本單元內(nèi)容概述

1. 詞匯

單詞：

honest,brave,loyal,wise,handsome,smart,argue,solution,classical,cast,survival,deserted,hunt,share,sorrow,feeling,board,parachute,lie,speech,adventure,scared,e-pal,admit,opinion

詞組：argue about sth辯論某事，solve the problem解決問(wèn)題，fill in the form填表,be fond of(doing) sth喜愛(ài)某人/物;sruf the Internet上網(wǎng);likes and dislikes好惡;express one’s ideas表達(dá)某人想法;hunt for sth/sb搜尋人/物;in order to do 為了,even though即使;share happiness and sorro同甘共苦;on board在船/飛機(jī)上;tell lies撒謊;keep dogs as pets養(yǎng)狗作為寵物;be quick in在…反映快;click sth away（在電腦上）將…清除掉;have fun玩得高興;drop sb a line給某人寫(xiě)信（通常指短信）2.日常交際用語(yǔ) 喜好與厭惡

A. 喜好

1. like /love+sth 2.love/like doing sth(泛指所喜愛(ài)做的事情或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作)/to do sth(表示一次具體時(shí)間或某一階段性的動(dòng)作) 3. enjoy (doing ) sth 4. be fond of (doing) sth 5. be into sth 6.my interest is 7. my hobby is

B.厭惡: 1.dislike sth/doing sth(表達(dá)習(xí)慣)/to do sth(表達(dá)具體的動(dòng)作) 2.hate sth/to do sth /doing sth

一 名人格言

A friend in need is a friend indeed.患難之交才是朋友

Real friends are few and far between.知音難得.

Long distance separates no bosom friends.海內(nèi)存知己,天涯若比鄰.

二 課程內(nèi)容導(dǎo)學(xué)

1.本單元的主題是好朋友.在生活中,每一個(gè)人都有自己的朋友,而課文中主人翁查克(Chuck)的好朋友是排球Wilson,是什么原因使他同一只排球結(jié)下了不解之緣呢?查克曾是一名商人,忙于生意而很少有時(shí)間同朋友們呆在一起.一次意外的飛行事故使他改變了自己對(duì)于朋友的態(tài)度.再橫跨太平洋的途中,他的飛機(jī)失事墜毀,而他卻幸于免難,被遺棄在一個(gè)荒無(wú)人煙的島嶼上.除了需要學(xué)會(huì)收集水,尋找食物和生火等外,最大的困難莫過(guò)于沒(méi)有朋友.特殊的生存環(huán)境,使他發(fā)展了同一個(gè)不尋常的朋友-----排球的友誼,也使他反思自己的過(guò)去,意識(shí)到他以前沒(méi)有一個(gè)好朋友的原因是一直只為自己作想,也感悟到真正的朋友應(yīng)是同甘苦共患難,從朋友那里索取多少就應(yīng)付出多少的人生哲理.

正如問(wèn)中所說(shuō):“我們從查克和其他有不尋常朋友的人那里能 夠得到的教訓(xùn)是朋友是老師.友誼能夠幫助我們懂得我們是什么樣的人,為什么我們彼此依賴,我們能夠彼此間為對(duì)方干點(diǎn)什么.”

三 重點(diǎn)詞語(yǔ)用法

1 honest adj.誠(chéng)實(shí)的，正直的

He is an honest business man. 他是個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)的商人/ Give an honest opinion提出袒誠(chéng)的意見(jiàn) /Do you like my dress? Please be honest.你喜歡我的連衣裙嗎? 請(qǐng)說(shuō)實(shí)話. /be ~ about this matter with us開(kāi)誠(chéng)布公地對(duì)我們談了這件事情。/She is ~ to John,really.對(duì)真誠(chéng)/Let us be ~ with each other.相互真誠(chéng)

Ex1..I was ~ __ you to tell me your troubles. (of) 2.(be) quite ~ about it, that’s all the money I have got.(to be)

注意:honest的名詞是honesty,意為“誠(chéng)實(shí);老實(shí);實(shí)在”;副詞是honestly,意思是“以公平而公正的方式;的確(等于really)”.例如: We should learn how to deal honestly with others.我們應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)如何與別人公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)./ Honesty is the character we should have.誠(chéng)實(shí)是我們應(yīng)該具有的品質(zhì).

2 loyal adj. true and faithful 忠誠(chéng)的;忠貞的

① We are all ~ to the company. 我們都忠于公司 。/He is ~ to his wife.對(duì)妻子忠誠(chéng)。

注意:loyal 的名詞是loyalty,意為“忠誠(chéng);忠誠(chéng)行為”,為不可數(shù);也可作“盡某人忠實(shí)的義務(wù)或受約束”,為可數(shù)名詞.副詞形式為loyally.例如:

① Can I count on your loyalty？ 你對(duì)我的忠誠(chéng)能讓我信得過(guò)嗎？

② We all have a loyalty to the company. 我們都有對(duì)公司效忠的義務(wù).

3.wise a 英明的，明智的，聰明的

a ~ decision英明的決定/a ~ action明智之舉/I’m sure you are ~ to wait明智地等

Ex.It was not very ~ ____ you to te sell the computer.(of)

4.handsome a 英俊的（男性）；大方的，美觀的;體態(tài)俊美、端莊穩(wěn)重（女士）

The soldier looks very ~.士兵看上去很英俊。/a ~horse/building/car漂亮的馬建筑物/汽車(chē)/a ~ contribution慷慨的捐助

注意：女士漂亮可用beautiful,pretty…

5. smart adj

1) bright and new-looking; well-drssed; neat 帥氣的;衣著講究的;整齊的

① You look very smart in this new dress. 穿上這裙子看上去很漂亮.

② Make yourself smart before all the guests arrive. 趕快打扮一下.

2) having or showing intelligence; clever;ingenious 聰明的;伶俐的;聰敏的

① She is a very smart student. 他是一個(gè)很聰明的學(xué)生.

② He quickly gave a smart answer. 他很快做出了巧妙的回答.

③ It is smart of the girls to bring so much food and clothing.這些女孩子很聰明,帶上這么多的衣食,

3) quick, brisk 快的,敏捷的

① go for a smart walk in the park.輕輕地散步.

② set off at a smart pace to the playground.邁著矯健的步子走向

4) forceful 有力的,猛烈的

① I gave a smart blow on the lid, and it flew open.朝蓋子猛一擊,就打開(kāi)了.

② receive a smart criticism from sb.受到嚴(yán)厲的批評(píng).

5) fashionable 時(shí)髦的,高雅的

① We can eat in a smart restaurant 在一家時(shí)髦高雅的餐館吃飯

② She is always the smart set. 她總是趕時(shí)髦的人.

注意 :smart的動(dòng)詞是smarten,意為使自己(某人,某物)“更整潔,更有條理等”;其副詞為smartly,意為“整潔的,利索的,猛烈的”;名詞為smartness.例如:

① You will have to smart yourself up a bit 打扮一下 .

② Try to smarten the house up 把房子整理一下.

③ He walked smartly into the hall. 他邁著矯健的步子進(jìn)入大廳.

6.argue vi 爭(zhēng)論/爭(zhēng)辯 （argument n ）

He ~s well.善辯/~ with sb about/over/on sth/sb into(反out of) do sth(說(shuō)服做/不做)/for(為而力爭(zhēng))/~ against(反駁/證明站不住腳)/sb down駁倒某人

注意：argue側(cè)重于提出理由，據(jù)理力爭(zhēng)進(jìn)行反駁。Quarrel側(cè)重于吵架，無(wú)所謂有理無(wú)理。

7.solution n 解決（方案/方法）；解答

find any ~ to an argument找到爭(zhēng)執(zhí)解決方法

8 especially adv. in particular; specially 尤其;特別

① I bought this flower especially for you. 為你專門(mén)買(mǎi)這朵花.

② This mountain is beautiful, especially in spring.尤其是在春天.

注意與specially的異同:都可以表示“專門(mén)”解,修飾動(dòng)詞或介詞短語(yǔ),兩者可以通用.如上面的句子可以寫(xiě)成I bought this flower specially for you.然而especially可以作程度副詞,修飾形容詞或副詞,而specially不可以.另外especially 后可跟介詞短語(yǔ),表示特殊性,而specially無(wú)此用法.如:

① She went to Shanghai specially to see her son.專門(mén)去看 兒子.

② These flower are especially beautiful 這些花最美.

especially的形容詞為especial,意為“特別的,突出的,特殊的”,“獨(dú)特的,獨(dú)有的”.如:① Many people think America attacked Iraq for its special interest.很多人認(rèn)為美國(guó)進(jìn)攻伊拉克為了其特有的利益.

9 hobby n. favorite activity that a person does for pleasure not as his regular business. (業(yè)余)愛(ài)好,嗜好

① The boy’s hobby is collecting stamps. 業(yè)余愛(ài)好是收集郵票.

注意hobby與 interest的不同:interest的范圍要廣得多,多指某人的興趣,這個(gè)興趣可以是與工作有關(guān)或與經(jīng)濟(jì)利益有關(guān),總之一切的喜好都可以叫做interest,而hobby指人們的業(yè)余愛(ài)好,一般沒(méi)有利益性或不把此作為賺錢(qián)的手段.如:

① His biggest interest is how to make more money. 最大的興趣

10、bore,bored,boring

1)bore為動(dòng)詞，意思是“使某人感到厭煩”，后跟人作賓語(yǔ)。如：

① all his stories bore me.他的那些事使我厭煩

② Long novels bore me to tears. 我覺(jué)得長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)特別讓人厭煩。

2)bored為bore的過(guò)去分詞形式，意思是“感到厭煩的”， 修飾人，做表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)。如：① I’m bored. Let’s go to the cinema.我悶了

② I hope you’re not getting bored of my conversation.話沒(méi)讓你煩

3)boring 為表示主動(dòng)意義的形容詞，有“令人厭煩”的意思，多作定語(yǔ)與表語(yǔ)，修飾物。如： ① The film is so boring. 電影太乏味了.

② I’m bored with so many boring things . 我厭倦了乏味的事情，。

11、enjoy vt.1)get pleasure from 從......中獲得樂(lè)趣。如：

① I enjoy adventure stories very much.我非常喜愛(ài)驚險(xiǎn)故事。

② I enjoy walking around in the garden after meal.喜歡散步

2)have sth. as an advantage or a benefit 享有（某事物）。例如：

Every citizen over 18 enjoys the right to elect 公民享有選舉權(quán)

3)enjoy oneself 過(guò)得愉快。

① These boys enjoyed themselves very much on the boat.過(guò)得很愉快。

注意： enjoy 與like, love 的區(qū)別：后都可以跟名詞或動(dòng)名詞，多數(shù)情況下可以通用，但是enjoy有“享有某種權(quán)利”的意思，而like, love僅表示“喜愛(ài)”。另外love, like后面可以跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)，而enjoy后不可以跟不定式。

enjoy的名詞是enjoyment,意為“愉快，歡樂(lè)，樂(lè)趣， 滿意”；形容詞為enjoyable,意為“令人愉快的，使人快樂(lè)的”。如：

① Reading books is one of her chief enjoyments.她的主要樂(lè)趣之一

12.Play vi., vt. ＆ n.

n.1)activity done for amusement, especially by children; recreation游戲，玩耍（尤指兒童的）；娛樂(lè)

① All work and no play makes John a dull boy。只工作不休息智者也變傻。

2)playing of a game 比賽，競(jìng)賽，運(yùn)動(dòng)

① There is no play because of the rain yesterday.沒(méi)有比賽。

3)work performed by actors, drama戲劇，劇本。

① She has just written a new play .她剛寫(xiě)了一個(gè)新劇本。

② Do a play演戲

v.1)doing things for amusement 玩耍，玩

① There is a time to work and time to play.有工作時(shí)間和娛樂(lè)時(shí)間

2)pretend to do sth. for amusement裝扮，打扮， 演（不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）

① This actor is famous for playing a politician.以演政治家而著名

3)Take part in a game 參加比賽，踢（足球），打（籃球），玩（紙牌）等

① Boys are fond of playing basketball 男孩子喜歡打籃球

13.survive v.1)continue to live or exist 繼續(xù)生存或存在

① After the war the child is the last surviving member of the family. 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)過(guò)后，這個(gè)孩子是這個(gè)家唯一活著的人。

2)continue to live or exist in spite of nearly being killed or destroyed by sth. 經(jīng)歷某事后幸存

The plants may not survive the frost.這些植物不經(jīng)凍。

3)remain alive after sb. 比（某人）長(zhǎng)命

The old man survived all his children .老人的孩子先他而去世了

注意： survive的名詞為survival,意為“繼續(xù)生存或存在；存活；幸存”，為不可數(shù)名詞；也可以作“過(guò)去時(shí)代留存下來(lái)的人、物、風(fēng)俗、信仰等”，為可數(shù)名詞。Eg. Sometimes there is survival of people in the crash.空難事件中有的人大難不死。

survive on sth.依賴....生活 I can’t survive on 30 a week,我每周收入30英鎊，難以活命。

14、challenge n. v.

n 挑戰(zhàn)，邀請(qǐng)比賽

give a ~挑戰(zhàn)/receive a ~ to a game接到比賽的邀請(qǐng)

vt向挑戰(zhàn)~+n( to+n)向某人/某事挑戰(zhàn)

Their team challenged us to a game of table tennis.要與我們賽球

注意：challenge的另一名詞是challenger， 意為“提出競(jìng)爭(zhēng)要求的人；挑戰(zhàn)者”；開(kāi)竅詞為challenging,意為“提出難題的，激勵(lì)的；挑戰(zhàn)的”。如a challenging job。

15、 hunt for搜尋，追尋，尋找

I had a good hunt for the key.找了好一陣子/The police are on the hunt for further clues.正在進(jìn)一步搜尋線索/It’stoo cold for the animals to hunt for food.覓食

16、 share v 分享，共有 n 共享，分額

~ sth with/among/between與共同使用/分享If you have an umbrella,open it/put it up and let me ~ it with you./Why not ~ the cost among us?/Your ~ of the cost is $10./You must take your~ of the blame.你必須承擔(dān)事故的部分責(zé)任。

17、 board n 木版，甲板，會(huì)議桌 vt 上（船、車(chē)、飛機(jī)等）

Put up the list on the ~.把名單貼布告牌上/Clean the ~ before class begins./Please ~ the plane immediately.請(qǐng)立刻登基。Flight BA 193 for Paris is now ~ing.乘飛往巴黎的BA193班機(jī)的旅客現(xiàn)在可以登機(jī)。

18.lie n(C) 謊言 vi(lied,lied)說(shuō)謊, (lay,lain)躺，位于

tell a lie/lies撒謊/His story is nothing but a pack of lies.他說(shuō)的純粹是一派鬼話。Don’t you dare lie to me!你敢跟我撒謊！/lie on one’s back/side仰臥/側(cè)臥/He has lain in bed ./The factory lies about 5 kilos to the east of the town.

19.adventure n(C)冒險(xiǎn)經(jīng)歷;(u)冒險(xiǎn)

have an ~有一次奇遇/her ~s in Africa非洲的冒險(xiǎn)經(jīng)歷/a life full of !充滿驚險(xiǎn)刺激的生活/~ stories驚險(xiǎn)故事

20.have fun玩得高興

We have lots of fun at the fair today.在游樂(lè)場(chǎng)玩的高興/Hun fun(=Enjoy yourself)!盡情玩吧!

21、admit v.承認(rèn)，容認(rèn)，接納

He admitted stealing the bike./承認(rèn)偷了單車(chē)(he admitted that he had stolen the bike.)。/Visitors are not admitted to/into this area. 游客不允許進(jìn)入這個(gè)區(qū)域/This classroom only admits 50 people. 我們的教室只能容納50人。

注意：admit作為不及物動(dòng)詞，后跟介詞to,形成admit to sth.／doing sth.的搭配， 也可以作為及物動(dòng)詞，形成admit sth.／doing sth.的搭配）

① The thief would not admit to stealing that man, s money.

那個(gè)小偷不肯承認(rèn)偷了那人的錢(qián)。

注意：admit的形容詞形式是admitted,意為“自己承認(rèn)的”，多作定語(yǔ)，副詞是admittedly,意為“無(wú)可否認(rèn)的；誠(chéng)然”。

① We all treat him as an admitted liar.認(rèn)為他是直言不諱的說(shuō)謊者

② Admittedly, I’ve never actually been there.說(shuō)實(shí)在的

22.opinion n 意見(jiàn)，判斷

What’s your ~ of the new Persident?/give his honest ~直言不諱發(fā)表意見(jiàn)/in one’s ~(in the ~ of) sb在某人看來(lái)/have a good/highbad/poor ~ of對(duì)評(píng)價(jià)很好/不好

23.deserted a 荒蕪的，為人所棄的

a ~ island/The office was quite ~.辦公室空無(wú)一人。A ~ baby棄嬰

24、collect 和gather這兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞都可以表示“收集”“聚集”，但有幾點(diǎn)不同。

▲作為及物動(dòng)詞，它們的賓語(yǔ)是物，gather 表示把分散的東西集中到一起；collect 指精心地、有選擇地收集。

The little girl gathered some wild flowers.采集了一些野花。

▲當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是人或動(dòng)物時(shí)，通常用gather, 這時(shí)這些人或動(dòng)物都處于受支配狀況。如： The teacher gathered the children round her.把孩子們聚集要周?chē)��?/p>

注：作為不及物動(dòng)詞，這兩個(gè)詞可以換用。A crowd soon gathered／collected round him.一群人很快聚集在他周?chē)��?/p>

25.scared a.害怕的 (1)a scared look驚嚇的表情 (2)be scared of/at害怕:Are you scared of snakes? (3)be scared to do/that怕做/會(huì):She was scared to ride on the horse?/She was scared that the horse might kick her.

四．重要詞組短語(yǔ)

1、too much 與 much too的用法區(qū)別

too much意思是“太多”，指超出正常，可以作表語(yǔ)、 賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)（修飾動(dòng)詞）。如：

① You have talked too much about it.這事你講的太多了。（作狀語(yǔ)）

much too 為程度副詞， 修飾非積極意義的形容詞或副詞。如：

① The question is much too difficult for such children.問(wèn)題極難

2、be/get/ become fond of 相當(dāng)于like, take pleasure in, be full of love for(一般不用于否定).如：

① I’m fond of singing. 我喜歡唱歌。

注意：fond指慣常的愛(ài)好，不指一時(shí)的愛(ài)好， 如不能說(shuō) I am fond of taking a walk mow.而要說(shuō)I would like to take a walk now.否定句中常用的not care to do 來(lái)代替be not fond of doing.如：

① I don’t care to go there.我不愿意去那里。表示喜歡有:like/enjoy/be quite interested in/be fond of/be into/care for/love;My favourite hobbies are/My interests are.

3、all over the world意為“在世界上，在全球”。 多作定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。如：

① People all over the world are for peace and against war.

世界上的人們支持和平，反對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。

注意：all over the world與in the world的區(qū)別：all over the world是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)的說(shuō)法，它指世界的各個(gè)角落，而 in the world側(cè)重中人類生活的地方。有時(shí)in the world僅起到加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣的作用，并非強(qiáng)調(diào)范圍。如：

① Any man in the world can see that their attack is against the people’s interest. 世人都可以看到，他們的進(jìn)攻是違背人民利益的。

4、make a fire 意為“生火”。注意 教材中fire(U)，詞典里是有a。如：

① The young woman went into the kitcten, made a fire and began to cook.

② The hunters made a fire____(boil) up some water.(to boil)

注意搭配:catch fire著火，燒起來(lái);on fire燃燒著的;set fire to縱火于;set..on fire放火

5、in order to 意為“為了”， 作目的狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于so as to 或 to do.如：

① In order to get there on time these people got up very in the morning. 為了及時(shí)到達(dá)，這些人早晨很早就起床。

in order to在許多情況下可以與so as to 替換使用，但位于句首時(shí)要用in order to 而不用so as to.

6、think about 與 think of

think about 有“就…思考,考慮,回想，想起”的意思，后多跟名詞；think of 有“考慮、關(guān)心,想起,想一想，想象，(與could,should,never連用)有…的想法、看法,(與as連用)把…看作”的意思， 后可以跟名詞、動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。如：

① He is very selfish. He is always thinking about himself and never

thinking about others. 他非常自私，他總是考慮自己，從不為別人著想。

② He is thinking of building another house beside the playground.

他打算在操場(chǎng)邊再建一所房子。

注意:think well/ill of認(rèn)為…(不)好;think much/little of認(rèn)為…很不錯(cuò)/不重視、看輕;think nothing of把…看得很平常

7、treat...as...意為“把.....看作”，“象....一樣對(duì)待”。as為介詞。如：

① I decided to treat his words as jokes.

我決定將他的話當(dāng)成笑話。

treat本身可以做“對(duì)待；探討，討論；醫(yī)治；處理； 款待”解。如

① They treated me as if I were a fool. 他們拿我當(dāng)傻子看。

8、care about 意為“憂慮；關(guān)心；惦念”。如：① People all over the world are caring about the future of Iraq.人們都在關(guān)心伊拉克的前途。

要注意與car for 的異同：作“關(guān)心”解，兩者可以通用。但care for還有“喜歡；在乎；照料；愛(ài)；（否定句中）愛(ài)好”。如：

① Though he is a business man, he cares little for money.不在乎

9、make friends with意為“與某人交朋友”。注意friend要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：

① He likes making friends with all kinds of people喜歡交朋友

10、as....as 意為“跟.....一樣”。中間跟形容詞或副詞的原級(jí)， 第二個(gè)as后跟副詞、名詞或句子。如：

① You should finish the work as early as possible.盡早

注意： as ....as 中間的形容詞如果修飾名詞，要將名詞放在不定冠詞的前面。復(fù)數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞不用于此結(jié)構(gòu)中。

① Tom is as hard-working a boy as his brother.湯姆像他哥哥一樣，是個(gè)勤奮的孩子。

11、such as與for example such as和for example都可以用于舉例。但such as 為介詞短語(yǔ)，后直接跟賓語(yǔ)，而for example后面有逗號(hào)， 然后跟名詞，另外for example可以位于句末，而such as 不可以。如：

① Many people, such as children and old men, lost their lives in the war. 很多人，如孩子和老人，在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中喪生。

12、try to do與try doing try to do表示“想，打算”， 尤其表示僅是想法并沒(méi)有做到或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的時(shí)候，多用此結(jié)構(gòu)；try doing表示“嘗試做某事”。如：

① He tried to move the stone, but failed.他想搬動(dòng)那塊石頭

② He tried putting this to the soil to make it soft.試著

五 常用句型結(jié)構(gòu)

1.Write down what you hear.

What you hear是object clause,what表示“所聽(tīng)到的事情”，在從句中做hear的賓語(yǔ)。另外在從句中還可以做主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。這種從句有兩種情況:

(1)what引導(dǎo)的從句中，仍保留其疑問(wèn)意義“什么”。Eg.What he wants to do is clear.他想做什么是清楚的。（主語(yǔ)從句）

I can’t understand what he meant.我不理解他是什么意思。

The problem is what they should do next.問(wèn)題是下一步怎么辦?

(2)what引導(dǎo)的從句表示一種東西或一件事情，不具有疑問(wèn)意義，一般譯為“某人所做/說(shuō)etc…的東西”。Eg.What（=The things that） I had seen impressed me deeply.我所看到的給我留下了很深的印象。

That is what I am looking for.那就是我要找的東西。

I will never forget what you told me.我永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)忘記你對(duì)我說(shuō)的話。

注意:what做連接代詞時(shí)還有一種特殊用法,用來(lái)比較說(shuō)明兩種事物相同或相似的關(guān)系，起比喻作用。相當(dāng)于連接詞as,“正如、好比、就象…一樣”。有三種句式:

(1)A is to B what C is to D.

Water is to fish what air is to man.水對(duì)魚(yú)的關(guān)系就象空氣對(duì)人的關(guān)系一樣。

(2)What C is to D,A is to B.

What food is to body,a book is to the mind.書(shū)籍對(duì)于心靈猶如食物對(duì)于身體。

What the gun is to a fighter,a pen is to a writer.作家的筆猶如戰(zhàn)士的槍。

(3)What C is to D,that A is to B.

What lungs are to the body,that parks are to the city.公園對(duì)于城市猶如肺對(duì)于人體。

2.Nor／So+連系動(dòng)詞／助動(dòng)詞／情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋主語(yǔ)

1)nor與so位于句首，后面運(yùn)用部分倒裝形式， 它表示主語(yǔ)的情況與前面所陳述的情況相同。其中Nor也可以用Neither代替，表示“也不”，用于表示否定的情況；So表示“也是如此”，用于肯定的情況。如：

① ─John has been to the Great Wall twice. 約翰去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城兩次。

─Really? If that so, so have I.(=If he has been to the Great Wall twice, I have also been to the Great Wall twice.)

真的嗎？如果那樣的話，我也是。

注意： So／Nor引導(dǎo)的從句中的連系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)要與前文時(shí)態(tài)保持一致性。如： If you go to the cinema tonight, so will I.

如果你今天晚上去看電影，我也去。

在本例句中，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，然而so后的助動(dòng)詞不可以用do，因?yàn)閺木涫怯靡话悻F(xiàn)在時(shí)表達(dá)將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。

2)在“ Nor+ 連系動(dòng)詞／助動(dòng)詞／情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋主語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)中，nor本身表示否定，因此助動(dòng)詞不可以用否定形式。如：① He has never been to Guilin. Nor has my brother. 他從沒(méi)有去過(guò)桂林，我弟弟也是。

要注意“so＋連系動(dòng)詞／情態(tài)動(dòng)詞／助動(dòng)詞＋主語(yǔ)”與“主語(yǔ)＋do／did／does + so”以及“so＋主語(yǔ)＋連系動(dòng)詞／情態(tài)動(dòng)詞／助動(dòng)詞”在使用上的區(qū)別：

(1)“so ＋連系動(dòng)詞／助動(dòng)詞／情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋主語(yǔ)”表示前面提到的情況也適合第二人或物，因此本結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)與前文中的主語(yǔ)不是同一個(gè)人或物。如：

① Johnson likes watching TV very much. So does his sister Cathy.約翰遜非常喜歡看電視，他的妹妹凱希也是。

(2)在“主語(yǔ)＋連系動(dòng)詞／助動(dòng)詞／情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋so ”結(jié)構(gòu)中，主語(yǔ)就是前文提到的人或物，我們運(yùn)用本結(jié)構(gòu)是為了進(jìn)一步證明或證實(shí)，意思是“這樣做了”。我們運(yùn)用本結(jié)構(gòu)是避免重復(fù)。如：① My English teacher told me to hand out the papers he had marked, and I did so.我的英語(yǔ)老師要我將他已經(jīng)閱完的試卷發(fā)下去，我這樣做了（I did so=I handed out the papers）

(3)在“so＋主語(yǔ)＋連系動(dòng)詞／助動(dòng)詞／情態(tài)動(dòng)詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，主語(yǔ)與前文的主語(yǔ)或提到的人或物是同一個(gè)。我們運(yùn)用本結(jié)構(gòu)是為了進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)，意思是“確實(shí)如此”。要注意在本結(jié)構(gòu)中的連系動(dòng)詞／助動(dòng)詞／情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用。

① I thought they should finish the work before nine o’clock and so they did. 我認(rèn)為他們應(yīng)該在9點(diǎn)前完成工作，他們也是這樣做的。

注意：在本句中不可用and so I did或 so they should, 因?yàn)榈诙�分句表示的是they finished their work before 9 o’clock的概念。

② ─Your farther said that your mother would buy you a very good present for your birthday. 你父親說(shuō)你母親為你的生日買(mǎi)了一個(gè)很好的禮物。

─So he did and so she did.他是這樣說(shuō)的， 我母親也確定這樣做的。（＝My father said so and my mother bought me a present）

注意：“so＋主語(yǔ)＋助動(dòng)詞”除表示贊同我，還帶有驚異的意味。如：

─You left your keys at home when you went out.

─你出去的時(shí)候把鑰匙丟在家了。

─Good heavens. So I did.

─天哪，可不是嗎？

3)“So＋連系動(dòng)詞／助動(dòng)詞／情態(tài)動(dòng)詞”也可以用“ So it is with+sb.／sth.”或“It is the same with+sb.／sth.”的結(jié)構(gòu)。尤其當(dāng)前面的句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有多個(gè)，并且不是一類，或有的用肯定有的用否定時(shí)，多用此結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

① Tom studies very hard and is never late for school. So it is the same with Dick. 湯姆學(xué)習(xí)非常努力， 上學(xué)從不遲到，迪克也是如此。

2、so....that... so...that引導(dǎo)的是結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，so 修飾的是形容詞或副詞，因此經(jīng)常用在下列的搭配：

A.so+adj.(或adv.)+that-clause

① It is so fine today that we’d better go swimming.

B.so + many (few, much, little)+名詞+that -clause

① I had so many falls that I was black and blue all over .

注意： 當(dāng)little作“小”解時(shí)，仍用“such little+名詞”形式。如：They are such little children that they can not understand what you say sometimes.這些孩子很小,有時(shí)候他們不理解你說(shuō)得什么。

C.so+adj. +a(n)+單復(fù)可數(shù)名詞＋that -clause

① He is so good a student that we all want to make him our good example.他是個(gè)優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生，我們都想以他為榜樣。

注意：在本句型中，形容詞后的名詞必須是可數(shù)的單數(shù)名詞，而不可以是不可數(shù)名詞，或名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。

要注意與such...that 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的不同：such...that在這里的意思是“如此...以致于...”，連接一個(gè)表結(jié)構(gòu)的狀語(yǔ)從句，such修飾的是名詞。形成下列搭配：A.such+a(n)(+adj.)+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞＋that-clause

① Tom made such a silly mistake in his composition that we all

had a good laugh over it.

B.such(+adj.)+不可數(shù)名詞＋that -clause

① It is such fine weather today that we’d better go swimming.

C.such(+adj)+復(fù)數(shù)名詞＋that-clause

① They are such interesting films that want to see them a second time.

要注意區(qū)別so....that與so that的不同：so....that引導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)狀語(yǔ)從句，而so that 多引導(dǎo)目的的狀語(yǔ)從句，從句多用may,might,can,could 等表示目的的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。同時(shí)也可以引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。

① They got up so early that when he got there h e found no one

there. 他起得很早，當(dāng)他到那里的時(shí)候，他發(fā)現(xiàn)那里沒(méi)有人。（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)）

3、...when....就在這時(shí)① One day Chuck is on a flight across the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane crashes. 一天查科正在太平洋上空飛行，就在這時(shí)他的飛機(jī)突然墜毀。

when 作“就在這時(shí)，恰恰在這時(shí)”解時(shí)， 不可以用其它詞代替。多用在下列句型中：A.be+表示狀態(tài)的介詞短語(yǔ)＋when...在做某事，就在這時(shí)...

① We were at work that aftenoon when suddenly a fire broke out.

B.be doing sth.+when ....正在做某事，就在這時(shí).....

① We were having a meeting when someone broke in angrily.

C.be about to do sth .when....正要做某事，就在這時(shí)...

① I was about to go out when someone knocked at the door.

D.had (not) done …when剛…就…eg.We had just begun to work when the machine broke down.

注意： when,while,as 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的不同：

when,while,sa 都可以引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，when與 while后都可以跟持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，表示一段時(shí)間，這一點(diǎn)兩者用法相似，但when也可以接非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，而while不可以。如：① While(When)he worked in that factoty,he made a lot of friends.在那家工廠工作的時(shí)候，他交了很多朋友。

when,while后面的主語(yǔ)如果與主句的主語(yǔ)一致，謂語(yǔ)含有動(dòng)詞be,經(jīng)常采用省略的形式。但when 后經(jīng)常用過(guò)去分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞，而while后經(jīng)常跟介詞短語(yǔ)。如：① When asked why he hadn’t finished his homework, the boy kept silent. 當(dāng)問(wèn)到為什么沒(méi)有做作業(yè)時(shí)，那個(gè)孩子什么也不說(shuō)。

when除表達(dá)時(shí)間外，也可以暗含某種條件，而while 沒(méi)有此用法。如：

① When there is no water or air,there will be no life on the earth.

while 也可以表示兩者之間的比較， 意思是“然而”。when沒(méi)有此用法。如：① Mike is very weak while his brother is very strong.

as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，多表示主從句的謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作相伴隨而發(fā)生，因此經(jīng)常翻譯為“一邊....,一邊.....”。如：

① They were laughing as they were talking. 他們邊說(shuō)邊笑。

as后經(jīng)常采用省略的形式，可以直接跟名詞。

① As a small boy,I often went to the small river near my village to go swimming. 還是小孩的時(shí)候，我經(jīng)常到我們村子旁的小河游泳。（As a small boy =When I was a small boy 或 When still a small boy）

4、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

He realizes that he hasn’t been a very good friend,because he always been thinking about himself.

他認(rèn)識(shí)到自己不是個(gè)好朋友，因?yàn)樗�總是想著自己�?/p>

have been doing為現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，它由“have( has)been+doing”構(gòu)成，有下面兩個(gè)方面的意義：A.表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，現(xiàn)在動(dòng)作仍在進(jìn)行之中。如：① He has been talking about two hours. When do you think he can stop.他已經(jīng)講了兩個(gè)小時(shí)了，你認(rèn)為他什么時(shí)間能停下來(lái)。（ He is still taling now.）

B.表示動(dòng)作在說(shuō)話時(shí)剛剛終上，強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)說(shuō)話時(shí)的影響。如：① It has been raining for two days. The river is overflowing now. 已經(jīng)下了兩天的雨，小河都漲水了。

注意不可以使用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的情況：

當(dāng)動(dòng)詞為非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí)，可以運(yùn)用完成時(shí)形式，表示結(jié)果，但不可以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。Eg.He has left.他已經(jīng)走了。(不可以說(shuō)He has been leaving.)

有些表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如live,teach,work,stay等運(yùn)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，意義區(qū)別不大。

① He has worked here for five years.他已經(jīng)在這里工作5年了。（＝He has been working here for five years.）

5 even though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句

even though也可以寫(xiě)作even if,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，意思是“即使”。如：

① Even though he was very busy he should have given you some help.

even though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)， 如果主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)相一致，謂語(yǔ)含有動(dòng)詞be,可以省略主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞be. 如：① ─Will you go to his birthday party?你要參加他的生日聚會(huì)嗎？

─No,even though invited to,不，即使受到邀請(qǐng)也不去。

注意： even though 與 as though 的不同：even though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，意思是“即使，即便是”，而as though 引導(dǎo)的是方式狀語(yǔ)從句，意思是“似乎，就像”。如： ① How wild his hair looked,as though it had been electrified. 他的頭發(fā)多亂啊，就像受了電一樣。

6、should have done 結(jié)構(gòu)

should have done 表示“本應(yīng)該做然而沒(méi)有做，含有責(zé)備、惋惜”的意思。如：① You should have fimished your homework at five o’clock.

你本該在5點(diǎn)鐘完成你的作業(yè)。

shoud have done 的否定形式是should not have done ,意思是“本不應(yīng)該做，然而做了”。如：① We shouldn’t have told him the bed news .You see,he now is very sad. 我們本不應(yīng)該告訴他這個(gè)壞消息，你看，他現(xiàn)很難過(guò)。

注意： should do或shouldn’t do 表示“應(yīng)該”或“不應(yīng)該”，僅表示看法或觀點(diǎn)，有時(shí)表達(dá)建議。

① The have taken away all our belongings. What should we do now? 他們已經(jīng)把我們所有的東西都拿走了，我們?cè)撛趺崔k？

7、There is something wrong with...

本句型中表示“某物出了故障（毛�。�”，也可以表示“某人身體某部位不舒服或有毛病”。如： I bought this radio last week,but it doesn’ t work.There must be something wrong with it .

wrong 單獨(dú)使用時(shí)，表示“錯(cuò)誤，不正確”。如：

① Your answer is wrong. Will you please correct it?

wrong也可以表示“不合適的， 不恰當(dāng)?shù)摹保?其反義詞是right.如：

① If you want to work in the fields,you shoudn’t wear the wrong clothes. 如果你想在田里干活，你就不該穿不合適的衣服。

8、by the end of....作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子的時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題。

by the end of 意思是“到....時(shí)候?yàn)橹埂薄Ｖ敢欢螘r(shí)間，因此句子多用完成時(shí)態(tài)。如果表達(dá)將來(lái)多用將來(lái)完成時(shí)；表達(dá)過(guò)去，多用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如：

① We will have learned five lessons by the end of next week.

到下周末，我們就學(xué)了5課了。

如果謂語(yǔ)是終止性動(dòng)詞，如finish等，也可以用一般時(shí)態(tài)。如課文中She said that ste would try to finish reading the book by the end of this week.她說(shuō)她將盡量在周末前讀完那本書(shū)。

At the end of在…末,在…盡頭 eg.

At the end of this month we’lll hav ean exam.

There is a tailors shop at the end of this road.

In the end最終We talked and talked about where to go and stayed in the end.

9、have gone to與have been to

have gone to表示“已經(jīng)卻了某地”，表示“在去某地的路上”或“現(xiàn)在在某地”，不表示已經(jīng)回來(lái)。如：

① Mr. Lee isn,t here,He has gone to Shanghai.

have been to表示“去過(guò)”，它表示現(xiàn)在不在那個(gè)地方，早已經(jīng)回來(lái)了�；虮磉_(dá)結(jié)果。如：① ─How many times have been to the Great Wall?

─Twice. 兩次。

六．語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)

直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)“五不變”：

(1)直接引語(yǔ)如果是客觀真理，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。

① He said,"Light travels much faster than sound."

─He said that light travels much faster than sound.

(2)直接引語(yǔ)中有明確表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)， 在變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般過(guò)去時(shí)通常不變。

① He said."I was born in 1990 in Beijing".

─He said that he was born in 1990 in Beijing.

(3)主句的謂語(yǔ)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)， 時(shí)態(tài)通常不變。

① He says ,"Tom is good at Chinese."

─He says that Tom is good at Chinese.

(4)直接引語(yǔ)有以since或when引導(dǎo)的表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)從句，在變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，狀語(yǔ)從句中的一般過(guò)去時(shí)不變，但主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則要改為過(guò)去完成時(shí)。

① She said,“I’ve worked here since I finished school."

─She said that she had worked here since she finished school.

(5)在含有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的直接引語(yǔ)中， 主句的謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去完成時(shí)或過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)，在變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)這些時(shí)態(tài)通常不變。

① He said,"I was watching IV when she came in."

─He said that he was watching IV when she came in.

(6)當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)表示的是名人名言或諺語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句時(shí)態(tài)不變。

① He said,"Where there is a will,there is a way".

─He said where there is a will,there is a way.

七．特色平臺(tái)

八．練習(xí)