一、教法建議

【拋磚引玉】

本單元圍繞海洋知識這一題材，讓同學們通過閱讀“The Sea”“Salt Lakes of the World”和“Life in the Oceans”來了解有關海洋及海洋生物的知識。

單元雙基學習目標

Ⅰ. 詞匯學習

四會單詞和詞組：sailor , do well , make up one’s mind , bathe , time ( vt .) , spring , beg , beg one’s pardon , captain , depth , merely , huge , construction

三會單詞和詞組：seaside , beach , dive , navy , drown , come up , vast , surface , solid , various , variety , float , the Dead Sea , partly , on average , pole , the South Pole , huge , at a time , occur , treasure , voyage , load , cycle , kg = kilogram(me) , the Atlantic = the Atlantic Ocean

Ⅱ. 交際英語

道歉和遺憾

一般來說，中國人喜歡反復強調自己的謙意，并喜歡用“非常抱歉”、“深表歉意”等表示程度傾向的語句，而英美人士則不同，對于因客觀原因而造成的過失或差錯，則不必主動工過分向對方表示歉意。如一定要向對方道歉，說聲 sorry 即可，一般不用 very , terribly , truly 等表示程度的詞。因為在美國，過分的道歉或自責反而顯得不太誠懇，令人感到虛假或另有用心。

Some useful expressions：

1 . Sorry / Pardon / I‘m sorry .

2 . I’m sorry for/about…

3 . I‘m sorry to do sth . / I’m sorry to have done sth…

4 . Excuse me ( for… )

5 . be afraid that…

6 . What a pity/shame !

7 . It‘s a pity that…

8. That’s all right . /It doesn‘t matter . /That’s nothing .

9 . That‘s OK . /It’s quite all right . /Never mind . /No trouble at all . / That‘s not your fault .

交際示范：

( A is late for a birthday party ) .

A : Come in , Mr Smith . Nice to see you .

B : Nice to see you too . I’m very sorry to be late . ( I‘m sorry to have kept you waiting . )

A : It doesn’t matter . We‘re glad you could come .

B : I didn’t quite remember the number of your house , so it took me a long time to find your house .

A : I‘m sorry that I didn’t make myself clear .

B : Oh , that‘s nothing .

Ⅲ. 語法重點

學習省略句的用法。

【指點迷津】

單元重點詞匯點撥

1. sailor水手；海員

He will make a good sailor . 他將成為很好的水手。

〖點撥〗go to sea當船員。當sailor與形容詞連用時表達“……于乘船的人”。如：a bad / poor sailor會暈船的人。

另外，sailer是“帆船”。go sailing去航海。

2. time vt . 測定……的時間；記錄……的時間

I timed him the 5000 metre race at the sports meet .

〖點撥〗含 time 的高頻介詞短語

1） at a time 每次，一次

A whale may eat a ton of small fish at a time , and may enjoy four meals a day .

2） at the same time 同時

The two little boys reached the finish line at the same time .

The head of the whale contains a lot of oil , and this is probably cooled at the same time .

3） at one time 以前，曾經

At one time , there were long queues of people waiting outside the CAAC offices .

At one time I lived in Japan .

4） from time to time 間或，時常，不時地

I’ll see you from time to time .

She sent her pocket money to him from time to time for a year .

5） in time 及時

We were just in time to catch the bus .

Fortunately , I was in time for the interview .

6） on time 準時，按時；于指定時間

The train pulled in on time .

He seldom gets to work on time .

7） at all times 無論何時；一直

We should at all times be aware of our own shortcomings .

8） at no time 在任何時候都不，決不

At no time will China be the first to use unclear weapons .

9） at times 有時

I do feel a little nervous at times .

10） in no time 立刻，很快

I‘ll be back in no time .

I am sure that I can learn typing in no time .

3. drown溺死；淹死

An eight-year-old girl was drowned in the river .

〖點撥〗a drowning boy溺水的男孩。

4. various各種各樣的；不同的

Of all the various methods of learning a foreign language , I think this is the best .

Various kinds of bicycles can be bought in this shop .

〖點撥〗variety是名詞“多樣化（不可數）；種類（可數）”。a variety of各種各樣的。如：Varieties of TV programmes are being broadcast on TV at present .

5. depth深度；深；厚度

Snow fell to a depth of over nine inches .

〖點撥〗in depth從深度上講。What’s the depth of … ？……多深 ？

注意下列形容詞與名詞：wide → width , strong → strength , long → length, deep →depth , high →height 。

6. construction建設；建造

Women are playing an important part in China’s socialist construction .

The construction of the new railway took 3 years .

〖點撥〗under construction正在建設中。如：A new hotel is being built . = A new hotel is under construction .

7. occur發生

Such a thing hardly occurs .

It occurs more often in women than in men .

〖點撥〗 注意occur的現在分詞、過去式和過去分詞的拼寫要雙寫 –r 。另外，該詞不用被動語態。如：It was said that the traffic accident occurred at midnight .

occur to sb發生在某人身上……。It occurs to sb that …某人突然想到……。如：

An excellent idea occurred to me when I woke up this morning .

It occurred to me that I would travel Europe .

另外，happen , take place也表示“發生”，不用被動語態。

8. beg乞求；請求

She begged me to speak a word for her .

〖點撥〗beg sb to do懇求某人干…… 。beg for乞求得到……。

I beg your pardon. = Beg your pardon . = Pardon . (用聲升) 請你再說一遍。

另外要注意beg的雙寫形式。

單元詞組思維運用

1. on the sand (s)在沙灘上。in the sand在沙里。

2. do well in在……做的好。do good to sb對……有好處。

Giving up smoking will do you good .

That meeting will do no good to them .

She has made up her mind to do better to learn Japanese .

3. make up one’s mind to do = decide to do下決心干……

They haven’t made up their minds what to do next .

4. take a deep breath = breathe deeply = draw a deep breath作深呼吸。

He took a deep breath and jumped into the river .

注意：take breath是“喘口氣；歇一歇”。

5. go cycling騎自行車

6. make up構成；組成

The examination paper is made up of two parts .

7. by weight按重量計算

Air contains 23.1% oxygen by weight .

Most of the oceans contain 35% parts of salt oer thousand parts of water . That is 3.5% by weight .

注意：by可以用來表示標準、度量單位，作“以……計；按……計算”。又如：by the hour按小時計算。by the month按月算。

8. up to到達……數量；直到

The hall can hold up to 3000 people .

注意：這里up是副詞，to是介詞表示“到達……程度”。又如：

The price of this article has been reduced to 65 yuan .

Water will freeze if it is cooled to a low enough temperature .

9. a depth of有……的深度

The lake has a depth of 300 feet in the middle .

10. less than少于；小于

He finished his homework in less than half an hour .

11. the mouth of ……的出口

At the mouth of the river there are a lot of boats .

12. on the surface在表面；從表面上看

We can see lots of fallen leaves on the surface of the lake .

On the surface , she is clever .

13. by supplied by由……提供

Information will be supplied by him if necessary .

14. on average = on an / the average 平均起來；一般說來

The price of apples is about four yuan per kg on average .

On average the hottest place is the Red Sea and the coldest probably the South Pole .

15. in a group成群接隊地

These fish swim together , often in a group .

注意：in groups成群接隊地；分組地

Let’s discuss the question in groups of six . 我們六人一組分組討論。

16. provide A for B為B提供A

These fish provide the main food for whales .

17. at a time一次；每次；一下子

18．feed on靠吃……維持生命

The sperm whale feeds on squid . 巨頭鯨靠吃魷魚為生。

feed + 賓語 + on… 用……喂養……

19. leave out省略；忽略；遺漏

Please point out which words have been left out in the sentence .

20. for ages長時間；很久

21. take in接受；接納

The company will take you in .

It’s good for you to go outside and take in fresh air .

22. in the direction of朝……方向。in the opposite direction朝相反的方向。

In which direction does the river run ?

23. have the shape of呈……的形狀

Some of the living things are round and have the shape of a bell .

24. make a journey to到……旅行

二、學海導航

【學法指要】

單元難點疑點思路明晰

1.Beautiful day, isn’t it？天氣真好，是嗎？

〖明晰〗 這是口語中談論天氣時經常使用的省略句型（=It‘s a .. . ）。 回答時常用Yes, isn’t it?，答語中的isn‘t it?不是反意疑問，而是肯定的含義，相當于：Yes, it certainly is. 又如：

Raining hard, isn’t it?（=It‘s raining... ）雨下得真大，是嗎？Yes, isn’t it?的確如此。

2. I wish we could go to the seaside today. 但愿今天能去海邊就行了。

〖明晰〗 I wish(that)...表示一種不可能實現的愿望，可譯為“但愿……就好了”，定語從句中用虛擬語氣，用過去式表示與現在或將來事實難以相同的愿望；用過去完成時表示與過去事實不一樣的愿望；如果謂語動詞是be ， 則不論人稱如何均用were。例如：

I wish I knew the way to Tom‘s house.

I wish I had joined the army five years ago.

I wish I were a king.

3. Take a deep breath and I’ll time you.深肖一口氣，我來給你記時。

〖明晰〗(1)句中take a breath指“吸一口氣”，注意breath前有冠詞：take breath作“歇一歇，喘口氣”解時，breath前沒有不定冠詞。 常用詞組還有hold one‘s breath屏住呼吸，out of breath上氣不接下氣，lose one’s breath喘不過氣。

(2)句中time是動詞“給……記時”。He timed them while the students were reading the text.當學生在讀課文時，他給他們記時。

time作名詞時還可當“時間、倍數”解。

He has been there for some time.

This room is three times as large as that one .

4. Seen from space, the earth looks blue.從太空看，地球是藍色的。

〖明晰〗(1)seen from space是過去分詞短語，與句子主語存在被動關系，相當于一個表示條件的狀語從句(If it is see...)。 再如：Moved by his words, she couldn‘t keep back her tears.

(2)注意過去分詞和現在分詞作狀語的區別。Seeing from space, we find the earth looks blue.（前后動作主語一致）

(3)表示天體、江、河、湖、海等的名詞前要加the。如：the sun, the moon, the Atlantic Ocean

5.There is very little rain here, merely 60mm in a year on average. 這里的雨水極少，每年平均降雨量只有60毫米。

〖明晰〗(1)merely(=only)僅，只有，作狀語。

(2)average adj.平均的，常構成固定詞組on average，作“平均起來”、 “一般來說”解，在句中作狀語。例如：

The average temperature in Hong Kong during July is 28℃.

We hand in a composition on average each week.

6.This is because two thirds of the earth’s surface is made up of vast oceans.這是因為三分之二的地球表面是由巨大的海洋組成的。

〖明晰〗be made up of...作“由……組成的”解， 是被動形式。 其主動形式是makeup。本短語表示組成的各部分均保留自己的特點和屬性，不發生任何變化。如：

The medical team is made up of 5 doctors and 2 nurses. 主動形式：Five doctors and two nurses make up the medical team.

Our class is made up of 42 boys and 15 girls. 主動形式：Forty two boys and fifteen girls make up our class.

它區別于be made of和be made from。雖也作“由……構成的”解，但它們強調構成的原料。原料看得出來的用of，原料看不出來的用from。

The wall is made of stone, while paper is made from wood.

7.There is only one narrow entrance where the Mediterranean meets the Atlantic.在地中海與大西洋相遇的地方只有一條狹窄的入口。

〖明晰〗句中的where...是個地點狀語從句。由where 引導的地點狀語從句可置于主句之后也可置于主句之前。如：

Put the book where it was.

Where there is a lot of water and sunlight, crops grow well.

8.That is 3.5% by weight.按重量計算為3.5%。

〖明晰〗by與weight（重量），height（高度），length（長度），width（寬度）， depth（深度），volume（體積）連用時不用冠詞。

by與表示時間的hour, day, month, year及pieces（件）連用時要加冠詞。例如：

What time is it by your watch?

This bag of flour is fifty jin by weight.

The workers are given money by the day/month/year.

The boss gives the workers money by the pieces.

9. occur, happen, take place

〖明晰〗三者都可表示“發生”之意，都是不及和持動詞或短語，不能用于被動語態。

occur是比較正式的用語，可用于具體或抽象的事物， 通常指按計劃或規律在較為確定的時間“發生”的事，在表示具體的事物時，可與happen換用。此外， 還可表示“某想法”出現在人的頭腦之中，這時不能用happen代替。

I‘m afraid that this would occur during my absence.

Something unexpected occurred/happened.

Dose it ever occur to you that I am sometimes thinking?

happen常指具體事件的發生，特別指那些偶然的或未能預見的“發生”。既可指愉快的事，也可指不愉快的事。常可表示“碰巧；恰好”之意。如：

New things are happening all around us.

It happened that I had no money on me.

take place通常指“（某事）按計劃進行或按計劃發生。”此外還有“舉行”之意。如：

Great changes have taken place in China since

The meeting will take place next Friday.

10. merely, only

〖明晰〗兩者都可以作副詞，表示“僅僅，只不過”之意，但only還可作形容詞，表示“唯一的”，merely的形容詞形式為mere。如：

It it merely/only a matter of time.

I merely/only asked what her name was.。

It is a mere suggestion.

It is an only suggestion.

11. big, large, great, huge, vast

上述形容詞都表示“大”，但側重點及程度不同。

+〖明晰〗big指具體事物的大小，強調比正常形體的標準大，既可用在普通場合， 也可用在正式場合。它可用來指人的身材高大或“長大了”，還可表示“偉大”，“重要”之意。如：

Can you lift up this big stone?

Don’t be so easily frightened, you are a big boy now.

On the last day I made a big decision.

large特別強調遠遠超過標準的大，指體積、面積、容積、數量之大。如：

A whale is a large animal.

A large crowd collected at the gate of the theatre.

This coat is too large for me.

great除了表示數量體積之大外，又指抽象的程度，意味著偉大性，重要性， 優越性；常用于抽象或無形的東西；用于有形的東西時，常帶有“偉大”，“大得令人吃驚”等意思，含有一定的感情色彩。如：

China is a great country with a long history. 中

He was one of the greatest scientists .

huge指體積大得難以用普通的方法計量。可指具體的實物，也可指抽象的事物。如：

Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the Nor. Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted a lookout.啟航四天后，泰坦尼克號在穿越大西洋多冰的海域時，了望員突然發現了一個巨大的冰山。

The meeting was a huge success.

vast指幅員遼闊或范圍廣大，著重在面積上，而不在體積上。如：

The countryside is a vast world.

How vast China is!

12. different, various

二者都可表示“不同的”這一意義。但在用法及確切的含義上不一樣。

different多用來指表面或狀態的不同，可作定語，也可作表語，作定語時， 可接單數名詞，也可接復數名詞。如：

He is a different man from what he was ten years ago.

They came from different parts of the country.

various指同一范疇內的不同種類，著重于種類的“眾多”或“多種多樣”， 可作表語，也可作定語。作定語時，其后只能接復數名詞，有時可和different 換用。如：

There are various types of bicycles in the market.

His reasons for leaving were many and various.

Advanced workers from various/different parts of the country have arrived in Beijing.