教學(xué)內(nèi)容：Fact and fantasy
Ⅰ．課前準(zhǔn)備導(dǎo)讀
一、學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)
本單元以談?wù)摗翱茖W(xué)與幻想”為話題，使學(xué)生了解科學(xué)與幻想的區(qū)別，認(rèn)識到學(xué)習(xí)科學(xué)的重要性；同時通過對法國科學(xué)幻想和冒險(xiǎn)小學(xué)家儒勒凡爾納（Jules Verne）及其作品的介紹，激發(fā)學(xué)生探索宇宙奧秘的興趣。學(xué)習(xí)英語構(gòu)詞法。在練習(xí)寫幻想短文“創(chuàng)造一個類似人類的生物”的實(shí)踐中，培養(yǎng)書面表達(dá)能力，同時拓展學(xué)生創(chuàng)造性思維。
二、語言點(diǎn)講解
1. The French writer Jules Verne wrote famous books, such as 20, 000 Leagues Under the Sea and Around the World in 80 days.法國作家儒勒凡爾納寫了很多著名書籍，比如《海底兩萬里》和《八十天環(huán)游地球》。
（1）Jules Verne 儒勒凡爾納。法國科學(xué)幻想家和冒險(xiǎn)小說家。
（2）such as
①like; for example 像；諸如；例如 eg:
Wild flowers such as orchids and primroses are becoming rare.
蘭花和報(bào)春花之類的野花越來越少了。
②everything that凡是 eg:
Such as remains after tax will be yours when I die.
我死后全部財(cái)產(chǎn)除了交稅以外全部給你。
（3）league [li g] n.
① former measure of distance (about 3 miles or 4.8 km) 里格（舊時長度單位，約3英里或4.8公里）。 eg:
The horse can run 50 leagues a day. 這匹馬一天能跑240公里。
②group of people or countries combined for a particular purpose 聯(lián)盟；同盟 eg:
The League of Nations is an international organization.
國際聯(lián)盟是一個國際組織。
2. Try the small science quiz below to see if you know any better. 試試下面的科學(xué)小測驗(yàn)，看看你是否了解得多些。
any better 更好
any [′anI] adv. (used with faster, slower, better, etc. , in questions and after if/whether 用于疑問句中，與faster, slower, better等連用；用于if/whether之后)to any degree; at all在任何程度上；絲毫 eg:
I can’t run any faster. 我無法跑得更快了。
Is your father any better? 你父親有所好轉(zhuǎn)了嗎？
3. What is the distance from the earth to the moon? 地球到月球的距離是多少？
(1) distance [′dIst ns] n. [C, U]
① (amount of) space between two points or places 距離；間距
A good cyclist can cover a distance of over a hundred miles a day.
自行車騎得好的人一天可以行駛一百多英里。
②distant place or point 遠(yuǎn)處；遠(yuǎn)方 eg:
At a distance of six miles you can’t see much.
距離六英里以外的東西很難看清。
(2) at a distance （稍）遠(yuǎn)處，表示一定的距離，近距離或用以說明具體的距離，其不定冠詞a有時可以略去或改用some。 eg:
This picture looks better at a distance. 這幅畫遠(yuǎn)看就好些。
(3) in the distance (far away) 在（較）遠(yuǎn)處，強(qiáng)調(diào)距離之遠(yuǎn)。 eg:
They were expecting to see in the distance some signs of the enemy.
他們期望著發(fā)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)處敵人的跡象。
(4) keep sb. at a distance 與某人保持一定距離；不愿與某人親近 eg:
He always keeps anyone at a distance. 他總是不愿與任何人親近：
4. How fast does a balloon travel? How about an airplane? How about a space shuttle?
一只氣球能走多快？一架飛機(jī)呢？還有一架航天飛機(jī)呢？
(1)ballon [b ′lu n] ①n. brightly-coloured rubber bag that is filled with air, used as a child’s toy or a decoration（用作玩具或裝飾品的）氣球 eg:
They bought their son a lot of balloons yesterday.
昨天他們給他們的兒子買了很多氣球。
②v. swell out like a balloon 如氣球一般膨脹 eg:
Her skirt ballooned in the wind. 她的裙子讓風(fēng)吹得鼓起來了。
③go ballooning 乘氣球 eg:
They like to go ballooning at weekends. 他們周末喜歡乘氣球玩。
(2)How/What about …？……怎么樣？常常用來打聽消息或提出建議，征求對方意見，后接名詞，代詞或動名詞。 eg:
How about your mother? Does she feel better today?
你媽媽怎么樣聽？她今天覺得好點(diǎn)兒了嗎？
(3)space shuttle-spacecraft designed for repeated use, eg between earth and a space station or the moon 航天飛機(jī)；太空穿梭機(jī) eg:
I have never seen a space shuttle. 我從未看見過航天飛機(jī)。
三、課前準(zhǔn)備針對性練習(xí)（18分，15分鐘）
（一）漢譯英（每小題2分，共10分）
1.她能講很多種語言，例如英語，法語，漢語和日語。
______________________________________________________
2.他比你跑得還慢嗎？（any）
______________________________________________________
3.我們看到了遠(yuǎn)處的燈光。
______________________________________________________
4.咱們到法國去度假好嗎？
______________________________________________________
5.我喜歡乘氣球勝過做其他的事。
______________________________________________________
（二）閱讀理解（每小題2分，共8分）
In 1901, H.G. Wells, an English writer, wrote a book describing a trip to the moon. When the explorers (探險(xiǎn)者) landed on the moon, they discovered that the moon was full of underground cities. They expressed their surprise to the “moon people”they met. In turn, the “moon people”expressed their surprise. “why,”they asked, “are you traveling to outer space when you don’t even use your inner space?”
H.G. Wells could only imagine traveling to the moon. In 1969, human beings really did land on the moon. People today know that there are no underground cities on the moon. However, the question that the“moon people” asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.
Underground systems are already in place. Many cities have underground car parks. In some cities, such as Tokyo, Seoul and Montreal, there are large underground shopping areas. The “Chunnel”, a tunnel（隧道） connecting England and France, is now completed.
But what about underground cities? Japan’s Taisei Corporation is designing a network of underground systems, called “Alice Cities”. The designers imagine using surface space for public parks and using underground space for flats, offices, shopping and so on. A solar dome（太陽能穹頂） would cover the whole city.
Supporters of underground development say that building down rather that building up is good way to use the earth’s space. The surface, they say, can be used for farms, parks, gardens, and wilderness. H.G. Wells’ “moon people” would agree. Would you?
1. The explorers in H.G. Wells’ story were surprised to find that the“moon people”______.
A. knew so much about the earth B. understood their language
C. lived in so many underground cities D. were ahead of them in space technology
2. What does the underlined word “it” (Paragraph 2) refer to?
A. Discovering the moon’s inner again. B. Using the earth’s inner space.
C. Meeting the “moon people” again. D. Travelling to outer space.
3. What sort of underground systems are already here with us?
A. Offices, shopping areas, power stations.
B. Tunnels, car parks, shopping areas.
C. Gardens, car parks, power stations.
D. Tunnels, gardens, offices.
4. What would be the best title for the text?
A. Alice Cities-Cities of the Future. B. Space Travel with H.G. Wells.
C. Enjoy Living Underground. D. Building down, not up.
Ⅱ．聽力導(dǎo)讀
一、語言點(diǎn)講解
1. Fill in the chart on the next page and make a sketch of the animal as they saw.
填寫下一頁的圖表并按他們看到的動物的樣子給那種動物作一個速寫。
sketch [sket ] n.
①rough quickly-made drawing, without many details素描；速寫；草圖
②make a sketch of … 作一個……的速寫 eg:
He was good at making a sketch of face. 他擅長作面部素描。
③short account or description, giving only basic details 簡短的陳述或素描
④give a sketch of …概述…… eg:
Please give a sketch of your plans. 請概述一下你的計(jì)劃。
2. description [dI′skrIp n] n. describing; picture in words 描述；描繪
（1）give sb. a brief description of …向某人簡要地描述…… eg:
Can you give me a brief description of what has happened?
你能向我簡要描述一下所發(fā)生的事嗎？
（2）beyond description 難以描述 eg:
Her beauty is beyond description. 她的美貌難以用語言來描述。
（3）give/make a description of …對……加以描述 eg:
He made a description of the thief.他描述了小偷的模樣。
（4）describe[dI′skraIb] v. say what sb./sth. is like; depict sth. in words 描述某人/某事物。常構(gòu)成describe sb./sth. (to/for sb.) eg:
Words cannot describe the beauty of the scene.那景色之美難以言傳。
3. Why does Sam need to know the time? 為什么薩姆需要知道時間？
need的用法小結(jié)：
（1）need作情態(tài)動詞，通常用于疑問句、否定句、條件句、whether/if名詞從句或含否定意義的句子中。 eg:
I do not see why we need discuss it further.
我看我們沒有必要討論下去了。
That’s all settled. It needn’t be talked about.
那已全部解決了，沒有必要再討論了。
（2）need又是實(shí)義動詞，各種變化和用法與普通實(shí)義動詞相同。 eg:
①They need a rest after a long walk.
長距離行走后他們需要休息一下。
②I need you to work for me, young man! 小伙子，我需要你為我工作！
③I need to consult a dictionary. 我需要查字典。
（3）need接動名詞主動形式，表示被動含義，這時動名詞和主語之間有動賓關(guān)系，need doing可轉(zhuǎn)換為need to be done結(jié)構(gòu)，意思相同。
My hair needs washing badly.(=My hair needs to be washed badly.)
我的頭發(fā)非常需要洗一洗。
The garden needs watering.(= The garden needs to be watered.)
花園需要洗水。
二、如何聽的建議
如何確定聽力材料所要求聽懂的人物、時間、地點(diǎn)等問題是聽力訓(xùn)練中我們常遇到的難題，可以從下面幾方面入手：
1.積極進(jìn)行預(yù)測
要利用已知的信息進(jìn)行分析、加工、歸納、預(yù)測，以達(dá)到快速、準(zhǔn)確理解所接收信息的目的。一定要利用一切可以利用的時間閱讀問題和選項(xiàng)，根據(jù)題目中的選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行積極預(yù)測。
2.注意抓關(guān)鍵詞
捕捉信息重點(diǎn)是聽力測試中的重要一環(huán)。這種能力要在訓(xùn)練時多加注意，因?yàn)檎f話的人常常通過句子的重音和語調(diào)來強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)鍵詞。
3.善于跳越難點(diǎn)，充分利用重復(fù)信息
聽的時候，注意力要緊跟說話人的思路。不要因?yàn)閭�別單詞沒聽清就不再往下聽了。應(yīng)該毫不遲疑地跳過去，并接著往下聽。善于利用上下文和重復(fù)信息猜測生詞的大意。
4.學(xué)會記筆記
聽力材料不像閱讀材料可以重復(fù)。所以在做聽力尤其在聽短文或較長的對話時，做些筆記尤為重要。但是，聽力測試中的記應(yīng)是速記，不是聽寫。速記要使用自己認(rèn)識的、最簡便、最迅速的辦法（如字母|縮寫、等號，甚至中文）。
Ⅲ．口語導(dǎo)讀
一、語言點(diǎn)講解
1. fiction [′fIk n] n.
(1)[C] sth. invented or imagined 虛構(gòu)之事；捏造的故事 eg:
The film was very good although it was a fiction.
這部電影雖屬虛構(gòu)，但很好。
(2)[U] (branch of literature concerned with) stories, novels and romances （作為文學(xué)之一分支的）小說 eg:
Truth is often stranger than fiction.事實(shí)往往比小說還離奇。
(3)science fiction 科幻小說
2. in the future, in future與in the far future.
(1)in the future意思是“將來，今后的時期”，但不一定就是從今立即開始，而是將來的時間。 eg:
No one can know what will happen in the future.
沒有人會知道將來會發(fā)生什么事。
(2)in future意思是“從今以后”（=from now on）。 eg:
In future, be careful with your pronunciation. 今后要注意你的發(fā)音。
(3)in the far future 在遙遠(yuǎn)的未來 eg:
It is possible for doctors to find a way to keep us young forever in the far future.在遙遠(yuǎn)的未來，醫(yī)生有可能找到一種使我們永遠(yuǎn)年輕的辦法。
3. incomplete [ Ink m′pli t] adj. not complete不完全的 eg:
The passage below is incomplete. Please fill in the blanks using correct prepositions.下面的文章是不完整的，請用正確的介詞填空。
注：incomplete是在complete前加含否定含義的前綴“in-“構(gòu)成的，表達(dá)與complete相反的含義。
4. work with sb.與work with sth.
(1)work with sb.意為“和某人一道工作” eg:
I like to work with him. 我喜歡和他一塊兒工作。
(2)work with sth. 意為“從事……方面的研究工作”，“用……工作” eg:
Professor Wang had worked with bees for many years.
王教授多年從事蜜蜂的研究工作。
I would rather work with the bigger brush.
我寧愿用那把大一點(diǎn)兒的刷子干活。
5. (1) beat, defeat, win與gain
①beat和defeat屬一組同義詞，它們的賓語必須是人或一個集體，如a team, a class, an school, an army。defeat尤指在戰(zhàn)場上打敗敵人；beat是游戲、比賽的專門用詞。二者常可換。 eg:
We beat their team by 10 points. 我們贏了他們隊(duì)十分。
In the end their army was defeat/beaten. 最后他們的部隊(duì)被擊（打）敗。
②win和gain屬一組同義詞。Gain表示獲得需要之物，它常跟的賓語有one’s living, experience, strength, time, knowledge, attention, respect, admiration 等；win表示在較強(qiáng)的競爭中取得勝利，它常跟的賓語有g(shù)ame, war, prize, fame, battle等。 eg:
We shall gain experience through practice.我們將通過實(shí)踐獲得經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
They won the battle but lost many men.
他們?nèi)〉昧诉@次戰(zhàn)斗的勝利，但犧牲了很多人。
(2)beat, hit, strike與tap
beat著重“連續(xù)性地?fù)舸颉保鐨蚧蝮w罰，也指在游戲、競賽或戰(zhàn)爭中擊敗對方。此外，beat還可用來指心臟的跳動。strike通常表示打一下，打若干下等意思，不一定都是有意的，還可指罷工，（鐘）敲響之意。hit指“打中”或“對準(zhǔn)……來打”，著重敲打或打擊對方的某一點(diǎn)。tap一般是轟轟拍打的意思。 eg:
The wheat was beaten down by the rain. 麥子被雨水打得伏倒了。
The stone hit him on the head.石頭擊中了他的頭部。
It strikes a bug’s back with is forelegs and feelers.
它（螞蟻）用前腿和觸角敲打臭蟲的背部。
It taps on the other’s head with its feelers, using a kind of telegraph code. 它（螞蟻）像使用一種電碼的方式一樣，用觸角輕敲對方的頭部。
6. Doctors may find a way to keep us young forever.醫(yī)生可能會找到一種使我們永遠(yuǎn)保持年輕的辦法。
（1）“way”意為“方式，方法”，在其后要用to do或of doing的形式作后置定語。 eg:
Cao chong thought out a way to weigth/of weighing the elephant.
曹沖想出了一個稱象的辦法。
（2）此外，如果way之后跟定語從句，那么這個定語從句用in which或that引導(dǎo)，也可省略。 eg:
This was the way that/in which they solved the problem.
這就是他們解決那個問題的辦法。
7. believe sb. 與believe in sb.
believe sb.相信某人（所說的話是真的）
believe in sb.信任某人 eg:
I believe him, but I can’t believe in him.
我相信他的話是真的，但我不能信任他。
二、交際用語講解
本單元要求學(xué)習(xí)并掌握表達(dá)相信，不相信和推測的日常交際用語。具體總結(jié)歸納如下：
I believe … I doubt… It could be … but…
I suppose … I’m (not) certain … It’s likely …
I’m sure that… I can’t imagine… It would take…
三、口語針對性練習(xí)（20分，15分鐘）
（一）單項(xiàng)選擇（每小題1分，共10分）
1. You were very lucky to have escaped from the big fire last night. You should be careful _________ when cooking.
A. in the future B. in future C. in the far future D. for future
2. She was a very good person to __________.
A. work with B. work out C. work on D. work at
3. The girl was frightened at the sight of a snake and her heart was __________ fast.
A. striking B. hitting C. beating D. jumping
4. I’m not __________ it __________ rain or not.
A. sure that; is going to B. sure if; will
C. sure whether; is going to D. surely if; will
5. Never have we __________ being able to finish is time.
A. doubted B. believed C. sure of D. certain about
6. To live, one must have something __________.
A. believe B. to believe C. to believe in D. believe in
7. The way that you thought of __________ with the polluted water was practical（可用的，有實(shí)效的）.
A. dealing B. of dealing C. of doing D. deal
8. -Do you think it is going to rain over the weekend?
-__________.
A. I don’t believe B. I don’t believe it
C. I believe not so D. I believe not
9.-It must be about ten o’clock now.
-__________.It must be about ten thirty.
A. I don’t think so B. I think it now
C. It must be not D. It’s not that time
10. You __________ to the meeting this afternoon if you have something important to do.
A. needn’t to come B. don’t need come
C. don’t need coming D. needn’t come
（二）補(bǔ)全對話（每小題2分，共10分）
-What do you do in the new play?
-I’m an actress._____1_____.
-But you look in your thirties.
-That’s right and that’s the job of an actor or an actress.____2_____
-It sounds interesting and surprising.
-____3_____ We need a lot of practice with the directors.
-Yes.____4_____ It is hard to remember the lines of the dialogue, isn’t it?
-Yes, it is hard.____5_____
A. Some of us don’t work very hard.
B. But if you work hard at it, everything will be OK.
C. I can imagine so.
D. I play the part of the old aged 68.
E. But acting is a hard job.
F. I hope so.
G. We can change ourselves with the help of makeup workers.
Ⅳ．閱讀指導(dǎo)
一、生詞和詞組
1. bulb[b lb] n.
①(also light bulb) pear-shaped glass container for the filament of an electric light 電燈泡 eg:
If you have time, please change a bulb.如果你有時間的話，請換個燈泡。
②thick rounded underground stem of certain plants（eg the lily, onion, tulip） sending roots downwards and leaves upwards. 鱗莖；球莖（如百合、洋蔥、郁金香的莖） eg:
We cooked onion bulbs for food. 我們烹調(diào)洋蔥莖作為食物。
③object shaped like a bulb 球狀物 eg:
The bulb of this thermometer is broken.這支溫度計(jì)的球狀頂端碎了。
2. foundation [fa n′deI n] n.
①[U] act of founding (an institution, organization, etc.) （機(jī)構(gòu)，組織等的）建立，創(chuàng)立，創(chuàng)辦 eg:
He devoted all his energy to the foundation of the university.
他把全部精力都致力于這所大學(xué)的創(chuàng)辦。
②[C,U] principle, idea or fact on which sth. is based; basis（作為某事的）基本原則、思想或事實(shí)；基礎(chǔ) eg:
This success laid the foundation of his career.
這次成功為他的事業(yè)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
③foundation course 基礎(chǔ)課
④ foundation-stone 奠基石
⑤found v.建立，創(chuàng)立
⑥founder n. 建立者；締造者
3. servant [′s v t]n.
①person who works in sb. else’s household for wages, and often for food and lodging 仆人；傭人 eg:
He had a lot of servants work for him. 他讓很多仆人為他工作。
②employee, esp. a faithful and devoted one 雇員（尤指忠心耿耿的）；公務(wù)員 eg:
He was a trusted servant of the company. 他是這個公司里的一個可靠雇員。
4. whale [weIl]
(1)n. any of several types of very large mammal that live in the sea, some of which are hunted for their oil and flesh 鯨 eg:
A whale is not a fish.鯨不是魚。
(2)have a whale of a time（習(xí)語）玩得非常愉快 eg:
The children had a whale of a time at the fairground.
孩子們在游樂場玩得很高興。
(3)v. hunt whales 捕鯨 eg:
They are whaling at sea. 他們正在海上捕鯨。
(4)whaler n.捕鯨；捕鯨的人
5. hunter[′h nt ] n. person who hunts 獵人；搜索者；搜尋者 eg:
The hunter lost his way in the forest when he went hunting that day.
那個獵人那天去打獵的時候在森林里迷了路。
6. collision[k ′lI n] n. [C,U]
①(instance of) one object or person striking against another; (instance of) colliding; crash（物與物或人與人）相撞，碰撞，撞壞
常構(gòu)成：collision with sb./sth. 與某人/某物相撞
collision between A and B A與B相撞 eg:
The collision between two cars caused 3 deaths. 兩車相撞造成三人死亡。
②strong disagreement; conflict or clash of opposing aims, ideas, opinions, etc.抵觸；（相反的目的、看法、意見等的）沖突 eg:
Her political activities brought her into collision with the law.
她的政治活動觸犯了法律。
7. overboard [′ v b d] adv.
①over the side of a ship or boat into the water 從船上落（或拋）入水中；在船外 eg:
The sailor jumped overboard into the sea. 那位水手從船上跳入水中。
②go overboard (about sb./sth.) 對（某人/某事）極感興趣或過分感興趣 eg:
He goes overboard about ever young woman he meets.
他對年輕的女子見一個愛一個。
③throw sth./sb. overboard 拋棄某事物；除掉或不再支持某人 eg:
After heavily losing the election, the party threw their leader overboard.
該黨慘敗落選后罷免了黨魁。
8. submarine [ s bm ′ri n] n. naval vessel that can operate underwater welll as on the surface 潛水艇 eg:
A submarine travels under the surface of the sea.潛水艇在海面下行駛。
9. permanent [′p m n nt] adj.
①lasting or expected to last for a long time or for ever 永久的；永恒的；長久的；長期的 eg:
She is looking for permanent employment.她正在找固定的工作。
②not likely to change 不大可能改變的 eg:
She wrote down my permanent address. 她寫下了我的固定地址。
10. guest [gest]
(1)n. person invited to visit one’s house or being entertained at one’s expense賓客；客人 eg:
We are expecting guests this weekend. 我們本周末要來客人。
(2)n. person staying at a hotel, boarding house, etc.住在旅館、寄宿處等的人；旅客 eg:
This hotel has accommodation for 500 guests.
這旅館能接待500位客人。
(3)客座教授 eg:
Professor Wang, our guest tonight, will give us a speech on DNA.
我們的客座教授王教授，今晚要給我們作一個關(guān)于DNA的演講。
(4)v. appear as a guest on a television or radio programme（在電視或廣播節(jié)目中）客串 eg:
She often guests on a radio programme.她經(jīng)常在一個廣播節(jié)目中客串。
11. voyage [′v IId ] (1)n. long journey, esp. by sea or in space 航行；（尤指）航海，航天 eg:
They made a voyage across the Atlantic.
他們作了一次橫越大西洋的航行。
(2)v. go on a voyage; travel 航行；航海；航天飛行 eg:
A plane crashed down when it voyaged through space.
一架飛機(jī)作航天飛行時墜毀了。
(3)voyager [′v IId ] n. 航行者；航海者；航天者
12. aboard [ ′b d] adv. On or into a ship, an aircraft, a train or (esp. U.S.) a bus在船（或飛機(jī)、車）上；上船；登機(jī) eg:
We went aboard. 我們上了船。
13. prisoner [′prIz n ]n.
①person kept in prison, as a punishment or awaiting trial犯人；囚犯 eg:
He was kept as a prisoner.他作為一個囚犯被關(guān)了起來。
②person that has been captured被抓起來的人；俘虜；失去自由的人 eg:
You are our prisoner now.你現(xiàn)在是我們的俘虜了。
14. gentle [′d entl] adj. mild; kind; careful; not rough, violent or severe 溫和的；慈祥的；小心的；溫柔的；文雅的；輕輕的 eg:
I met a gentle old woman yesterday. 我昨天遇到了一個慈祥的老太太。
15. extinct [Ik′stI kt] adj. ①(esp. of a type of animal, etc.) no longer in existence（尤指某種動物等）不再存在的；絕種的；滅絕的 eg:
If we continue to destroy the countryside, many more animals will become extinct. 我們?nèi)衾^續(xù)破壞鄉(xiāng)村環(huán)境，將會有更多的動物絕種。
②(fire or hope) ge out（火，希望等）熄滅了的 eg:
The fire was extinct.火滅了。
16. layer [′leI (r)] n. ① thickness of material (esp. one of several) laid over a surface or forming a horizontal division層（尤指數(shù)層之一） eg:
Several thin layers of clothing will keep you warmer than a thick one.
穿幾層薄的衣服總比穿一層厚的衣服暖和。
②person who lays sth. on… 鋪設(shè)者
17. marble [′ma bl]
(1)n. types of hard limestone used, when cut and polished, for building and sculpture 大理石 eg:
These steps are made of marble. 這些臺階是大理石建造的。
(2) marbles (pl.) collection of marble sculptures; works of art in marble 大理石雕刻品；大理石藝術(shù)品
(3)adj. like marble 像大理石的 eg:
She has marble skin. 她有著大理石般光潔的皮膚。
18. paraphrase [′p r freIz]
(1)v. express the meaning of (a piece of writing, statement, etc.) in different words, esp. in order to make it easier to understand將（一段文字等）釋義或意譯（尤指為易于理解） eg:
He paraphrased a speech in colloquial English.
他用通俗英語意譯了一篇演講稿。
(2)n. rewording of a piece of writing, statement, etc. , especially in order to make it easier to understand （對一段文字等的）釋義，意義（尤指為易于理解） eg:
The paraphrase of the sonnet is easy to understand.
該十四行詩的意譯易于理解。
19. definition [ defI′ni n] [U] n. stating the exact meaning (of words, etc.)（詞語等的）釋義 eg:
Dictionary writers must be skilled in ther art of definition.
辭書編纂者必須精于給詞語下定義的技巧。
20. misbehave [ mIsbI′heIv] v. behave badly or improperly 行為不端；舉止不當(dāng) eg:
She misbehaved. 她行為不端。
21. subtitle [′s btaItl] n. (usu. pl. 通常作復(fù)數(shù)) (esp. cinema 尤用于電影)
words printed on a film that translate the dialogue of a foreign film, give those of a silent film or (on television) supply dialogue for deaf viewers 字幕 eg:
Without the subtitles I would not understand the film.
沒有字幕的話我就理解不了這部電影。
22. interchangeable [ Int t eInd bl] adj. that can be interchanged, esp. without affecting the way in which sth. works 可交換的，可互換的，可交替的（尤指不影響操作的） eg:
The two words are interchangeable. 這兩個單詞是可互換的。
23. underpants [′ nd p nts] n. short undergarment worn by men and boys covering the lower part of the body（男用）內(nèi)褲 eg:
He stood there in his underpants. 他只穿內(nèi)褲站在那兒。
24. study law study 研究；學(xué)習(xí)；求學(xué)。 study law意為“研究法律”，law前不加冠詞，類似的用法還有study medicine“研究醫(yī)學(xué)”。 eg:
He wanted to study law. 他想學(xué)法律。
25. make a living與make one’s living意為“謀生”，這里的make也可換成earn/gain/get。在表達(dá)“靠做……以謀生”之意時，常用短語earn/gain/get/make a/one’s living by doing sth./as a…。 eg:
Before liberation, her grandfather made a/his living by working for a land owner.解放前，她爺爺靠給一個地主干活為生。
26. …allow man to do things … ……允許人類做……, allow可構(gòu)成以下結(jié)構(gòu)：
allow sb. to do sth.→被動：sb. be allowed to do sth.
allow doing sth.允許做某事 eg:
Mother doesn’t allow me to go out at night. 媽媽不允許我晚上外出。
They didn’t allow smoking here. 這兒不允許吸煙。
類似用法的動詞還有：advise, permit, forbid等詞。
27. set out與set off
(1)set out意為“出發(fā)/啟程”，表達(dá)“動身去某地”時用“set out for sp.”此時可與“set off for sp.”互換。 eg:
They set out for town at dawn.他們在拂曉動身進(jìn)城了。
(2)set out to do sth.意為“開始做某事”。 eg:
When everything was ready, the doctor set out to perform the operation.一切準(zhǔn)備就緒，醫(yī)生就開始動起手術(shù)來了。
28. on board上船（或飛機(jī)、火車、汽車等）；在船上（或飛機(jī)上、火車上、汽車上）。 eg:
As soon as we went on board, our ship left the port.
我們一上船，船就出港了。
29. from that day on從那天起，“from+時間+on”表示“從……時候起”，如“from then/now/1998 on”表示“從那時/現(xiàn)在/1998年起”之意。可與現(xiàn)在、過去、將來的時態(tài)連用。 eg:
From then on she knew she would win. 從那時起她就知道她將取勝。
30. defend … against/from …保護(hù)/保衛(wèi)/防御……抵御/免遭 eg:
The soldiers defended their country against enemies.
戰(zhàn)士們保衛(wèi)他們的祖國抵御敵人。
It is the nature of a mother to defend her child from harm.
保護(hù)自己的孩子不受傷害是一個母親的天性。
二、同、近義詞辨析
1. electric與electrical
(1)electric電的；用電的；帶電的；發(fā)電的
an electric current/torch/iron 電流/電筒/電熨斗 eg:
He bought an electric torch yesterday.昨天他買了一個手電筒。
(2)electrical關(guān)于電的
electrical engineering電機(jī)工程學(xué) eg:
He majored in electrical engineering in the college.
他在大學(xué)里主修電機(jī)工程學(xué)。
2. discover, find out與invent
(1)discover指“發(fā)現(xiàn)”某種本來存在，而以前未被發(fā)現(xiàn)的事物或未為人所知的東西。
(2)find out常用來指“弄明白、搞清楚、查出（某一真相）”，做“發(fā)現(xiàn)”講時，是指發(fā)現(xiàn)一種無形而隱藏的東西。
(3)invent表“發(fā)明”之意，意思是發(fā)明出以前沒有的東西，往往是物質(zhì)性的東西。 eg:
Gilbert discovered electricity, but Edison invented the light bulb.
吉伯特發(fā)現(xiàn)了電，而愛迪生發(fā)明了燈泡。
Think over and you’ll find out that you are wrong.
仔細(xì)想想，你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)你錯了。
3. instead與instead of
instead是副詞；instead of為介詞短語，后接名詞，代詞，動名詞或介詞短語，從句等形式。一般情況下，含有instead of的句子可以改寫為含有instead的句子。 eg:
He stayed in bed all day instead of going to school.
=He didn’t go to school. Instead, he stayed in bed all day.
他沒去上學(xué)，而是在床上躺了一整天。
I didn’t drink water. I drank juice instead.
=I drank juice instead of water. 我沒有喝水，而是喝的果汁。
4. late, lately, latest, later與latter
(1)late指比預(yù)料的或正常的時間晚。 eg:
I was late for work again.我上班又遲到了。
(2)lately“近來”，常用于疑問句，否定句，或與only連用或用于as lately as中。肯定句中用recently。 eg:
Have you seen her lately?你最近看到過她嗎？
(3)latest adj.“最近的”、“最新的” eg:
Have you got the latest news about him?你有他最近的消息嗎？
(4)later“后來”，“較晚的時候”，也可和段時間連用，表示從過去或?qū)砟骋粫r間起，多長時間以后。 eg:
Later the boy found his mother. 后來那個男孩找到了他媽媽。
(5)latter用來表示兩事物之間的順序，意為“后一個/后者”，與the former（前者）相對。 eg:
Of these two men the former is dead, but the latter is still alive.
此二人中前者已死，但后者仍活著。
5. at the beginning與in the beginning
(1)at the beginning通常接of短語，表示“在……初”，“在……開始的時候”，它的反義短語是at the end of。 eg:
Great changes took place at the beginning of the century.
在那個世紀(jì)初發(fā)生了巨大的變化。
(2)in the beginning表示“起初”，“開始的時候”，不與of介詞短語連用。但at the beginning偶爾也可單獨(dú)使用，在意思上與in the beginning區(qū)別不大。 eg:
In the beginning nobody took any notice of his words.
起初沒人理睬他的話。
6. finally, at last與in the end
(1)finally一般指一系列事物或論點(diǎn)按排列的最后一項(xiàng)內(nèi)容，或用在動詞前，表示等了好久才……，沒有感情色彩。 eg:
Finally, let’s do some exercises.最后我們來做一些練習(xí)吧。
(2)at last往往表示經(jīng)過一番努力或曲折的過程之后的意思，常常有較濃的感情色彩。 eg:
At last, he got hold of the elephant’s tail. 他最后終于抓住了大象的尾巴。
(3)in the end可與finally和at last通用。 eg:
The war lasted four years before the North won in the end.這場戰(zhàn)爭持續(xù)了四年，最后北方取得了勝利。（但in the end可預(yù)卜未來。）
三、語言點(diǎn)講解
1. Jules spent many hours in Paris libraries studying geology, physics and many other subjects.儒勒在巴黎圖書館花費(fèi)很長時間研究地質(zhì)學(xué)，物理學(xué)和許多其他的學(xué)科。
spend“花費(fèi)”，常用于下面的結(jié)構(gòu)：
spend money/time on sth./(in) doing sth. 在某事/做某事方面花費(fèi)錢/時間
eg: He does not spend much time on his homework.
他在做作業(yè)上花費(fèi)不了多少時間。
注意區(qū)別spend與take。
Take的用法是：It takes/took/will take sb. Some time to do sth.“做某事花費(fèi)某人多少時間” eg:
It took him two hours to finish the work. 完成這份工作花費(fèi)了他兩個小時。
2. Many of the instruments in his novels will remind the reader of Dr Benjamin Franklin’s experiments with electricity. 他小說里所提到的許多設(shè)備會讓讀者想起本杰明富蘭克林用電做的實(shí)驗(yàn)。
remind提醒；使想起；可構(gòu)成以下結(jié)構(gòu)：
(1)remind sb. of sth./sb. 使某人想起某事/某人 eg:
Please remind me to answer that letter.請?zhí)嵝盐一貜?fù)那封信。
(2)remind sb. of sth./sb. 使某人想起某事/某人 eg:
He reminds me of his brother. 他使我想起他哥哥。
(3)remind sb. that從句。 提醒某人某事 eg:
He reminded me that I didn’t finish my work.
他提醒了我，說我沒完成自己的工作。
3. By taking the scientific developments of his day on step further, Jules Verne laid the foundation of modern science fiction. 通過將他所處時代的科學(xué)發(fā)展向前推進(jìn)一步，儒勒凡爾納奠定了現(xiàn)代科幻小說的基礎(chǔ)。
by在本句是介詞，說明手段或方式，可譯作“通過，用，以，由于”等，其后常跟名詞或動詞-ing形式。 eg:
This pair of shoes is made by hand. 這雙鞋是手工做的。
By helping them we are helping to save ourselves. 幫助他們就等于救了我們自己。
注意by表達(dá)這種含義時與with和in的區(qū)別；表示使用有形的工具或器官時要用with，其后的名詞前一般應(yīng)用冠詞。使用某種語言，表示用墨水、顏色、顏料等“原料”或“材料”都用in，且名詞前不用冠詞。 eg:
It is my practice（習(xí)慣） to do my writing with a pencil. 我習(xí)慣用鉛筆寫。
Can you sing this song in English?你能用英語唱這首歌嗎？
It is impolite to write a letter in red ink. 用紅墨水寫信是不禮貌的。
4. In their efforts to survive, they find themselves on the surface of the monster itself, which turns out to be a submarine. 在他們努力求生時，發(fā)現(xiàn)自己就在怪獸身體的表面上，結(jié)果怪獸竟然是一艘潛水艇。
(1)這里的which引導(dǎo)一個非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞the monster itself。
(2)in their efforts中的in表示“正在進(jìn)行的動作或狀態(tài)”。 eg:
He is always in action.他總是在行動中。
W seem to be in agreement on the matter.
在這件事上我們的意見看來是一致的。
(3)turn out to be“結(jié)果是……”，“最后情況是……” eg:
Though it looked like rain this morning, it has turned out to be a fine day.盡管今早看起來要下雨，最后卻是晴天。
The meeting turned out to be very successful. 結(jié)果那個會議很成功。
5. They are taken on board and Captain Nemo decides not to kill them but makes them his permanent guests.他們被帶到了艇上。尼莫船長決定不殺死他們而是使他們成為他永久的客人。
(1)decide to do sth. 決定做某事；decide not to do sth.決定不做某事 eg:
We decided not to go abroad for the time being. 我們決定暫時不出國了。
(2)not…but…“不是……而是……”，連接兩個并列成分，如連接兩個并列賓語，兩個并列表語或兩個并列主語等。注意當(dāng)not…but…連接兩個并列主語時，句子的謂語動詞要采用就近一致的原則，即與but后的主語保持一致。 eg:
He can speak not Chinese but Japanese.他不會講漢語會講日語。
He is not a poet but a writer. 他不是詩人而是作家。
Not I but he is fond of football. 不是我而是他喜歡足球。
(3)…makes them his permanent guests中的his permanent guests用來作them的補(bǔ)足語。
6. The furniture is precious and huge glass windows that can be opened and closed give a view of the underwater world. 擺設(shè)很精致，巨大的玻璃窗可以打開或關(guān)上，讓人看到水下世界。
(1)這里的that引導(dǎo)一個定語從句(that can be opened and closed)用于修飾先行詞huge glass windows.
(2)a view of …“……的景色”或“看；眺望；觀察”之意。 eg:
There’s a view of the river from my windows.
在我的窗前可看到河上風(fēng)光。
If you stand here you’ll get a better view of the procession.
如果你站在這里，就可以更清楚地看到游行隊(duì)伍。
7. All that is needed for life on board comes from the ocean.艇上所有生活所需全部來自于海洋。
That is needed for life on board是定語從句，修飾先行詞all。
注：（1）當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞all, everything, few, little, much, something, anything, nothing等時，賓語從句只能由that引導(dǎo)。 eg:
The boy handed in everything that he had picked up in the street to the police. 那個男孩把他在大街上撿到的一切東西都交給了警察。
（2）all that=what eg:
All that the said was true.=What he said was true.
他所說的一切都是真的。
8. Dressed in diving suits, they walk around in this magic world, lighted by the lamps of the ship. 他們穿著潛水衣，在船上燈的照射下在這個魔幻世界中四處走動。
(1)dress ①vt. “給某人穿衣服”用于“dress sb.”結(jié)構(gòu)中。dress oneself意為“給自己穿衣服”；be dressed in意為“穿著……”。 ①②③④
The gentleman is dressed in a modern coat.
那位先生穿著一件很新潮的衣服。
②vi. “穿著/打扮”之意 eg:
She dressed well. 她穿得很好。
(2)walk around四處走動 eg:
He walked around in the room. 他在房間里走來走去。
9. (1)They find themselves surrounded by colorful rocks, fishes, shells and plants, all waving and moving slowly in the blue waters. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己被彩色的巖石、魚、貝殼和植物包圍著，這些東西在藍(lán)色的海域中慢慢地?fù)u曳移動著。
(2)Btu at other moments you will find him gentle and weak, when he cries about the lost lives of people drowned in ships that have sunk. 但是在其他時刻，當(dāng)他為了那些隨著沉船一起被淹死的人而哭泣時，你又會發(fā)現(xiàn)他溫柔又脆弱。
上面兩句中的find themselves surrounded和find him gentle and weak都是find的常見用法。這里surrounded是過去分詞，gentle和weak是形容詞，它們都用來作賓補(bǔ)。find的此種用法可歸納為：find+sb./sth.+adj./介詞短語/doing/done/adv./n. 。 eg:
I found the ground covered with snow when I opened the door.
當(dāng)我打開門的時候我發(fā)現(xiàn)地面鋪滿了雪。
When he came in, he found a thief stealing his money.
他進(jìn)來的時候，他發(fā)現(xiàn)一個小偷天在偷他的錢。
10. Passing through layers of coal and marble they go deeper and deeper. 穿過煤層和大理石層他們走得越來越深了。
deeper and deeper越來越深
這種“比較級+and+比較級”結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)“越來越……”之意。 eg:
summer comes, the weather is hotter and hotter.
夏天已經(jīng)到了，天氣越來越熱了。
四、典型病句診斷
1.病句：We are not allowed playing with fire.
診斷：We are not allowed to play with fire.
點(diǎn)撥：把句中的playing改為to play。本句使用的是allow sb. to do sth.的被動語態(tài)，應(yīng)該是sb. be allowed to do sth.
2.病句：He has set out to Beijing.
診斷：He has set out for Beijing.
點(diǎn)撥：把句中的to改為for。“動身去某地”用“set out for sp.”是固定搭配。
3.病句：This machine has an electric fault.
診斷：This machine has an electrical fault.
點(diǎn)撥：把句中的electric改為electrical。Electric是“用電的/帶電的/發(fā)電的/電的”之意，而electrical表達(dá)“有關(guān)于電的”之意。根據(jù)本句之意，應(yīng)表達(dá)“有關(guān)電的毛病”，所以要把electric改為electrical。
4.病句：Columbus found out America.
診斷：Columbus discovered America.
點(diǎn)撥：found out表示“弄明白，搞清楚”之意。而“哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲”很明顯應(yīng)是發(fā)現(xiàn)本來就存在而以前未能發(fā)現(xiàn)的美洲，應(yīng)用discover表達(dá)這種含義。
5.病句：We’ll have a party in the open air instead in the house.
診斷：We’ll have a party in the open air instead of in the house.
點(diǎn)撥：instead是副詞，而介詞短語instead of后面才能跟介詞短語。若用instead，上句可改為：We won’t have a party in the house. Instead we will have it ni the open air.。
6.病句：What have you been doing latest?
診斷：What have you been doing lately?
點(diǎn)撥：“l(fā)atest”是adj. ，表達(dá)“最新的；最近的”之意，而句中需要一個副詞表達(dá)“最近”之意。
7.病句：I took 3 hours doing my homework.
診斷：I spent 3 hours doing my homework.
點(diǎn)撥：spend表“花費(fèi)”之意，其結(jié)構(gòu)是“Sb. spend(s)/spent/will spend some time on sth./(in) doing sth.”。而take當(dāng)“花費(fèi)”講時，結(jié)構(gòu)是“It take/took/will take sb. some to do sth.”。
8.病句：These old pictures reminded me my childhood.
診斷：These old pictures reminded me of my childhood.
點(diǎn)撥：remind不能跟雙賓語，即不能構(gòu)成remind sb. sth.結(jié)構(gòu)，表達(dá)“提醒某人某事”時要用“remind sb. of sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)。
9.病句：What have you done by the old things?
診斷：What have you done with the old things?
點(diǎn)撥：by之后加手段或方式，with之后加有形的工具或器官。The old things是工具，所以用with。其次，do with還有“處理”，“放置”之意。
10.病句：All which she did made us very surprised.
診斷：All that she did made us very surprised.
點(diǎn)撥：當(dāng)先行詞為不定代詞時，定語從句應(yīng)由that引導(dǎo)，不能用which。all為不定代詞。其他的不定代詞如everything, something, little, much等也符合這種用法。
五、類文閱讀針對性練習(xí)（16分，15分鐘）
A
You are what you eat. This saying has provided scientists with clues（線索）about the diet of hominids-our early relatives of 3 million years ago.
Studying carbon atoms（碳原子）locked up in tooth enamel（琺瑯質(zhì)），two researchers argue against the widely held belief that hominids ate little more than fruits and leaves. Sponheimer and Julia Lee-Thorp of the University of Cape Town, South Africa, report their findings in Friday’s Science.
There aren’t many clues for us to know the life of early hominids. The shape of hominids’ teeth offered the first clues. Large and flat-edged with thick enamel, they looked perfect for eating nuts and fruits, different from the sharp teeth one would want to tear into meat with. The first stone tools, which would help in eating meat, didn’t appear until about half a million years later.
Scientists have also found marks on hominids’ teeth with patterns very similar to those on the teeth of modern-day fruit eaters. Sponheimer and Lee Thorp tried a new method, looking at the chemical composition of the tooth enamel. They studied the enamel for the carbon-13. Animals that eat grasses have higher carbon-13 levels than those eating fruits and other plants.
What they found was that the teeth of the hominids had an in-between amount of carbon-13, which meant not only they were eating fruits, but they were eating a lot of grasses, or animals eating grasses. The lower carbon-13 levels could also come from eating certain types of insects（昆蟲）.
But there are people who understand differently. Prof. Ungar of the University of Arkansas agrees the study offers new suggestions of hominids’ diet, but disagrees about the suggestion that meat could explain the lower carbon-13 levels.
One suggestion might be true though-take good care of your teeth. In 3 million years, a scientist might be using them to figure out what you eat for dinner.
1. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Protect Your Teeth. B. What the Hominid Ate.
C. Where the Hominid Lived. D. The Information of Tooth Enamel.
2. Before the two scientists’ findings, most people thought that hominids __________ .
A. lived half a million years ago B. ate mainly fruits and leaves
C. used tools to dig grass D. had sharp teeth
3. The two scientists’ findings were mainly based on the study about __________ .
A. the shape of hominid teeth B. the teeth marks of early fruit eaters
C. the grasses of 3 million years ago D. the make-up of the tooth enamel
4. What is it that Prof. Ungar finds doubtful?
A. Hominids possibly ate grass-eating animals.
B. Hominids probably had different
C. Hominids were basically fruit-and-grass eaters.
D. Hominids had lower level of carbon-13 in their teeth.
B
In July 1994 Jupiter, the largest planet in out solar system, was struck by 21 pieces of comet（彗星）. When the fragments（碎片） landed in the southern part of the giant planet, the explosions were watched by scientists here on the earth. But what if our own planet was hit by comet?
The year is 2094. It has been announced that a comet is heading towards the earth. Most of it will miss our planet, but two fragments will probably hit the southern part of the earth. The news has caused panic.
On 17 July, a fragment four kilometers wide enters the earth’s atmosphere with a huge explosion. About half of the fragment is destroyed. But the major part survives and hits the south Atlantic at 200 times the speed of sound. The sea boils and an enormous wave is created and spreads. The wall of water rushes towards southern Africa at 800 kilometers an hour. Cities on the African coast are totally destroyed and millions of people are drowned. Cities on the African coast are totally destroyed and millions of people are drowned. The wave moves into the Indian Ocean and heads towards Asia.
Millions of people are already dead in the southern part of the earth, but the north won’t escape for long. Tons of broken pieces are thrown into the atmosphere by the explosions, as the sun is hidden by clouds of dust, temperatures around the world fall to almost zero. Crops are ruined. Wars break out as countries fight for food. A year later civilization has collapsed. No more than 10 million people have survived.
Could it really happen? In fact, it has already happened more than once in the history of the earth. The dinosaurs（恐龍）were on the earth for over 160 million years. Then 65 million years ago they suddenly disappeared. Many scientists believe that the earth was hit by a space fragment. The dinosaurs couldn’t survive in the cold climate that followed and they became extinct. Will we meet the same end?
5.Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to author’s description of the disaster in 2094?
A. The whole world becomes extremely cold.
B. All the coastal cities in Africa are destroyed.
C. The whole mankind becomes extinct.
D. The visit of the comet results in wars.
6. Why does the author mention dinosaurs at the end of the passage?
A. Because they could only live n the warm climate.
B. Because they once dominated the earth.
C. Because their extinction indicates future disasters.
D. Because dinosaurs and humans never live in the same age.
7. In writing the passage, the author intends to _________.
A. give an accurate description of the possible disaster in the future.
B. prove tat humans will sooner or later be destroyed
C. tell the historical development of the earth
D. warn of a possible disaster in the future.
8. It can bge concluded that the passage is most probably part of a(n) _________.
A. horror story B. news report
C. research paper D. article of popular science
Ⅴ．綜合技能導(dǎo)讀
一、生詞和詞組
1. philosopher [fI′l s f (r)]n. person studying or teaching philosophy, or having a system of philosophy 哲學(xué)家；研究或教授哲學(xué)的人 eg:
Karl Marx was a great philosopher.卡爾馬克思是一個偉大的哲學(xué)家。
2. dream of 夢想；夢見，其后跟名詞，代詞或v.-ing形式。 eg:
The soldier often dreamt of home. 這士兵常夢到家。
I wouldn’t dream of doing such a thing. 我絕不會想到做這件事。
3. throw light upon/on 使某事顯得非常清楚 eg:
The modern scientific development has thrown light on this question.
現(xiàn)代科學(xué)的發(fā)展正使這個問題明朗化。
The information throws light upon the mystery of Dr Bake.
這個信息可以解開貝克醫(yī)生之謎。
4. matter[′m t ] n.
①[C] affair, topic or situation being considered 事情；問題；情況 eg:
I don’t discuss private matters with my colleagues. 我不和同事談私事。
②[U]physical substance in general (contrasted with mind or spirit)物質(zhì)（與精神相對） eg:
The universe is composed of matter.宇宙是由物質(zhì)組成的。
③常用短語：as a matter of fact=in fact 事實(shí)上
5. pioneer [ paI ′nI (r)](1) n. person who is among the first to go into an area or country to settle or work there 拓荒者；開發(fā)者 eg:
The land was cleared by the pioneers.這塊土地被拓荒者開墾了。
(2)v. (a) act as a pioneer 當(dāng)拓荒者；當(dāng)開發(fā)者(b) open up (a way. etc.)開辟（道路等） eg:
They pioneered a new route to the coast.
他們開辟了一條通往海岸的新路線。
6. unfold [ n′f ld] v.反義詞：fold
(1) cause sth. to open or spread out from a folded state（使某物）展開，打開 eg:
The garden chair unfolds to make a camp-bed.
花園中這把椅子可以打開當(dāng)行軍床用。
(2)unfold sth. (to sb.) -(cause sth. to) be revealed or made known（使某事先的）顯露，展現(xiàn) eg:
The landscape unfolded before us.那景色展現(xiàn)在我們面前。
7. phenomena [f ′ mIn ](pl.)
(1)fact or occurrence, esp. in nature or society, that can be perceived by the senses 現(xiàn)象 eg:
There are a lot of natural phenomena in the world.
世界上有很多自然現(xiàn)象。
(2)remarkable person, thing or event 非凡的人、物或事 eg:
This is a phenomenon. 這是一個奇跡。
(3)phenomenon 是phenomena的單數(shù)形式
8. attention [ ′ten n] n.[U] action of applying one’s mind to sth./sb. or noticing sth./sb. 注意；專心；留心。 eg:
She turned her attention to a new problem.她把注意力轉(zhuǎn)移到一個新問題上。
常用短裙：call sb.’s attention to sth.引起某人注意某事。
Pay attention to sth.注意某事
draw sb.’s attention to sth. 令（某人）注意某物
9. alive [ ′laIv] adj. [作表語] living; not dead 活著；沒死 eg:
She was still alive when I reached the hospital.
當(dāng)我趕到醫(yī)院的時候，她還活著呢。
10. labour [′leIb ] n. physical or mental work（體力或腦力）勞動 eg:
Workers are paid for their labour. 工作的人按勞獲得報(bào)酬。
11. hesitate [′hezIteIt]v. be slow to speak or act because one feels uncertain or unwilling; pause in doubt 猶豫；躊躇；遲疑；（因有疑慮而）停頓 eg:
She replied without hesitating.她毫不猶豫地作了回答。
△hesitation [ hezI′teI n] state of hesitating 猶豫 eg:
She agreed without hesitation. 她毫不猶豫地同意了。
12. horror [′h r ](1)n. feeling of intense fear or dismay; terror恐怖；恐懼；驚恐 eg:
To her horror she saw him fall. 她看見他跌下感到驚恐萬狀。
(2) adj. designed to entertain by arousing pleasurable feelings of horror, shock, etc.以恐怖、驚嚇等并以此為樂的；引起恐怖的 eg:
This is a horror film. 這是一部恐怖電影。
13. grave[greIv] (1) n. hole dug in the ground for a dead body; mound of earth or monument over it 墓穴；墳?zāi)梗粔烆^；墓碑 eg:
I put some flowers on her grave. 我往她墳?zāi)股戏帕艘恍┗ā?/p>
(2)adj. (of situations, etc.) needing careful consideration; serious（指情況等）需要認(rèn)真考慮的；嚴(yán)重的；嚴(yán)峻的 eg:
This could cause grave consequences. 這會造成嚴(yán)重后果。
14. butcher [′b t ]n. person whose job is killing animals for food or cutting up and sellin meat 屠夫；肉商 eg:
I bought some meat at the butcher’s. 我在肉鋪里買了一些肉。
15. curtain[′k tn] n.
①piece of material hung to cover a window, and usu. movable sideways窗簾 eg:
He drew the curtains. 他拉上了窗簾。
②screen of heavy material that can be raised or lowered at the front of a stage（舞臺的）幕 eg:
The curtain rises. 幕啟
16. lip[lIp]n. either of the flesh edges of the opening of the mouth 一片嘴唇
eg: She had a cigarette between her lips. 她叼著一支香煙。
17. brainstorm [′breInst m](1) n. sudden clever idea 靈機(jī)
(2)v. 獻(xiàn)計(jì)獻(xiàn)策 eg:
He brainstormed for the plan. 他為這個計(jì)劃獻(xiàn)計(jì)獻(xiàn)策。
二、語言點(diǎn)講解
1. My father was not scientific, so I had to look for a road without having a map.我的父親沒有什么科學(xué)頭腦，所以我不得不在沒有指導(dǎo)的情況下自己摸索。（本句注意so引導(dǎo)的句子要意譯。）
2. I found all that was taught at university very disappointing and decided that would pioneer a new way, explore unknown powers, and unfold to the word the deepest mysteries of nature.我發(fā)現(xiàn)大學(xué)里所教的一切東西都很令人失望。我決定要開辟一條新路，探索未知的能力并且向全世界展現(xiàn)自然界最深的奧秘。
句中的disappointing用來作賓補(bǔ)，表達(dá)“令人失望”之意，而disappointed的意思是“失望的”。基他類似的詞還有：interesting, boring, tiring, frightening, exciting, surprising都含有“令人……”之意，而interested, bored, tired, frightened, excited, surprised都含有“感到……” 之意。
3. Although I knew how to create life, how to prepare a body for it with all its muscles and organs still remained a difficult job.盡管我知道如何創(chuàng)造生命，但如何用肌肉和器官為它（生命）準(zhǔn)備一個生命體還是個很困難的工作。
句中although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，how to create life和how to prepare…organs都是“連接副詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)，前者作賓語，后者作主語。
三、綜合技能針對性練習(xí)（45分，35分鐘）
（一）單項(xiàng)選擇（每小題1分，共15分）
1. -Have you heard from your son?
-Not yet. It’s not _________ ,for he’s so busy that he doesn’t often __________ home.
A. surprising; write to B. surprising; write
C. surprised; write to D. surprised; write
2. I have been dreaming __________ abroad.
A. to go B. go C. of going D. went
3. Twenty years later, the soldiers __________ in the battle gathered in the city.
A. living B. alive C. live D. lively
4. It was in 2,000, when I was studying in a middle school,__________ I joined the league.
A. where B. when C. in which D. that
5.__________ experience it is! I’ll never forget the days I spent in the forest.
A. What an exciting B. What an excited
C. What exciting D. What excited
6. The girl didn’t even look up, all her attention was __________ on the pretty doll.
A. paid B. given C. drawn D. fixed
7. The teacher couldn’t make himself __________ attention to because the students were so noisy.
A. pay B. paid C. to pay D. to be paid
8. He __________ to finish the work without help but failed.
A. succeeded B. practiced C. tried D. managed
9. At the shopping center, she didn’t know what __________ and __________ with an empty bag.
A. to buy; left B. to buy; leave
C. to be bought; left D. was to buy; leave
10. The little child was __________ by the __________ sound.
A. frightened; frightening B. frightened; frightened
C. frightened; frightenful D. frightening; frightful
11. Was it nine o’clock __________ you got to the school yesterday evening?
A. at which B. that C. until D. when
12. He opened the envelope,__________ the letter and began to read it.
A. unfolding B. folding C. unfolded D. folded
13. The gentleman __________ you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.
A. who B. about whom C. whom D. with whom
14. Where was it __________ you were born?
A. that B. place C. at which D. in which
15. The English play __________ my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success.
A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which
（二）完形填空（每小題1.5分，共30分）
Since the beginning of time, man has been interested in the moon. Leonardo once said that one day a great machine bird would take a person to the moon and bring great _____1_____ to the home where he was born.
Four and a half centuries later, Leonardo’s ____2_____ was realized. Apollo Ⅱ took three Americans-Collins, Aldrin, and Armstrong-to the moon. The mission（飛行任務(wù)）did fill the whold world _____3____ great surprise, as Leonardo had said it _____4____. Numerous essays, articles, and books were written about man’s first moon mission. But perhaps the most interesting story was the _____5____ written before the event, over 100 years before.
In 1865, French author Jules Verne wrote a story about the first journey to the moon. His story was very _____6____ the 1969 Apollo Ⅱ mission.
Verne’s spacecraft _____7____ contained three men: two Americans and Frenchman. The spacecraft was _____8____ as being almost the same size as Apollo Ⅱ. The launch（發(fā)射）
9____ in Verne’s story was also in Florida. The spacecraft in _____10_____ was namd the “Columbia”.The Apollo Ⅱ command ship was also called “Columbia.”His account of sending the spacecraft into the space _____11____ easily have been written about how Apollo Ⅱ was sent into space.
Verne’s story was the same as the actual event in several other _____12____. The speed of Verne’s spacecraft was 36,000 feet per _____13____; Apollo’s was 35,533 feet per second. Verne’s spacecraft took 97 hours to reach the moon; Apollo’s time was 103 hours.________14____
Apollo’s spacemen, Verne’s spacemen took pictures of the moon’s surface, relaxed on their seats, cooked with gas, and _____15____ weightlessness. They too came down in the Pacific and were ____16_____ by an American warship.
What were the ____17____ for Jules Verne’s extreme accuracy in describing an event 100 years or more ____18____ it actually occurred? He ____19___ his writings on the laws of physics and astronomy. Nineteenth-century science and the vivid Verne’s imagination gave people an ____20____ accurate preview of one of the greatest events of the 20th century.
1. A. shame B. fear C. honor D. damage
2. A. plan B. idea C. design D. program
3. A. in B. by C. of D. with
4. A. would B. had C. was D. did
5. A. that B. one C. being D. some
6. A. different from B. similar to C. same as D. far from
7. A. exactly B. almost C. also D. hardly
8. A. thought of B. considered C. regarded D. described
9. A. address B. site C. time D. area
10. A. Verne’s story B. Florida C. 1865 D. 1965
11. A. might B. should C. must D. could
12. A. things B. matters C. measures D. respects
13. A. hour B. minute C. second D. day
14. A. Like B. To C. With D. Unlike
15. A. experienced B. suffered C. enjoyed D. caught
16. A. shot down B. picked up C. knocked over D. driven away
17. A. explanation B. results C. keys D. reasons
18. A. before B. after C. when D. as
19. A. depended B. worked C. spread D. based
20. A. unfortunately B. unbelievably C. actually D. exactly
Ⅵ 單元語法講解
一、單元語法知識歸納：構(gòu)詞
在英語中，詞的構(gòu)成方法主要有三種，即合成、轉(zhuǎn)化和派生。
1.合成法
把兩個或兩個以上獨(dú)立的詞合成一個新詞的方法叫合成法，也叫合詞法。
（1）合成名詞
highway 公路
（2）合成形容詞
hand-made 手工制作的 good-looking相貌好看的 dark-blue 深藍(lán)
（3）合成動詞
ill-treat 虐待 mass-produce 大規(guī)模生產(chǎn) safe guard 保衛(wèi)
（4）合成副詞
however 然而 downstairs 在樓下
（5）合成代詞 anybody nobody something
2.轉(zhuǎn)化法
轉(zhuǎn)化是指詞由一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種詞類。
（1）動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
常用give, take, have, make等動詞與其搭配構(gòu)成動詞詞組，表示一個動作。 eg:
give a smile 微笑 give a tick 踢 take a seat 就座
take a bath 洗澡 have a swim 游泳 have a talk談話
make a wish 許愿
（2）形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為副詞
How long is the road？那條路有多條？（形容詞）
How long have you been working there?你在那里工作了多久？（副詞）
（3）形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞 eg:
The storm slowed down to half its speed. 風(fēng)暴速度減慢了一半。
The girls gradually quieted down. 女孩子們慢慢安靜了下來了。
（4）名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞 eg:
The hall can seat two thousand people.大廳能坐2000人。
The passengers have booked their plane ticket.旅客們已經(jīng)訂了飛機(jī)票。
（5）形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
Something has gone wrong with the tool.工具出了點(diǎn)毛病。（形容詞）
Little children didn’t know the difference between right and wrong.
小孩子不能辨別是非。（名詞）
3.派生法
派生是由詞根加詞綴（前綴、后綴）構(gòu)成新詞。除少數(shù)前綴外，前綴一般只改變詞的意義，不改變詞性；后綴一般只改變詞性，不引起詞義的變化。
前 綴 例 詞
a-構(gòu)成形容詞、副詞 Alive（活著的）, abroad（在國外）, alone
dis-（否定） discourage, disagree
en-（使可能） enrich, enable(使成為可能)，endanger
in-(ill, im-, ir-)（不，非） invisible(看不見), illogical（不合邏輯的）, impossible, irregular（不規(guī)則的）
inter-（相互，之間） international, interchange
mis-（誤） mislay, misunderstand（誤會）,mislead（誤導(dǎo)）
re-（重復(fù)，再） recycle（循環(huán)）,remarry, rewrite
tele-（遠(yuǎn)程） telephone, telegraph, telecommunications（電信）
un-（不），non-（不，非） unfair, unknown, noon-conductor（非導(dǎo)體）
后 綴 例 詞
名 詞 -er……者 foreigner, traveler, speaker, reader
-ese……地方的人 Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese
-ian 精通……的人，……地方的人 musician, technician（技術(shù)員）， African, Asian
-ist 專業(yè)人員 pianist, physicist, scientist, violiinist
-ment性質(zhì)，狀態(tài) movement（運(yùn)動）, development, encouragement
-ness性質(zhì)，狀態(tài) illness, shyness, sadness, business
-or器具，……者 tractor, visitor, professor, actor
名詞 -tion表示動作、過程、結(jié)果 ageneration（世代），suggestion, invention, action
形容詞 practical（實(shí)用的）,international, finalAmerican, Italian, Australiansouthern, northern, easternhelpful, useful, harmfulreasonable, capable, eatablefoolish, British, English selfishactive, native（本族的）,expensive, adoptivewindy, sleepy, healthy, sunnycareless, selfless（無私心的）,harmless, useless
動詞 -fy使……化 simplify（簡化）, terrify（恐嚇）, satisfy
-ize使……成為 realize（實(shí)現(xiàn)）, organize, stabilize, modernize
副詞 -ly表示方式、程度 badly, truly, angrily, suddenly
-ward(s)表示方向 toward(s), backward, outward(s)（向外）
數(shù) 詞 -teen十 fourteen, eighteen, thirteen
-ty整十位數(shù) forty, fifty, eighty, twenty
-th序數(shù)詞 twelfth, twentieth, fourth
二、單元語法知識專項(xiàng)練習(xí)（30分，25分鐘）
（一）用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空（每小題1分，共15分）
Model: The news filled them with pride. (proud)
1. We are filled with __________ when we heard all the villagers had been killed by the enemy. (angry)
2. The success of our experiment is a great __________ to us all. (satisfy)
3. Scientists have __________ in sending the sixth satellite into space. (success)
4. The singer gave a __________ smile to all those who came to greet him. (friend)
5. We must do the experiment __________ .(care)
6. It will be __________ to drive a motorcar through such a storm. (difficulty)
7. English is __________ used in the world.(wide)
8. In time of __________ ,man’s brains work much faster than normal. (dangerous)
9.“You are quite __________,”the teacher said. (mistake)
10. The boy showed great __________ in fighting the enemy. (brave)
11. He was so __________ that he gave me many color pens.(kindness)
12. The book has been __________ out when I got to the bookstore. (sale)
13. Don’t be afraid of __________ .(difficult)
14. Who carried the boy to __________ ?(safe)
15. The Frenchman went to a __________ shop to get some medicine for his cough. (chemical)
（二）詞形轉(zhuǎn)化（每小題1分，共15分）
1. wound（形容詞）__________ 2. beautiful（名詞）__________
3. friend（形容詞）__________ 4. useful（動詞）__________
5. advice（動詞）__________ 6. recent（副詞）__________
7. free（名詞）__________ 8. polite（名詞）__________
9. slow（副詞）__________ 10. early（副詞）__________
11.safe（名詞）__________ 12.sun（形容詞）__________
13. act（名詞）__________ 14. Russia（形容詞）__________
15. health（形容詞）__________
參考答案
I.課前準(zhǔn)備導(dǎo)讀
三、（一）1. She can speak many languages, such as English, French, Chinese and Japanese.
2. Does he run any slower than you?
3. We saw light in the distance.
4. How about going to France for our holidays?
5. I prefer going ballooning to doing anything else.
（二）1.C 點(diǎn)撥：文中所提及（when the explorers）discovered that the moon was full of underground cities。 故應(yīng)選C。
2.B 點(diǎn)撥：文中言及“月球人”問地球人：你們?yōu)楹蔚酵鈱涌臻g旅行而不利用你們的內(nèi)層空間呢？同時文中又說到：月球人所問的問題仍然是一個有趣的問題。將文中的這兩處結(jié)合起來考慮，答案應(yīng)為B項(xiàng)。
3.B 點(diǎn)撥：文中所提及的已存在的地層內(nèi)部設(shè)施只是地道、停車場、商業(yè)區(qū)，故應(yīng)選B。
4.D 點(diǎn)撥：先排除B、C兩項(xiàng)，因?yàn)槲闹袕奈刺峒癏.G. Wells太空旅行一事，也從未提及人們樂意住在地下，故均應(yīng)排除。A項(xiàng)是迷惑度很大的干擾項(xiàng)，因?yàn)橐苍S有許多人認(rèn)為地球上人類由地面轉(zhuǎn)入地下是人類未來的一種趨勢，這就犯了以偏概全的邏輯思維錯誤。文中所說的只是支持人類轉(zhuǎn)入地下這一觀點(diǎn)的論點(diǎn)，是一家之言，并不一定能代表人類未來的發(fā)展趨勢。所以，邏輯思維的全面性是至關(guān)重要的。故應(yīng)選D項(xiàng)。
Ⅲ．口語導(dǎo)讀
三、（一）1.B 點(diǎn)撥：根據(jù)題干。缺少“今后”之意。in future表“今后“之意，A表“在將來”之意，C是“在遙遠(yuǎn)的未來”之意，而D若是for the future則等于B。故選B項(xiàng)。
2.A 點(diǎn)撥：work with是“與某人一起工作”的意思。Work out意為“解決”或“算出”，work on是“從事”之意，work at是“致力于”之意。
3.C 點(diǎn)撥：指心臟的跳動用beat。
4.C 點(diǎn)撥：根據(jù)語意“我不確定是否要下雨”，所以排除A，表達(dá)確定之意，應(yīng)是“ge sure”，排除D。第二個空“天要下雨，表示即將發(fā)生的事應(yīng)是“ge going to do”，排除B。所以應(yīng)選C。
5.A 點(diǎn)撥：Never是含有否定意義的副詞，置于句首時，句子采用了部分倒裝。所以還原句子，則不難看出C、D缺少be動詞。而believe應(yīng)構(gòu)成believe in doing sth結(jié)構(gòu)，所以排除B。
6.C 點(diǎn)撥：本句語意是“人活著必須有信念”，用to do做后置定語修飾不定代詞something。同時believe表示“相信”之意，believe in表示“信仰”之意，所以選C。
7.B 點(diǎn)撥：本句的意思是“你想出的處理污水的辦法是可行的”。“處理污水”用短語“deal with”。而do為及物動詞，其后應(yīng)有賓語，排除C。同時這里that引導(dǎo)定從，指代先行詞the way作定語從句中thought of 的賓語。因此定語從句還原后應(yīng)是“you thought of a way to deal/of dealing with the polluted water”，所以選B。
8.D 點(diǎn)撥：“I believe so, I believe not, I don’t believe so”句型表示個人看法。
9.A 點(diǎn)撥：“I think so, I think not, I don’t think so”也表示個人看法。
10.D 點(diǎn)撥：need為實(shí)義動詞時，其后跟帶to的不定式。根據(jù)don’t need判斷B、C中的need應(yīng)為實(shí)義動詞，所以其結(jié)構(gòu)不符合need為情態(tài)動詞，此時need后應(yīng)跟動詞原形，所以排除A。
（二）1～5 D G E C B
Ⅳ．閱讀指導(dǎo)
五、這是一篇介紹有關(guān)科學(xué)家通過研究300萬年前古人類牙齒結(jié)構(gòu)推測其所吃食物的科普類短文。
1.B 點(diǎn)撥：這是一道對通篇文章主旨大意進(jìn)行推斷、歸納的題目。A、C兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容文中均未提及，D項(xiàng)太片面，故應(yīng)排除。
2.B 點(diǎn)撥：文中第二段第一句提及：…two researchers argue against the widely held belief that hominids ate little more than fruits and leaves.故選B。A項(xiàng)內(nèi)容與文意不符，C項(xiàng)內(nèi)容未提及，D項(xiàng)是作為反證，說明hominids當(dāng)時是不具備的。
3.D 點(diǎn)撥：根據(jù)文意，這兩位科研工作者的發(fā)現(xiàn)是根據(jù)hominids牙齒的形狀，尤其是厚厚的琺瑯質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)而推斷出的，故應(yīng)選D。
4.A 點(diǎn)撥；由五、六兩段推知。
這是一篇科普文章，假想2094年，由于彗星的碎片撞擊地球，將會給世人所帶來的災(zāi)難。人類是否真的會像恐龍一樣在地球上消亡呢？
5.C 點(diǎn)撥：A項(xiàng)在第四段有交代；B項(xiàng)在第三段有描述，關(guān)鍵詞totally; D項(xiàng)在第四段有描述；惟獨(dú)C項(xiàng)未提及，故應(yīng)選C。
6.C 點(diǎn)撥：A項(xiàng)文章未交代；B項(xiàng)跟最后一段不符合；D項(xiàng)答非所問；C項(xiàng)中indicates意思是“暗示有……的可能性”，故選C。
7.D 點(diǎn)撥：A項(xiàng)不妥，因?yàn)槲闹袥]有精確指述；B、C項(xiàng)不妥，因?yàn)槲恼轮皇强苹梦恼拢⒎鞘聦?shí)。D項(xiàng)意為警告人類，假如災(zāi)難真的發(fā)生了，我們該怎么辦。故應(yīng)選D。
8.D 點(diǎn)撥：根據(jù)文章的大意，不難推出這屬于科普方面的文章。故應(yīng)選D。
Ⅴ.綜合技能導(dǎo)讀
三、（一）1.B surprising 意為“令人驚奇的”的，surprised意為“感到驚奇的”，根據(jù)語意排除C、D。從第二個空排除A，因?yàn)閔ome是副詞，“給家里寫信”不加介詞to。故應(yīng)選B。
2.C 點(diǎn)撥：“dream of doing sth”是固定短語，意為“夢想做某事。
3.B 點(diǎn)撥：alive意為“活著的”，作后置定語。Living常作前置定語。Live作前置定語，一般不指人。lively意為“生動，活潑，充滿朝氣的”。因此根據(jù)語意和結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)選B。
4.D 點(diǎn)撥：本句是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，強(qiáng)調(diào)時間狀語“in 2,000”。根據(jù)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)選D。
5.A 點(diǎn)撥：本題中的experience應(yīng)譯作“經(jīng)歷”，此時它是可數(shù)名詞。經(jīng)歷應(yīng)是令人興奮的，故應(yīng)選A。
6.A 點(diǎn)撥：fix one’s attention on sth. 是固定短語，意為“把注意力集中在某事上”此題用了它的被動語態(tài)。其他選項(xiàng)都不符合結(jié)構(gòu)需要，應(yīng)排除。
7.B 點(diǎn)撥：make oneself done是“使某人自己被……”之意，這里過去分詞done用來作賓補(bǔ)。本句意思是“因?yàn)閷W(xué)生如此吵鬧，老師不能使自己被注意到”，所以選B。
8.C 點(diǎn)撥：succeed in doing sth. 結(jié)構(gòu)不符合本