Useful expressions
1.學(xué)習(xí)21課的對話，可以復(fù)習(xí)日常交際用語中“打電話”的常用語。
電話鈴響了，接電話的人通常先報自己的姓名或自己的電話號碼，如：Hello, this is Tom speaking. 或 Hello, Tom 或Hello, 8433156.
如果對方找的就是Tom，則會馬上說出自己是誰，如：Hello, this is Mary speaking 或 This is Mary. 或It’s Mary here .接著就講所要談的事情。如果對方找的不是Tom，而是Peter，對方可能詢問：Is Peter in ?或 Is Peter there ? 或 Is Peter at home ?或者提出要同Peter通話的要求，如：May/Can/Could I speak to Peter ,please? 或 I’d like to speak to Peter, please.
如果Peter在家，你要去叫Peter來接電話，你要對方稍等一會，通常說：A moment, please. 或Hold on, please.
如果Peter不在，你可以告訴對方，并請他留下口信。你可以說：Sorry, Peter isn’t in ./ Peter is out. / Peter isn’t here right now. Can/Could I take a message for you ? 或 Would you like to leave a message ? 或者叫他晚些時候再打電話，并告訴他Peter可能回來的時間。
如：Can you call later? He’ll be back at about…… 例如：
A: Hello, this is Charlie Green 喂，我是查理格林。
B: Hello, it’s Jack here, Could I speak to Peter, please? 喂，我是杰克。請彼得接電話好嗎？
A: Sorry, he isn’t here right now .Can I take a message for you? 對不起，他現(xiàn)在不在,要我給你帶個口信給他嗎?
B: Yes, please tell him I’ll go and see him this evening. 好的, 請告訴他我今天晚上要去看他。
A: Sure, I will。 Anything else? 我一定轉(zhuǎn)告，還有什么事嗎？
B: No, Good-bye! 沒有，再見！
A: Good-bye!再見！
2. Excuse me for ringing you so late in the evening.對不起，晚上這么晚了我不給你打電話。
That’s OK.沒關(guān)系。
“Excuse me”是表示歉意的交際用語。后接介詞短語for……，表示失禮的原因。回答時通常用That’s OK（沒關(guān)系。） That’s all right .沒什么。）Never mind.（不要緊。）例如：
A: Excuse me for ringing you so early in the morning.對不起，早上這么早給你打電話。
B: That’s OK.沒關(guān)系。
3.You had it when I last saw you. 我上次見到你時，看到你有雞年的郵票。
last在這兒用作副詞，表示“最后”、“上一次”、“最近地”(most recently）。
例如：
When did your elder brother last write to you ?
你哥哥最近一次給你寫信是什么時候？
I last saw him two months ago.
我上次見到他是兩個月前。
4.Oh! What a pity! / What a shame! 噯！太遺憾了！
這兩個句子都是表示遺憾的交際用語，a shame(=a pity)作“遺憾的事”解。例如：
1)A: There will be a good film at the People’s Cinema tonight. 今晚人民電影院放映一部好電影。
Will you go to see it with me? 你和我一起去看嗎？
B: No, I will have an important meeting to attend 不行，我有個重要的會議要參加。
A: Oh dear ,What a pity! 啊，太遺憾了。
2)A: I’m sorry I can’t join you in the travel.
對不起，我不能參加你們的旅行了。
B: What a shame! / What a pity. 真遺憾！
3)It’s a pity (that) you missed the lecture given by Professor Smith.
很遺憾，你沒有聽史密斯教授的講座。
這是由形式主語it引導(dǎo)的表示遺憾的用語，即由It is a pity +that clause（從句）構(gòu)成，由that 引導(dǎo)的主語從句表示遺憾的具體內(nèi)容，連詞that常可省略。又如：
It’s a pity (that) he cannot join us in the travel 很遺憾，他不能參加我們的旅行了。
5. Later, another type of coin was used, with holes in it ,and these were used for the next 2000 years, that is ,from 221 BC until 1916.
后來使用另外一種中間有孔的硬幣，這種硬幣以后用了2000年，即從公元前221年開始到1916年為止。
1) with holes in it 是一個with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，由with+ n.+介詞短語組成，作定語，相當(dāng)于一個定語從句（……which has holds in it），對先行詞coin 作補(bǔ)充說明。例如：
John’s family used to live in a wooden house, with trees round it.
約翰一家過去住在一座木頭房子里，四周都是樹木。
This is a new type of machine, with lots of metres on it.
這是一種新型機(jī)器，上面有很多儀表。
In the cave he found a coin, with a man’s head on it.
在這個洞里，他發(fā)現(xiàn)了一枚硬幣，幣上有一個男人的頭像。
這種with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)也可用作方式狀語。例如：
The teacher came into the classroom, with a book in his hand.
老師走進(jìn)教室，手里拿著一本書。
He is deep in thought, with his head in his hands.
他陷入深思，兩只手捧著頭。
2) “that is”意思是“這就是說”、“也就是”。在句中作插入語，用以對上文補(bǔ)充說明。
插入語的前后通常用逗號同句子的其他部分分開。例如：
John lived in London for nearly 10 years, that is, from 1986 to 1996.
約翰在倫敦住過將近十年，也就是從1986年到1996年。
Bruce is a New Yorker; that is ,he lives in New York.
布魯斯是紐約人，也就是說，他現(xiàn)在住在紐約。
6.Coins may be of different sizes, weights, shapes, and of different metals.
硬幣可能大小、輕重、形狀不同，鑄造的金屬可能不一樣。
句中of所引起的介詞短語作表語，表示coins的特征。be of +n.結(jié)構(gòu)用法如下：
1) be of +表示種類、年齡、顏色、形狀、價格等名詞，有“屬于；歸于”之意。例如：
The twelve of the stamps were of the usual kind.
這些郵票中的12枚屬普通類。
The two girls are of an age / the same age.
這兩個女孩年齡一樣大。
Join is of a different way of thinking.
約翰的思維方法與眾不同。
2) be of+抽象名詞，表示主語的性質(zhì)或特征，相當(dāng)于be +相應(yīng)的形容詞。例如：
They are of great help to learners of English.
他們對英語學(xué)習(xí)者幫助很大。
The meeting is of great importance.
這個會議非常重要。
Sport and games can be of great value.
體育運動可能具有很大的價值。
7.The earliest coins in the west were made of gold mixed with silver.
西方最早的硬幣是用金銀的合金制成的。
mixed with silver 是過去分詞作短語，作定語，修飾gold。作定語用的過去分詞短語通常都是置于它所修飾的名詞后面，在意思上大體相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。例如：
They cleaned the floor with water mixed with a chemical.
他們用滲有一種化學(xué)藥劑的水擦洗地板。
These are the coins collected by the old man.
這些就是那位教師收集的硬幣。
The girl dressed in red is his younger sister.
穿紅衣服的女孩是他的妹妹。
但單個的過去分詞作定語時，通常放在它所修飾的名詞前面。例如：
I can finish the work in the given time.
我可以在規(guī)定的時間內(nèi)完成這項工作。
He is a respected and beloved leader.
他是一位受人尊敬和愛戴的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。
8.It contained 54,951 coins dating from the years 260-275 AD.
（在英格蘭發(fā)現(xiàn)的）那一堆硬幣共有54，951枚，制幣時間是公元260年至275年之間。
It指上文的 the collection of coins found in England. -ing短語dating from……作定語，相當(dāng)于一個定語從句……which dated from the years……，修飾先行詞coins。這里的date是不及物動詞，作“起始”、“興起于”解，常用介詞from一起構(gòu)成短語動詞date from，意思是始于……時期“（come from a certain time）”。例如：
The castle dates from the 17th century.
這城堡始建于十七世紀(jì)。
The friendship dating from our childhood will never be forgotten.
我們童年結(jié)下的友誼是決不會被忘掉的。
His interest in stamp collecting dates from his teens.
他集郵的興趣產(chǎn)生于他十幾歲的時候。
9.The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies,all of them over 600 years old.
英格蘭發(fā)現(xiàn)的最大一堆硬幣是20萬枚銀制的便士，它們都是600年前制作的。
collection n. group of objects that have been collected and that belong together. 收集品
This museum has a large collection of ancient pictures.
這家博物館收藏一大批古代繪畫。
The collection of the data for this report took me a lot of time.
我花了相當(dāng)多的時間收集這份報告的資料。
10.It is possible that one of them kept a kind of bank where the workers could keep their money safe.
其中有一個人可能開了一種錢莊，工人們可以把錢安全地存放在那里。
這是一個由形式主語it引導(dǎo)的句子，其句型結(jié)構(gòu)為：It is +adj.+that clause.真正的主語是后面的that從句。例如：
It is possible that it will rain tomorrow.
明天可能會下雨。
It was clear that they hadn’t made a decision.
很明顯，他們還沒作出決定。
keep a bank開辦銀行。keep是及物動詞，作“經(jīng)營”、“管理”、“養(yǎng)活”解，后跟名詞作賓語。如：keep a hotel 經(jīng)營旅館，keep a shop 開商店，keep the house 管理家務(wù)，keep a family 養(yǎng)家糊口。
keep the money safe 使錢存放安全。這里的keep也是及物動詞，作“使保持（某種狀態(tài)）”解，后跟帶形容詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)（keep +n.+adj.）。例如：
You should keep you room clean and tidy.
你們應(yīng)保持你們的房間整潔。
Keep the food cool, or it will go bad.
把食物冷藏起來，否則會壞掉。
11.It is known that thousands of Chinese worked in the gold mines in the late 19th century.
據(jù)了解，有幾千名中國人在十九世紀(jì)后期曾經(jīng)在這兒的金礦做過工。
It is known that……是由形式主語it引導(dǎo)的句子，類似的句型還有：
It is said that ……據(jù)說,……
It is believed that……據(jù)信，……
It is reported that……據(jù)報導(dǎo)，……
It is announced that……據(jù)宣布，……
12.Possibly this person died without anyone knowing where the coins were hidden.(=It is possible that after the death of this person, no one knows where the coins were hidden.)
可能這個人去世后就沒有人知道這批硬幣藏在什么地方了。
……without anyone knowing where the coins were hidden是一個介詞短語，在句中作狀語。在knowing后還跟一個賓語從句。又如：
He is too serious without anyone getting near to him.
他太嚴(yán)肅了，沒有人親近他。
He hid the money without anyone knowing where it was.
他把錢藏起來了，沒有人知道錢在什么地方。
介詞without作“毫無”、“沒有”解，后跟名詞或-ing形式，作狀語，除表示結(jié)果外，更多的是表示方式或條件，可以有靈活的譯法。例如：
He looked at me without expression.
他毫無表情地看著我。
Fish can’t live without water.
魚離開水就不能生存。
He left the room without saying anything.
他二話沒說離開了房間。
He came to the party without being invited.
沒被邀請他也來參加了晚會。
13.The ones which you decide not to keep can be traded with other people.
(=You can give the stamps which you don’t need to other people in exchange for new ones.)
那些你決定不保留的郵票可以同別人交換。
短語動詞trade with sb.作“與（某人）做買賣”(have dealings with sb.)、“同（某人）交換”(exchange goods with sb.)解。例如：
Britain trades with many European countries.
英國與許多歐洲國家有貿(mào)易往來。
They are stamp collectors; they often trade stamps with each other.
他們是集郵者；他們經(jīng)常互相交換郵票。
I’d like to trade this knife for your book.
我想用這把刀換你的書。
14.However, do keep the envelope if it is the first date when that particular stamp is used.
但如果那種郵票是第一天啟用的，就一定要把信封保存起來。
句中的do是助動詞，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，有“務(wù)必”、“一定要”的意思。例如：
Do keep quiet in class. 上課時一定要保持安靜。
Do come to the meeting on time. 務(wù)必準(zhǔn)時到會。
句中when是關(guān)系副詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾先行詞date，例如：
Do you remember the date when your little sister was born?
你記得你小妹妹出生的日期嗎？
I’ll never forget the day when I first came to this city.
我將永遠(yuǎn)忘不了第一次來這個城市的那一天。
15.Sooner or later you will decide that you want to collect a certain kind of stamp.
遲早你會決定要收集某種郵票。
He is always telling lies; he will be punished sooner or later.
他老是撒謊，遲早會受到懲罰的。
Sooner or later Taiwan will return to our country.
遲早臺灣會回歸祖國的。
You should tell him the secret, because sooner or later he will find it out.
你應(yīng)該把這個秘密告訴他，因為遲早他會發(fā)現(xiàn)的。
16.You can then look for new ones to add to your collection.
那么你可以再收集新郵票來充實你的郵集。
add to 短語動詞，作“增添”解（increase）。例如：
Her sickness added to the family’s troubles.
她的病增添了家中的困難。
The newly built bridge added to the beauty of the city.
新建的大橋給這座城市增添了一道風(fēng)景。
17.Go to stamp sales and buy whatever you can afford. (=Go to the place where stamps are sold ,and buy any stamps that you have enough money to buy.)
到郵票銷售點去，把你能買得起的郵票買下來。
stamp sales=stamp sales department. 郵票銷售部，郵票銷售點（the place where stamps are sold）.
sale的復(fù)數(shù)形式sales常用來作定語，或構(gòu)成合成語。例如：
a sales talk 銷售洽談； the sales department 銷售部；
salesgirl/salesman/saleswoman推銷員，售貨員。
whatever 是連接代詞,意為“凡是……的”、“所……的東西”（anything that），用來引導(dǎo)名詞從句。本句中的whatever you can afford 就是用作及物動詞buy 的賓語（……and buy anything that you can afford ）.例如:
Whatever he said was true .(=Anything that he said was true.)
他所說的（事）都是真實的。（主語從句）
You have to do whatever you are told to. (=You have to do anything that you are told to do.)
叫你干什么你就得干什么。
此外，whatever還可作“無論什么”解，=no matter what用來引導(dǎo)狀語從句，表示讓步。例如：
Whatever you do ,do your best.(=No matter what you do, do your best.)
無論你干什么，總要盡最大努力。
Don’t change your mind whatever happens.
(Don't change your mind no matter what happens.)
無論發(fā)生什么情況，不要改變你的主張。
afford vt 花得起，買得起（have enough money to pay for.）。例如：
The house for sale is at such high price that we can’t afford it.
那座待售的房子價格太高，我們買不起。
This kind of car costs a lot of money, but he can afford (to buy )it.
這類小汽車要花很多錢，但他買得起。
18.You can often pick up packs of used stamps very cheaply.
你經(jīng)常可以很便宜地買到大量用過的郵票。
短語動詞pick up在本句中作“用較少的錢買到”解（buy sth. with less money than usual/ obtain sth. cheaply）。例如：
Can you tell me where I might pick up a good used car?
你能告訴我在哪兒可買到一輛好的舊車嗎？
I picked up a valuable coin at a very low price.
我用很便宜的價錢買到一枚很有價值的硬幣。
Language record
In this unit I have learned to say in English:
Useful Expressions:
在電話里談?wù)撪]票 雞年郵票
買到大批用過的郵票 成堆的硬幣
盡可能多地收集郵票 和某人交換某物
首日封 充實你的收藏
Sentences:
1.我沒有早想到這件事，真可惜！
2.硬幣可能大小、重量、形狀不同，鑄造的金屬也可能不一樣。
3.通常在硬幣的一面有一個名人的頭像。
4.據(jù)了解，成千上萬的中國人在19世紀(jì)后期曾經(jīng)在這個金礦里勞動過。
5.這些硬幣的制幣時間是公元260年至275年之間。
6.這兒有幾點意見供你參考。
7.去郵票銷售點，把你能買得起的郵票買下來。
8.集郵是一件樂事！