1.詞匯
pour, waste, dirty, member, join, environment, rubbish, whenever, produce, wherever, neighbourhood, litter, public, spit, cut, tidy, collect, recycle, contribution, suppose, spy, nearby
2.詞組
find out, pour waster water, a story about, be afraid of, over two years, take care of
3.語法 現(xiàn)在完成時的用法
4.句型 She has learnt English for two years since she came to this school.
核心知識
pour, waste, dirty, member, join, environment, rubbish, whenever, produce, wherever, neighbourhood, litter, public, spit, cut, tidy, dustbin, collect, recycle, contribution, suppose, spy, nearby.
find out“發(fā)現(xiàn)、查出”； pour waste water“傾倒排放廢水；a story about…“關(guān)于…的經(jīng)過/故事”；be afraid of“害怕…”；for+一段時間，“多長時間”(用于完成時態(tài))； since+時間/從句，“從…起”(用于完成時態(tài))；over two years “兩年多”；more than 5 years“五年多”； a book on“關(guān)于…(內(nèi)容)的書”； harm／improve the environment危害/改善環(huán)境;pick up“揀/揀起”；a truck collecting rubbish“垃圾清運車”；as soon as“-…就…”；keep our city clean“使我們的城市保持清潔”；take care of“照顧／保護(hù)(好)…”；on public walls“在公共場所的墻上”； in a public place“在公共場所”； throw… into／onto“把…扔到…里面/上面； make a contribution to “為…作貢獻(xiàn)”；have／has been to“曾經(jīng)去過某地”；have /has gone to“已經(jīng)去了某地”； make sure“確定，確保.”
1.Where have you been，Hu Nan？ I’ve been to a paper factory.
have been in／at“在哪里”指狀態(tài)
have been to“到…去過”，“曾經(jīng)去過…”‘指動作.
如：①She has been to Beijing. She went last year.
她去過北京，她去年去過
②Have they been to the Great Wall？他們?nèi)ミ^長城嗎？
Yes，they have是的，他們?nèi)ミ^，
③Has he been at school？他在學(xué)校嗎？
Yes， he has.是的，他在.
④Has he been in Wu Han。？他在武漢嗎？
Yes， he has.是的，他在.
2.I found out that the factory was pouring waste water into the river near it.
1)find out發(fā)現(xiàn)，找出，查明，查找出(真相等)
如：2)Please find out when the ship sails for Shanghai.
請打聽一下那艘船什么時候開往上海.
3)The factory was pouring waste water into the river near it.
這家工廠正把廢水往附近的河里排放.是一個賓語從句，作 found out的賓語.
4)pour waste water into…把廢水排(入)到…里
如：She poured the milk in the glass into a bottle.
她把杯子里的牛奶倒進(jìn)了一個瓶子里.
Pour the salt out of the bug into a pot， please.
請把鹽從袋子里倒入到罐內(nèi).
pour傾瀉，傾吐
如：Her tears poured down from her eyes.
淚水從她的眼中流下來(奪眶而出).
She poured herself out to her sister.
她向她姐姐傾吐了自己的情感.
3.We can write a story about it to the TV station and the newspaper.
1)it 指前面談到的 the factory was pouring waste water into the river near it(it指“工廠”)這件事.
2)a story about…關(guān)于…的故事／情況/真相
如：write a story about a spirit. 向…寫出這事的真相
He told us a story about a spirit.他給我們講了一個妖怪的故事.
4.Businessmen are afraid of…
1)be afraid(of)害怕(…)
如：The boy is afraid of guests.那男孩怕客人.
Girls are afraid of dogs，女孩子怕狗.
2)I’m afraid恐怕
如：I’m afraid(that) I’ll be late.我恐怕要遲到了.
I’m afraid not(Afraid not).恐怕不是這樣吧！
5.What have you done since you joined Greener China？
1) Since+時間或從句“從…起”“自從…”
如：She has lived here since she came here，
自從她來這里她就一直住這兒.
We have planted one hundred trees since nine o’clock.
從九點走(到現(xiàn)在)我們已栽了一百棵樹.
6. I’ve written a book on the environment.
a book on…關(guān)于…方面的書(用on表示有“知識性”的內(nèi)容)
如：I have got a book on the radio.我買了一本有關(guān)無線電的書.
a book on physics有關(guān)物理學(xué)方面的書.
7.What do you think we should do to improve our environment？
1)這是一個由賓語從句引導(dǎo)詞(what)前置而構(gòu)成的特殊疑問句，也可說：
Do you think what we should do to improve our environment？
2)improve／harm the environment改善/危害環(huán)境
如：We must try to improve ourselves in English.
我們必須努力提高我們的英語水平.
We should improve our studying methods.我們應(yīng)改學(xué)習(xí)方法.
3)harm v.& n.危害、損害、傷害
Where is no harm in trying.試一試也無妨
Where’s the harm in trying？試試又何妨？
8.Suddenly a piece of beautiful music come to my ears.
1)a piece of beautiful一首美妙的音樂.
如：a piece of一張／首／片/塊…
a piece of paper一張紙
a piece of bread一片面包
a piece of ice一塊冰
2)came to my ears傳入我的耳朵
come vi.達(dá)(到)，伸展(到)
如：The road comes to the gate of my home.
這條路一直到我家門口.
come常與某些詞一起構(gòu)成詞組
come along come across
come and go come back
come home come in
come off come into
come on come out(of)
come over come up(to)
9. AS soon as other people hear it, …
1)as soon as…就…盡快
當(dāng)主句時態(tài)為一般將來時或一般現(xiàn)在時的時候，時間狀語從句只能用一般現(xiàn)在時.
如：Give the book to me as soon as you finish reading it.
你一看完就把書給我。
He will come to see you as soon as he comes here.
他一來這兒就來看你.
Please come as soon as possible.你盡快來.
2)hear it 聽到它(音樂)
it指前面說到的a piece of beautiful music
1O.It’s a pleasant way to help keep our city clean.
1)pleasant令人愉快的.
如：It’s pleasant weather.令人愉快的天氣.
What a pleasant weather！多么令人愉快的天氣啊！
2)keep our city clean使我們的城市保持清潔.
是一個省略to的不定式.clean是city的補(bǔ)語
keep+賓語+賓補(bǔ)
如：The students must keep their eyes closed.
學(xué)生必須閉上眼睛.
The students before the class must keep their hands behind them.
前面的學(xué)生必須把手放在身后.
11.Have you ever spat in a public place？
l)ever“永遠(yuǎn)、老是”，用于疑問句有“在任何時候”“曾經(jīng)”之意
如：Have you ever been to Beijing？你曾到過北京嗎？
We’ll ever remember the exciting time/moment.
我們會永遠(yuǎn)記住那個激動人心的時刻.
2)in a public place在公共場所.
如：a public officer 公務(wù)員
a public holiday 公定假日
public health 公共衛(wèi)生
a public telephone 公用電話
a public library 公共圖書館
12.If everyone makes a contribution to protecting the environment,…
make a contribution to“為…作貢獻(xiàn)”，后接名詞，代詞或名詞性短語.
如：We should make greater contributions to our county.
我們應(yīng)為祖國作出更大的貢獻(xiàn)
13.The more trees the better.
the more …the better越…越好
the more…the worse越…越糟
如：The more you learn, the more you want(to learn).
你學(xué)得越多你就越想學(xué).
The more you do， the worse you were.
你干得越多越糟.
14.Don’t forget to tell me the time.
forget to do sth.忘記(去)做什么(事情還沒做)
forget doing sth. 忘記已做了什么(事情已做了)
如：I bought a pen, but I forgot to pay.
我買了一支鋼筆，可我忘了付錢.(錢還沒給)
I forgot closing the door, so I did again.
我忘記門已關(guān)了，因此我又去關(guān)門
15.When you throw rubbish at home， make sure that all of the rubbish goes into the dustbin.
l)make sure查明，弄確實／清楚，確信，肯定，確保.
如: Can you make sure she is sure to come today.
你能肯定她今天一定來，
I make sure(that) the girl in red is Lucy.
我確信那個穿紅衣服的女孩就是露茜
2)be sure確信，確定
be sure of+名詞/代詞表示“對……很有把握”； be sure+不定式表示“肯定、一定”； be sure +that從句，表示“相信”，’確信”.
I’m sure she will come.我肯定她會來.
It’s sure to rain.一定會下雨.
I’m sure of this exam.我對這次考試有把握
典型例題
1.have been to a place與 have gone to a place
解析 1)have been to a place“曾經(jīng)到過某地”表示所談到的人“已經(jīng)回來(回到原來的地方)”
如：I have been to Shanghai(before)我(以前)曾經(jīng)到過上海
She has been to Shanghai twice.她到(去)過上海兩次.
這一表達(dá)形式只著重說明有沒有做過這件事，不管你做事的過程和時間.
2)have gone to a place“去了某地”，表示所談到的人“去了某地”，但還沒有回來，致于現(xiàn)在在哪里也不管，反正是去了某地而不在這兒
如：Where is Li Lei？李雷呢？
He has gone to the library.他去圖書館了.(現(xiàn)在是在圖書館還是在回來的路上都不管他，反正還沒回來，不在這里.)
Mr. Green has gone to Guangzhou. He’ll be back next week.
格林先生去了廣州，他下周回來。
2.I’ve been with Greener China for a year.
How many English words have you learned since you came？
解析“for + 一段時間”和“since + 時間名詞或從句”常用于表示過去已經(jīng)開始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的完成時態(tài)，表示動作持續(xù)了多長時間有時可同時都用.
如：She has learnt English for two years since she came to this school.
從她來這所學(xué)校起，她已經(jīng)學(xué)了兩年英語了.
We’ve studied English since 1999. We’ve learned it for 3 years.
從一九九九年起我們就一直在學(xué)英語，我們已學(xué)了三年了
She is ill. She has been like this since last night.
她病了，從昨晚起就像這樣了.
注意：①for后接時間的多少：指時間的長度，如：
for a year， for an hour， for ten years，…
②since后可接具體的時間或從句，也可接“…ago”的短語，如：since yesterday, since two days ago，since nine o’clock，since she came back，since last Sunday， since 1990，…總之，for表示“多長時間”而since表示動作或狀態(tài)是“從什么時候開始”.
3.
Mother，Mrs. Green，lived with her daughter and her son in a big city. She was already in her seventies. Every morning after breakfast she went for a walk in the park and came home at half past twelve for her lunch.
But on morning a police car stopped outside their house. Two policemen helped Mr. Green to get off the car. One of them said to her son，“The weak woman lost her way. So we sent a car to bring her home.” Her son was very surprised， but he thanked the policemen.
“Mother，you have been to that park every day for twenty years. How did you lose your way there？” Her son asked.
Mother said with a smile，“I didn’t lost my way at all. I just got tired and I didn’t want to walk home！
根據(jù)短文判斷正誤，正確的寫“T’，錯誤的寫“F”
( ) 1.Mrs Green lived with her children those days.
( ) 2.She was just seventy years old.
( ) 3.The police droved Mrs. Green home because she didn’t want to walk home.
( ) 4.Her son thought she really lost the way.
( ) 5.She has been to the park every day since twenty years ago.
分析 1.T.文中講的是她和她的女兒和兒子一起住，因此是對的.2.F.因為文中講她有七十幾歲，而不是正好七十歲，所以錯了，3.F.因為她告訴警察說她迷路了，警察送她回來的，而不是因為她不想走，警察才送她的.4.T.因為她兒子問她是怎么迷路的.所以是對的.5.T.她兒子說二十年來她天天去公園，所以是對的.
4.Where’s Jim？He to the cinema.
A have been B has been C. have gone D. has gone
解析 選D，從主語 he得知應(yīng)用has而不是 have因而不會是 A和C，又從 Where’s Jim？得知Jim不在這兒因而不用been，所以只能選D.
5.We must make a contribution to the environment.
A improving B improve C protect D protected
解析 選A。因為 make a contribution to后只能接名詞，代詞或名詞性短語和詞組，而 B、C、D都不能，只有A可以構(gòu)成動名詞短誤因此選A
6.Sorry，kept you .
A. stand B. wait C. to stand D. waiting
解析 選D.因為“keep + 賓語 + 賓補(bǔ)”中，賓補(bǔ)要是形容詞，介詞短語和動名詞等表示“讓…處于某處或某種狀態(tài)”而不能直接用動詞或不定式，所以選D.
【關(guān)于“Unit 3 Make our world more beautiful!”的常見問題】
常見問題1: Make our world more beautiful!1
問題：
根據(jù)漢語句子完成下列句子.
你現(xiàn)在能見醫(yī)生，他正忙著給一個村民做手術(shù).
You the doctor now. He is a villager.
解答:
分析 根據(jù)漢語句子完成英語句子是近年來常用來檢查學(xué)生語言運用能力的一種題型，也是中考中常用的題型之一.
填can’t，see，busy，operating，on主要考查學(xué)生運用be busy(in)doing sth和 operate on sb.兩個短語的綜合運用能力.
常見問題2: Make our world more beautiful!2
問題：
根據(jù)漢語句子完成下列句子.
大橋附近有家工廠已十多年了.
a factory near the bridge for over ten years，
解答:
分析 根據(jù)漢語句子完成英語句子是近年來常用來檢查學(xué)生語言運用能力的一種題型，也是中考中常用的題型之一.
填There，has，been是為了考查學(xué)生there be句型和完成時的綜合運用能力.
常見問題3: Make our world more beautiful!3
問題：
根據(jù)漢語句子完成下列句子.
他一回來我馬上把這個好消息告訴他.
I’ll tell time the good news he .
解答:
分析 根據(jù)漢語句子完成英語句子是近年來常用來檢查學(xué)生語言運用能力的一種題型，也是中考中常用的題型之一.
填as，soon，as，comes，back，此題的目的是為考查“-…就…”用法和時間狀語從句與主句的時態(tài)關(guān)系而選題的.
常見問題4: Make our world more beautiful!4
問題：
兩個月是相當(dāng)長的一段時間.(2000年，南京師大附中)
Two months long time.
解答:
填is，quite，a或 is rather a考查學(xué)生對“相當(dāng)…”這詞語的表達(dá)法.
常見問題5: Make our world more beautiful!5
問題：
劉英入團(tuán)半年了(2000年湖南師大附中)
LiuYing’s a league member half a year.
解答:
填been，for考查學(xué)生對“入團(tuán)”這一詞的表達(dá)法和表示多長時間的for短語.
常見問題6: Make our world more beautiful!6
問題：
天氣如此熱，以至于我們都去游泳了.(2001年北京市)
It was hot we all went swimming
解答:
填so，that主要是考查so…that的用法及學(xué)生運用這一短語的能力，
常見問題7: Make our world more beautiful 1
問題：
改錯
As soon as mother comes back, Jim begins to do his homework at once.
A B C D
解答:
分析as soon as在表示 一…就…時，不能與at once（立即，馬上）連用，以免造成詞義的重復(fù)，故應(yīng)將As soon as改為After或When。
答案A
注意！此句也可以表達(dá)成：As soon as mother comes back，Jim begins to do his homework. 另外，as soon as possible的意思為 盡可能快 ，與as soon as的用法不一樣，不要混淆。
常見問題8: Make our world more beautiful 8
問題：
Lucy and Lily can speak good Chinese, because they _______ China for six years. (山西省1999年中考題)
A．have been in B．have been to
C．have come to D．have gone to
解答:
分析 現(xiàn)在完成時的另一種用法，表示過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，甚至還可能持續(xù)下去，常與for和since連用。
(1)for和since都可以表示一段時間，與現(xiàn)在完成時連用。for可以和表示一段時間的時間狀語連用，如：for three days(三天了)。since與表示某一具體時間的時間點連用，如：since 1980(自從1980年以來)，since three years ago(自從三年前)。
(2)用since或for表示的時間狀語，其句中的謂語動詞要用延續(xù)性動詞。在現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)里，如果要把瞬間動詞和表示一段時間的詞或短語連用，則需把瞬間動詞換成近義的延續(xù)性動詞，如come換成be here。
答案 A
注意! 此題容易忽略介詞for而選B。把瞬間動詞換成近義的延續(xù)性動詞有：
die→be dead; buy→have; join the league →be a league member; leave→ be away; begin/start→ be on; come→be here; borrow→ keep ; fall asleep→be asleep; finish/end →be over; open→be open; close→be closed.
常見問題9: Make our world more beautiful 9
問題：
The room is very clean. You don’t need _______ it.
A．clean B．to clean C．cleaning D．cleaned
解答:
分析 need有兩種用法。一種為實義動詞，其用法是need to do，否定形式為don’t need to do。另一種為助動詞，其用法是need do，否定形式為needn’t do。此句用實義動詞，后接名詞或不定式。
選項A、C、D與上述詞組不符。
答案B
注意! need的兩種用法容易混淆。應(yīng)記住need為情態(tài)動詞時，與can，may等詞一樣，后面要接動詞原形。謹(jǐn)記這一點，就容易分清need do與need to do的用法。