作者：籍萬杰
非謂語動詞包括不定式、動名詞和分詞,從歷屆高考試題來看,不定式和分詞是考查的重點。下面結合高考試題,對非謂語動詞的作用及其區別分別加以說明。
一、考查非謂語動詞作主語
能作主語的非謂語動詞有不定式和動名詞。兩者的區別是:表示某一具體的動作時,多用不定式;表示比較抽象的一般的行為傾向時,多用動名詞。動名詞作主語時通常位于句首;不定式作主語則常置于句末,用it作形式主語放在句首。
[原題再現]
In fact ________ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.
A. this B. that C. there D. it
答案:D
二、考查非謂語動詞作賓語
不定式和動名詞可作介詞或動詞的賓語,具體用法詳見本報第2期和第6期。
[原題再現]
①Victor apologized for ________ to inform me of the change in the plan.
A. his being not able
B. him not to be able
C. his not being able
D. him to be not able
②We agree ________ here but so far she hasn't turned up yet.
A. having met B. meeting
C. to meet D. to have met
答案:① C ② C
三、考查非謂語動詞作補語
能作賓語補足語和主語補足語的非謂語動詞有不定式、現在分詞、過去分詞,用哪種非謂語動詞形式往往取決于前面動詞的句型和不同的非謂語動詞所表示的意義。
現在分詞和過去分詞作補足語的用法和區別詳見本報第3期、第5期和第6期。下面筆者著重講一下不定式作補足語的情況。
1. 能接帶to的不定式作賓語補足語和主語補足語的動詞有:ask,tell,force,get,allow,want,wish,like,hate,prefer,intend,expect,encourage,advise,persuade,permit,request,order, warn,cause等,表示賓語或主語執行不定式的動作(具有"主動"的意義),而且不定式的動作多發生在句子謂語動詞動作之后(具有"將來"的意義)。
[原題再現]
My advisor encouraged ________ a summer course to improve my writing skills.
A. for me taking B. me taking
C. for me to take D. me to take
答案:D
2. 使役動詞、感官動詞能接不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語和帶to的不定式作主語補足語。常見的使役動詞有make,let,have等;感官動詞有see,hear,watch,observe,notice,feel以及look at,listen to等。
[原題再現]
Paul doesn't have to be made ________. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案:B
3. 現在分詞作賓語補足語表示動作正在發生。
[原題再現]
Don't leave the water ________ while you brush your teeth.
A. run B. running
C. being run D. to run
答案:B
四、考查非謂語動詞作定語
不定式、動名詞和分詞都可以作定語。
1. 不定式作定語多和被修飾的名詞具有"動賓關系",即被修飾的名詞是不定式動作的承受者;如果不定式是不及物動詞,就要在不定式動詞后面加上相應的介詞。
[原題再現]
There are five pairs ________, but I'm at a loss which to buy.
A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing
答案:B
2. 現在分詞作定語多和被修飾的名詞具有"主謂關系",即現在分詞用主動式時,被修飾的名詞正在執行其動作;現在分詞用被動式時,被修飾的名詞正在承受其動作;過去分詞作定語與其所修飾的名詞有"動賓關系",表示一個被動或完成的動作。
[原題再現]
①The disc, digitally ________ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded
②Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures ________ in your mind instead of before your eyes.
A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed
答案:① A ② C
五、考查非謂語動詞作狀語
能作狀語的有不定式、現在分詞和過去分詞。不定式短語放在句首多作目的狀語,在句末多作原因狀語、結果狀語。現在分詞短語放在句首多作原因、條件、時間等狀語,在句末多作方式、伴隨狀語,也可作結果狀語。過去分詞短語放在句首多表示時間、條件、原因等,放在句末表示對前面的情況起補充說明作用,同時與句子主語具有被動關系。
[原題再現]
①________ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.
A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited
②The news reporters hurried to the airport, only ________ the film stars had left.
A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told
③ ________ by the beauty of nature , the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm.
A. Attracting B. Attracted C. To be attracted D. Having attracted
④ "We can't go out in this weather,"said Bob, ________ out of the window.
A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked
答案:① C ② B ③ B ④ A
六、考查非謂語動詞作表語
不定式、動名詞和分詞都可作表語,具體用法詳見本報第3期、第5期和第6期。
[原題再現]
Sarah, hurry up. I'm afraid you can't have time to ________ before the party.
A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change
答案:A
七、考查非謂語動詞的特殊結構與句式
非謂語動詞除了上述幾種用法外,還可以用在以下幾種特殊結構與句式中。
1. "疑問詞 + 不定式"結構
[原題再現]
It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows ________.
A. it what to do with
B. what to do it with
C. what to do with it
D. to do what with it
答案:C
2. with復合結構
[原題再現]
①With a lot of difficult problems ________, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled
②It was a pity that the great writer died ________ his works unfinished.
A. for B. with C. from D. of
答案:① C ② B