn’t decide, so I asked George what he thought.我還是不能決定，所以就問喬知他怎么想的。
Will you still love me when I’m old and grey?當(dāng)我年老了，頭發(fā)灰白了，你還愛我嗎？
Lesson 30
1. First aid is the science of giving medical care to a person before a doctor can be found. Anyone with the write knowledge can give the first aid;you don’t have to be a doctor.急救是在找到醫(yī)生之前對(duì)病人進(jìn)行醫(yī)療救護(hù)的科學(xué)。任何有正確的急救知識(shí)的人都可以進(jìn)行急救；不一定非得是一個(gè)醫(yī)生才行。
▲first aid意為“急救”，指對(duì)危重病人進(jìn)行的緊急搶救，與動(dòng)詞do,give,或offer相搭配，構(gòu)成do/give/offer first aid to sb的結(jié)構(gòu)。.
Mary was badly injured in the match. First aid was offered at once.瑪麗在比賽中受了重傷。人們立即對(duì)她進(jìn)行急救。
Tom hurt his arm during the volleyball match, and some of us gave him first aid.湯姆在排球賽中上了胳膊，我們幾個(gè)人對(duì)她進(jìn)行了急救。
▲aid意為“幫助”在本單元中作名詞用,常和介詞to連用，意為“幫助”，“助手”。
Let me lend my aid to you.讓我來幫助你。
I hope this book will be a great aid to English composition.我希望這本書對(duì)英文作文大有幫助。
【注】如果介詞后為動(dòng)名詞，則介詞應(yīng)用in或for
I give you an aid for solving problems.我?guī)椭憬鉀Q問題。
A dictionary is an important aid in learning a foreign language.詞典是學(xué)習(xí)外語的重要工具。
▲aid也可作動(dòng)詞用，意為幫助、援助，相當(dāng)于help，但help是普通用語，而aid則顯得較為莊重，不常用。
They encouraged and aided him in his scientific studies.他們鼓勵(lì)幫助他進(jìn)行科學(xué)研究。
At Christmas, many organizations aid the poor.在圣誕節(jié)期間很多組織幫助窮人。
▲have to 與 must都有“必須”之意，在肯定句中，意思相差不大但它們的否定式（mustn’t 和 don’t have to）在意思上差別很大。mustn’t 含有禁止的意思，表示“不得做某事”，而don’t have to則表示“不必作某事”，相當(dāng)于needn’t do sth.
You mustn’t tell Mary about it.你絕不能把此事告訴瑪麗。
You don’t have to tell Mary about it.你不必把此事告訴瑪麗。
Must I hand in my composition before supper? No, you don’t have to.我一定要在晚飯前交作文嗎？不不必。
He mustn’t find out what’s happening.不能讓他知道發(fā)生了什么事。
2. First aid,if it is quickly and correctly given ,can save a person’s life.There are three important things to do if someone has had an accident.如果施救及時(shí)，并且正確，急救是可以挽救生命的。如果某人出了事故，那么就要做以下三件重要的事情。
▲ to do在這里作定語修飾things，不定式作定語時(shí)，有時(shí)與被修飾的名詞有一種邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。
I have a lot of work to do today.今天我有很多工作要做。
Here is a book for you to read.這兒有一本書給你讀。
【注】當(dāng)構(gòu)成不定式的動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，常需加一個(gè)詞。
He needs a room to live in.它需要有一間房子住。
Is he a man to depend on?它是一個(gè)可以依靠的人嗎？
【注】有時(shí)作定語的不定式與被修飾的名詞不構(gòu)成這種邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。
The next train to arrive is from Nanjing.下一列到站的火車來自南京。
He was always the last to leave.他總是最后一個(gè)離開。
3. Check that the person can breathe. Open the mouth and make sure that there is no food at the back of the mouth.檢查一下，看看這個(gè)人能不能呼吸。掰開嘴，看看口腔后部有沒有食物堵住。
▲check與 make sure在本句中意思基本相同，意為“核查”，“弄確實(shí)”。
Will you check these figures?這些數(shù)字你檢查一遍好嗎？
The reports were still being checked.報(bào)告還在審查。
Preparing the lessons and checking the pupils’ homework took a great deal of time.備課和批改學(xué)生作業(yè)要花很多時(shí)間。
Let’s make sure that it has been finished.讓我們搞清楚這工作是否確實(shí)已經(jīng)完成。
Have you made sure of the time of the train?火車開車時(shí)間你搞清楚了嗎？
I have made sure that he is a hard-working man.我已經(jīng)了解清楚他是一個(gè)勤奮的人。
【注】與sure構(gòu)成的詞組還有for sure，“毫無疑問”，“確實(shí)”，sure enough，“顯然”，“果真”。
I can’t say I know it for sure.我不敢說我對(duì)此是全然知曉。
We said things would turn out well, and sure enough they did.我們說情況會(huì)變好的，果然如此。
4.If the person is not breathing, you must try to start his/her breathing at once.If this is not done within five minutes,the person will die.
▲within作“在。。。之內(nèi)”解釋，比in更為正式，如果表示在一段時(shí)間之內(nèi)，within可用于過去時(shí)，現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)，而ｉｎ后接一段時(shí)間時(shí)常作“在。。。之后”解釋，只用于將來時(shí)，故放在將來時(shí)態(tài)中表示“在一段時(shí)間之內(nèi)”，美國英語里較多地使用inside。
I’ll be back within/inside half an hour.半小時(shí)內(nèi)我就回來。
The job will be finished in a week.這工作一周后完成。
The job will be finished within a week.這工作一周內(nèi)完成。
She will be back in an hour.他一小時(shí)后回來。
She will be back within an hour.他一小時(shí)內(nèi)回來。
【注】在過去時(shí)中，in和within后接一段時(shí)間時(shí)，都表示“在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)”。
The best thing is to use the mouth-to-mouth way. Lay the person on his/her back, close his/her nose with your fingers and breathe into his /her month.Repeat this as often as is necessary.
▲lay是即物動(dòng)詞，意為“放”，“置”，注意不要和lie的過去式lay混淆，后者意為“躺”，是不及物動(dòng)詞。
The girl lay on the grass,looking at the blue sky and thinking.這女孩躺在草地上，看這藍(lán)色的天空沉思著。
Granny laid a bag of rice on the table, panting.奶奶把一袋米放在桌上，氣喘吁吁。
Presently he laid the paper carefully folded across his knees and closed his eyes.不久他把這張報(bào)紙仔細(xì)對(duì)折好，放在膝蓋上，合上了眼睛。
The books have lain here ever since they were laid here.這些書放在這里之日起，一直在這里未動(dòng)過。
I have lain awake all night thinking of this.我想著這事，一夜沒睡著。
Mother laid her baby gently on the bed.母親把嬰兒輕輕的放在床上。
Please lay these planks along, not across. 請(qǐng)把木板順著放，別橫著放。
He lay unconscious on the bettle ground for hours before we finally found him他在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上昏迷不行的躺了幾個(gè)鐘頭，最后我們才找到他。
.▲as often as is possible意為“盡量多次”，這是一個(gè)比較狀語從句，第二個(gè)as后面的從句可以看作是省去了it。還可以說as often as possible
Please come as early as possible tomorrow morning.明天早晨請(qǐng)盡可能早點(diǎn)來。
It is not so cold as it was yesterday.今天不像昨天那么冷。
He got up as late as his brother.他同他弟弟起的一樣遲。
You can explain grammar points in Chinese as much as is necessary.你可以根據(jù)需要，用漢語來解釋語法點(diǎn)。
6.If the person is bleeding badly, you must try to stop the bleeding. If a person loses one third of his/her blood, he/she may die.如果一個(gè)人流血不止，你必須想法止住血，一個(gè)人如果失血占他（他）血的三分之一，他（她）可能會(huì)死去。
▲one third意為“三分之一”。在英語中，分?jǐn)?shù)的分子用基數(shù)詞，分母用序數(shù)詞表達(dá)，當(dāng)分子超過1時(shí)，在分母的序數(shù)詞后加-s。
one fifth五分之一，three eighths八分之三，如果分?jǐn)?shù)作主語，則要看它代表可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞，如代表可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)，則謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，否則謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
Two thirds of the students in our class are League members.我們班上三分之二的學(xué)生是共青團(tuán)員。
More than two thirds of the surface of the earth is covered by water.地球表面三分之二多的面積被水覆蓋。
One third of the rivers in that country have been polluted.那個(gè)縣三分之一的河流被污染了。
One third of the water has been polluted.三分之一的水被污染了。
▲ bleed作“流血”解時(shí)是不及物動(dòng)詞。
His nose bled last night.昨晚他鼻出血。
The cut on his finger was bleeding.她手指上的傷口在出血。
▲ bleed可作及物動(dòng)詞，意為“放血”。
Doctors used to bleed people when they were sick.過去人們生病時(shí)，醫(yī)生給他們放血。
▲ bleed可引申為“感到極其難受”。
My heart bled for the poor unhappy children.我為那些貧苦不幸的孩子感到難過。
7.Press a handkerchief onto the bleeding point and hold it there. If it is possible, hold up the part of the body which is bleeding.把手帕壓在出血點(diǎn)上，并按住不動(dòng)，如有可能，就把出血的那個(gè)部位抬起來。
▲ hold在本句中作“按”，“握著”解釋。
Uncle Wang held my hand and tried to comfort me.王大爺握住我的手，設(shè)法安慰我。
Please hold this wheel a moment so that it doesn’t turn.請(qǐng)把住輪子別讓她轉(zhuǎn)。
I held him by the arm.我抓住他的胳膊。
▲ hold up 在這里意為“把，，，抬起來”或“舉起”。
Hold up your arm so that the cut won’t bleed.把胳膊抬起來這樣傷口就不會(huì)出血。
He held up the map so it could be seen more clearly.他舉起地圖，這樣我們可以看得更清楚些。
The students who wished to speak held up their hands.想發(fā)言的學(xué)生舉起了手。
▲ hold up的常見意思還有“耽誤”，“使停頓”。
The train was held up for an hour by the accident.這個(gè)事故是火車晚點(diǎn)了一個(gè)鐘頭。
The steel strike may hold up production for several months.鑄鐵業(yè)罷工可能是生產(chǎn)停頓幾個(gè)月。
Pretty soon we were held up for lack of material.不久由于缺乏材料，我們進(jìn)行不下去了。
▲ hold up亦可作“搶劫”，“攔截”。
That bank has been held up three times.那家銀行已遭劫三次。
8.Many common injuries happen every day in the home. All parents should know some first aid. Children can often get ill suddenly and they also have a lot of accidents.
Here is some advice for dealing with common injuries.每天家里會(huì)發(fā)生一些常見的外傷事故，所有家長都應(yīng)該懂得一點(diǎn)急救知識(shí)。孩子們常常會(huì)突然得病，也可能出許多事故。
下面是有關(guān)處理常見外傷的建議。
▲advice作“忠告（意見）”解釋時(shí)為不可數(shù)名詞，常與on連用。
Marx gave some good advice on how to learn a foreign language如何學(xué)外語馬克思提出了一些很好的建議。.
Let me give you a piece of good advice.我要給你一個(gè)忠告。
Mr Brown gave me some advice on how to repair the old car.布朗先生對(duì)如何修好這輛舊車向我提出了一些建議。
【注】有時(shí)我們?cè)陂喿x中看到advice的復(fù)數(shù)形式，這時(shí)advice是可數(shù)名詞，作“消息或報(bào)道”解釋。
They receive advices from foreign countries every week.他們每周都從國外收到消息。
Advices were just received from our Washington correspondent.剛剛收到本報(bào)駐華盛頓記者的最新報(bào)道。
▲ 此處作“處理“，”應(yīng)付“解釋。
How shall we deal with this problem?這問題我們?cè)撊绾翁幚砟兀?/p>
He won’t be able to deal with all kinds of complicated situations.他應(yīng)付不了各種復(fù)雜的情況。
The question will soon be dealt with.這問題很快就會(huì)得到處理。
▲deal with是一個(gè)常見的詞組，其意思還有“相處＂”對(duì)待“，”論述“，”涉及“等
This book deals with life in the United States這本書說的是美國的生活情況。
Deal fairly with your students.對(duì)學(xué)生要公正。
That man is impossible to deal with.這人無法相處。
The subject isn’t very well dealt with in his latest book.他在新書里沒有很好的論述這個(gè)問題。
We have dealt with that firm for many years.我們和這家公司做了多年的買賣。
I”ll get someone else to deal with them.我去找另一個(gè)人來對(duì)付他們。
9.Animal bites. If you are bitten by an animal, wash the wound under cold running water. Then see a doctor as soon as possible.動(dòng)物咬傷。如果被動(dòng)物咬傷，就把傷口放在冷的自來水下沖洗。然后盡快看醫(yī)生。
▲ bite作名詞用時(shí)，意為“咬傷“。
His face was covered with insect bites.她的臉上到處都是蟲咬的痕跡。
He cured 46 victims of snake bite last month alone.他僅上個(gè)月就治愈了46例蛇咬傷者。
▲ bite也可作“吃一口”，“隨便吃點(diǎn)東西”。
He took a bite at the apple.她咬了一口蘋果。
I haven’t had a bite since this morning.從早晨到現(xiàn)在我還沒有吃過一點(diǎn)東西。
This is tasty.Have a bite of it.這很好吃，吃一口吧。
“You’ll wait and have a bite with us,” she insisted.她堅(jiān)持說，“你等一下和我們一起吃點(diǎn)東西”。
▲ bite作動(dòng)詞用時(shí)意為“咬”，既可作及物動(dòng)詞，也可作不及物動(dòng)詞。
A mosquito just bit me.一只蚊子剛咬了我一口。
I bit my tongue yesterday and it is painful.昨天我咬著了舌頭現(xiàn)在還疼。
Unless you wear boots, you may get bitten by snakes.除非你穿鞋子，否則會(huì)被蛇咬。
The dog has bitten a hole in my trousers.狗在我褲子上咬了一個(gè)洞。
▲ bite可用于引伸意義，意為“對(duì)。。。感興趣”�！靶晾薄保皟鰤摹�。
I tried to sell him my old car but he wouldn’t bite.我想把我的舊車賣給他，但他不感興趣。
She loves to make biting remarks.她喜歡發(fā)表尖刻的評(píng)論。
The biting cold froze the sailor’s hand.刺骨的寒冷凍僵了水手的手。
His fingers were bitten by the frost.她的手指被霜凍壞了。
10.Burns.Cool the area of skin at once. Wash the area of skin under the cold tap for several minutes. Put a piece of dry clean cloth over the area of the burn. See a doctor if a child has been burned or if more than 10% of the body has been burned.燒傷。立即讓燒傷的皮膚冷卻，讓它在冷水龍頭下沖洗幾分鐘。在燒傷的皮膚上放一塊清潔的干布。如果小孩燒傷了，或（大人）燒傷面積達(dá)到１０％以上，那么就必須去看醫(yī)生。
▲ cool 在本句中作動(dòng)詞用，意為“使變冷”。既可作及物動(dòng)詞，也可作不及物動(dòng)詞。
The rain has cooled the air.雨使空氣涼爽了。
Open the window to cool the room.打開窗子讓屋子涼些。
Let your tea cool a little before you drink it.讓茶涼一點(diǎn)再喝。
▲ cool用作引伸意義時(shí)指“冷靜下來”。
By that time her enthusiasm had cooled.到那時(shí)，她的熱情也冷卻下來了。
A heated argument can be settled better if both sides cool down first.如果雙方先冷靜下來，一場(chǎng)激烈的爭(zhēng)論會(huì)解決得好些。
I tried to cool her down but she was still very angry when she left.想使她冷靜下來，但她走的時(shí)候人很憤怒。
▲ cool也可以作形容詞用，意為“涼快”，“冷靜”，“冷淡”。
Let’s sit in the shade and get cool.讓我們坐到陰涼處，涼快一下。
I knew I had to keep cool.我知道我必須保持冷靜。
He seemed so cool I feared I had offended him.他看上去非常冷淡，我恐怕在什么地方冒犯了他。
His play received a cool response from the public.公眾對(duì)她的話劇反映冷淡。
▲ over在此處作“（緊貼著）在上面”解釋，不能看作“在。。。上方”。
Spread a cloth over the table.把布鋪在桌上。
And she bent forward, and her fine light hair fell over her cheeks.她向前探出身子，她的淺色的美麗頭發(fā)遮住了臉頰。
Ink spilled over the book.墨水潑在書上。
He spread a handkerchief over his face to keep the flies off.他把手帕遮在臉上擋開蒼蠅。
11.Cuts.For a simple cut, it is only necessary to wash the area of the cut, dry it and cover it with a piece of dry clean cloth.刀傷。對(duì)于簡單的傷口，只需要將刀傷的部位沖洗一下，弄干，然后蓋上一塊清潔的干布就行了。
▲ for在本句中作“對(duì)于”解釋。
I have no ear for music.我對(duì)音樂一竅不通。
Don’t you think I’m rather young for such a task? 你是否認(rèn)為我做這事太年輕了？
You are not suited for the kind of work you’re doing.你不適合做你現(xiàn)在做得這樣工作。
I was just thinking it was a fine night for a walk.我剛才在想這個(gè)晚上出去散步真好。
12.This passage doesn’t contain enough information for you to do first aid correctly! You have to study with a teacher. However, after a few hours of study ,you’ll manage to know enough to save other people’s lives.這篇短文包含的知識(shí)并不足以讓你正確的進(jìn)行急救！你還必須跟老師學(xué)習(xí)。然而，經(jīng)過幾個(gè)小時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)之后，你就會(huì)獲得足夠的知識(shí)去搶救別人的生命。
▲本段中兩次出現(xiàn)enough這個(gè)詞，第一個(gè)enough是形容詞，作定語修飾information，第二個(gè)enough是名詞作賓語。
▲ 作名詞用enough可作主語，賓語。作主語時(shí)，其主謂關(guān)系應(yīng)遵循意義一致的原則，如果所代表的名詞為復(fù)數(shù)意義，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，反之用單數(shù)形式。
Enough has been said on this subject.關(guān)于這個(gè)問題說的已足夠了。
“Do you need more chairs?””No,I think there are enough to go round.”你們還需要椅子嗎？不要了，我想夠用了。
When enough of the tree is chopped away,the tree falls.當(dāng)樹身被砍得夠深時(shí)，樹就倒了。
He couldn’t earn enough to keep a family of four.他掙的錢不夠養(yǎng)活一個(gè)四口之家。
▲ 作形容詞用。Enough作定語時(shí)，在不少情況下，放在被修飾名詞之前或之后都可以。
We have enough money(money enough) to buy a new car.我們有足夠的錢買一輛新汽車。
We haven’t enough time(time enough) to catch the train now.我們沒有足夠的時(shí)間去趕火車了。
▲作副詞用時(shí)，可修飾形容詞，副詞或動(dòng)詞，緊接在所修飾的詞之后。
I felt that I was not yet strong enough to travel.我感到我的身體不夠強(qiáng)壯，不適于旅游。
I didn’t know him well enough.We didn’t get on together.我們沒有共過事。
Have you played enough?你玩夠了嗎？
【注】在口語中，enough可作程度狀語，用于修飾謂語動(dòng)詞，不過這個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞多為否定式。
I don’t like you enough.我非常喜歡你。（怎么喜歡都不夠）
I just can’t thank you enough.我非常感激你。（怎么感激都不夠）
▲ manage意為“設(shè)法（終于）完成（某件困難的事）”。多跟不定式。
He managed to escape to South America.他終于設(shè)法逃到了南美。
We managed to get what we wanted,anyhow.不管怎么樣，我們終于得到了我們所需要的。
The ground was very dirty,but he managed to clean it.地上很臟，但他設(shè)法打掃干凈了。
▲ manage也可作不及物動(dòng)詞，可譯為“能辦到，設(shè)法解決”“勉強(qiáng)維持”
the box is very heavy, but I can manage.這箱子很重，但我能對(duì)付。
▲ 有時(shí)manage后面可以跟名詞或代詞，意為“設(shè)法做到”，“拿得動(dòng)”，“吃得下”
I can’t manage another mouthful. 我一口也吃不下。
If you are to get away, I can manage money. 如果你要走，我可以想法籌錢。
I think we can manage that somehow. 我想我們能夠做到哪件事。
▲ manage后面有時(shí)跟一個(gè)介詞短語引起的狀語。
Can you manage on your own？ 你靠自己能對(duì)付嗎？
That’s really sweet of you, but I shall manage all right by myself. 你真好，但我自己能解決。
The ladder isn’t quite so long as thought, but I think I can manage with it. 這梯子不像我原先想象的那么長，但我想我用它能對(duì)付。
13.If everyone in the country knew first aid,many lives would be saved.如果每個(gè)國民都懂得急救，那么許多人的生命是可以挽救得了的。
▲本句條件句中謂語動(dòng)詞用過去時(shí)，主句用Would+動(dòng)詞原形，是虛擬語氣的一種形式，所表示的內(nèi)容與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，即不可能每個(gè)國民都懂急救知識(shí)，故稱虛擬語氣。
If I were free ,I would go to the cinema.如果我有空，我就去看電影。（實(shí)際是我沒空）
If it rained now,we would not go out.如果現(xiàn)在下雨，我們就不會(huì)出去。（事實(shí)上不在下雨。）
If I knew the answer to the question,I would tell you.如果我知道問題的答案，我當(dāng)然會(huì)告訴你。（實(shí)際我不知）
▲ 如果表示的內(nèi)容是與過去事實(shí)相反，則條件從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)，主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用would+have ＋過去分詞。
If you had got up earlier,you would have caught the train.如果你早點(diǎn)起床，你就會(huì)趕上火車了。
If it had been fine last weekend,I would have gone on vacation.要使上周末天氣好的話，我就會(huì)去度假了。
I wouldn’t have known all the facts if I hadn’t been told.如果不告訴我，我不會(huì)知道所有這些事實(shí)的。
▲ 如果表示與將來可能的情況相反，則條件從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式，也可以用should+動(dòng)詞原形，或were to+動(dòng)詞原形，主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞形式用would+動(dòng)詞原形。
If I should see her,what would I say to her?如果我能見到他，我對(duì)他說什么呢？
If he were to come,I might have time to see him.只要他來，我可能有時(shí)間見他。
14.Read the notice”Safety in the home”.Then find pictures that go with the pieces of advice.讀“家庭安全須知”。然后找出與這些建議相配的圖畫。
▲ go with此處作“與，，，相配”解釋。
A yellow blouse goes with her blonde hair.黃色短上衣和她的淡黃色頭發(fā)很相稱。
Mary’s blue dress goes with her eyes.瑪麗的藍(lán)色衣服與她的眼睛相配。
Certain kinds of wine go with certain kinds of food.某些酒與某些飯食相配。
Potatoes don’t go with ice cream.土豆和冰激凌不相配。
▲ go with可作“伴隨”，“與。。。持同一看法”。
The children went to Spain with their parents.孩子們隨父母到西班牙去了。
Can a singular verb go with a plural noun?單數(shù)動(dòng)詞能與復(fù)數(shù)名詞一起用嗎？
We were delighted to find that a large rock garden went with the house.我們欣喜的發(fā)現(xiàn)隨房子一起出售的還有一個(gè)假山庭院。
I agree with much of of what you say,but I cannot go all the way with you.你說的我很多都同意，但能全部同意。
15.Certain things in the home can be dangerous,especially if you have young children.在家庭中，特別是在有小孩的家庭中，某些東西可能是有危險(xiǎn)的。
▲certain作定語時(shí)意為“某個(gè)”“某些”，即可修飾可數(shù)名詞也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞，修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時(shí)用a certain
I’m prepared to make certain concessions.我已準(zhǔn)備好了作出一些讓步。
There has been a certain amount of improvement in his health.她的健康狀況有一定程度的好轉(zhuǎn)。
He makes a certain profit from his business but he’ll never be rich.他在做生意中賺了一些錢，但他不會(huì)富起來。
▲certain作表語時(shí)意為“有把握，肯定”，后接of，,about引起的短語或從句。
Are you certain of what you say?你對(duì)你說的話有把握嗎？
I’m not certain whether he’ll come.我沒有把握他是否會(huì)來 。
We are certain that he’ll get over his illness.我們肯定他會(huì)恢復(fù)健康。
▲ certain后可接不定式。
You are certain to be happy with them.跟他們?cè)谝黄鹉憧隙〞?huì)感到快樂。
He is certain to return.他肯定會(huì)回來的。
▲ especially與狀語或同位語連用時(shí)，常置于句首或句末，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，意為“特別是”。
I like the country,especially in spring.我喜歡鄉(xiāng)村，特別是春天。
Especially in Brazil,the Negroes have played a most important role in the development of the nation.特別是在巴西，黑人在國家的發(fā)展中起了很重要的作用。
Noise is unpleasant,especially when you are going to sleep.噪音很討厭，特別是當(dāng)你要睡著的時(shí)候。
16.ELECTRICITY Make sure that electric wires are safe and that children can’t touch them.
FIRES Put guards round fires.
電：確保電線安全，不要讓小孩觸摸電線。
火爐：火爐周圍要有防護(hù)裝置。
▲make sure后面接了兩個(gè)賓語從句。一般說來，引導(dǎo)賓語從句的連接詞that可以省略，但如果謂語動(dòng)詞后有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上并列的賓語從句，第二個(gè)及其后并列的賓語從句的連接詞不能省略，以免引起誤解。
I forgot (that )my research paper was due on Tuesday and that my teacher had said he would not accept late papers.我忘記了星期二該教研究論文，我也忘了老師曾說過他不接受遲交的論文。
Tom told Alice(that) he would go to see her on Sunday and that she had better not go out.湯姆對(duì)艾利斯說他要在星期日去看他，并叫他最好別外出。
▲guard此處作“防護(hù)裝置”解釋，作此解釋時(shí)常和其他詞構(gòu)成合成名詞。 如mudguard擋泥板，fireguard防火裝置等。
A fireguard prevents children getting near the fire.防火裝置可阻止兒童靠近火源。
Miners wear a helmet as a guard against falling rocks.礦工戴著頭盔作為防護(hù)以抵擋下落的石塊。
17.GAS FIRES If you are using one of these,check that a window is open.
COOKING If a pan of oil catches fire,turn off the gas and cover the pan quickly.
燃?xì)鉅t火：如果你使用一種燃?xì)鉅t火，注意要讓一扇窗戶開著。
烹飪：如果油鍋著火，要把煤氣關(guān)上，并迅速蓋上鍋蓋。
▲ catch fire意為“著火“，側(cè)重與動(dòng)作，并不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。
As the wood is wet,it won’t catch fire.木頭是濕的，點(diǎn)不著。
Straw catches fire easily.稻草很容易著火。
The house caught fire while we were away.我們不在的時(shí)候房子著了火。
【注】be on fire 也有“著火”之意，但側(cè)重于燃燒的過程，可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，其中的on意為“在。。。過程中”。
The building had been on fire for half an hour when the firemen arrived.當(dāng)消防隊(duì)員趕到時(shí)，大樓已燒了半個(gè)小時(shí)。
18.POISONS Don’t pour poisons into other containers,for example,empty bottles.Keep them on a high shelf out of the reach of child.
有毒物品：不要把有毒物品倒入其他容器（空瓶），要把毒品放在小孩夠不著的高架上。
▲out of the reach或out of one’s reach意為“夠不著，拿不到”也可以說beyond one’s reach，此處reach是名詞，意為“手所及的范圍”，其反義詞組是within one’s reach。
Put the bottle of weed-killer out of the reach of children.把那瓶除草劑放在孩子們拿不到的地方。
The village is within reach of London.該村就在倫敦附近。
There are shops within easy reach of the house.這個(gè)房子附近就有幾家商店。
I’d like to have my reference book within my reach.我喜歡把參考書放在我順手可取的地方。
Granny put the fish out of the reach of the cat.奶奶把魚放在貓夠不著的地方。
In those days London was not within the reach of most people living as far north as Sheffield and Manchester.在那些日子里，大多數(shù)住在北方的，如設(shè)菲爾德，曼徹斯特地區(qū)的人們很難到達(dá)倫敦。
19.LADDERS Don’t use them on a wet floor.Get someone to hold the ladder for you.Don’t reach sideways while standing on a ladder.Get down first and move the ladder.梯子：不要在濕地板上使用梯子。請(qǐng)別人幫你扶助梯子。站在梯子上不要側(cè)著身子伸手去取東西，要先下來把梯子挪動(dòng)一下。
▲ Reach在本句中是動(dòng)詞，意為“伸手可取”
He reached out his hand for the ruler I offered him.他伸出手去接我給他的尺子。
By standing on tip-toe,I managed to reach the button.我踮起腳才勉強(qiáng)觸摸到電鈕。
She wasn’t tall enough to reach the branches.她個(gè)子不夠高，碰不著那些樹枝。
She had to reach her hand across the table to pass it on to me.她只好把手伸過桌子，把它傳給我。
▲ Sideways是副詞，意為“向旁邊”，“側(cè)著身子”
He fell off the ladder when he reached out for the lamp sideways.她側(cè)身去取電燈的時(shí)候從梯子摔了下來。
She was so fat that she could only get through the door sideways.她太胖了，只好側(cè)身子過門
20.WATER Make sure that young children cannot get close to pools,lakes,and rivers by themselves.水：務(wù)必不要讓小孩獨(dú)自去池塘，湖邊或江邊。
▲ get close to 意為“到。。。近旁”
She got close to the boy to see what he was doing.她走到孩子近旁，看看他在做些什么。
Tom and Huck got close to the bottom of the cave and found a large and heavy box.湯姆和哈克走進(jìn)洞底發(fā)現(xiàn)一只又大又沉的箱子。
▲ by oneself意為“獨(dú)自地”“單獨(dú)地”，作狀語。
A girl should not go out by herself at night.一個(gè)女孩晚上不應(yīng)單獨(dú)外出。
“You should do your homework all by yourselves.”said the teacher.老師說：“你們應(yīng)該獨(dú)立完成作業(yè)�！�
The little child wanted to eat by himself.這個(gè)小孩想要自己吃東西。
【注】by oneself意為“親自地”，“獨(dú)自地”，for oneself意為“為自己”，of oneself作“自動(dòng)地”解釋，to oneself是“暗自”的意思。
Do you have anything to say for yourself?你有什么要為自己說的嗎？
The machine works of itself.這機(jī)器自動(dòng)工作。
“This is not what I want”she said to herself.“這不是我所要的�！彼睦锵�。
Language record
In this unit I have learned to say in English:
Useful Expressions:
受了重（輕）傷 別緊張
對(duì)某人進(jìn)行急救 呆著別動(dòng)
夠不著 口對(duì)口的呼吸
誤喝農(nóng)藥 讓某人扶住梯子
Sentences:
1. 讓她留在原地。
2.我膝蓋疼。
3.根據(jù)需要盡量多次重復(fù)這個(gè)動(dòng)作。
4.這兒有幾條關(guān)于處理普通創(chuàng)傷的意見。
5. 若每個(gè)公民都懂得急救，那么許多人的生命是可以挽救的了。
6. 如果你感冒了，你該喝大量的水。
7.我們沒必要這么匆忙，汽車還得半小時(shí)才能到這兒。