Lesson 38
Teaching Aims
通過(guò)本課教學(xué)，讓學(xué)生掌握表示同意和假設(shè)的日常交際用語(yǔ)，并培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的環(huán)保意識(shí)。
Step 1. Lead-in
Ask the students some questions about the present environment.
1) The world is facing a lot of serious problems. Do you think so?
2) What are these terrible problems?
3) How shall we save the earth?
Step 2. Dialogue presentation & Understanding
1, The teacher’s brief introduction.
Today we are going to learn a dialogue about a conference. It was called “Saving the earth”. Jackie id talking to Yang Pai about it.
2. Get the students to listen to the tape, with the following questions.
1) What was the conference about?
It was all about the damage that is being caused to the world.
2) What did they discuss at the meeting?
Pollution, agriculture, nuclear waste, radiation, population and so on.
1. Ask the students to read the dialogue silently and find out the answers to the following questions.
1) What opinion did Jackie have after attending the conference?
A, If we go on polluting the world, it won’t be fit for us to live in.
B, If people don’t stop polluting the seas and rivers, there will be no fish left.
C, If the population keeps growing so quickly, there will only be standing room left for us next century.
2) How did Yang Pei show agreement in the dialogue?
A, It is a good idea to hold such conferences.
B, Yes.
C, I agree with you.
D, Yes, it certainly is.
E, That’s quite true.
Step 3. Dialogue Drills
1. Ask the students to practice the dialogue in pairs.
2. Get the students to retell the dialogue.
Model:
Jackie is talking to Yang Pei about a conference which he has been to. The conference was called “Saving the earth”. It was all about the damage that is being caused to the world. He listened to some lectures about pollution, agriculture, nuclear waste, radiation and so on. He also had a talk about the increase in the world’s population. Both Jackie and Yang Pei think that it is a good idea to hold such conferences, and if people don’t stop polluting the world, it won’t be fit for us to live in.
Step 4. Dialogue Practice
1. Ask the students to show their agreement or disagreement by using different expressions.
2. Get the students to work in pairs to make sentences by using the phrases given.(SB Page 49, Part 2)
Step 5. Dialogue production
1. Ask the students to make dialogues similar to the one in Part 1.
Situation:
Student A is talking to Student B about a conference that he has just been to. It was about computer study.
2. Divide the class into several groups and ask them to exchange ideas on the following questions.
1) What will happen if we keep polluting the earth?
2) What should we young people do to stop the pollution?
Language points
1. --- What’s the conference like?
--- very interesting.
What is/was like?
What was the football match like? A wonderful close game.
What is Jack’s father like? He is tall and handsome.
What is the city of Suzhou like? Very beautiful.
What is that kind of thing like? Very strange.
What is that dictionary? A pocket one. Simple but clear.
What are your family like? They are all very kind and helpful.
2. damage/destroy
均可作動(dòng)詞，在破壞的程度上，damage 要小于destroy, damage 可以指不同程度的破壞和塤壞，而destroy 則一般指毀滅性的摧毀。兩者常可通用。Damage 可作不可艘名詞，而destroy 則不可。
In our country, about 50% of the forest had been destroyed/damaged by the year 1995.
This kind of “chemical rain” gradually destroys/damages trees in the forests and kills the fish in the rivers.
You have destroyed my life and all my hopes.
The storm caused great damage/did a lot of damage to the crops.
3. fit / suit
* fit 指衣服的大小、尺寸“合適”、“合身”；suit 指色別、款式“適合”、“合適”。
This shirt fits her perfectly/quite well.
I don’t think the trousers fit you.
This pair of shoes doesn’t fit me well.
The skirt fits her well, but the color of it doesn’t suit her.
* fit … on sb.
She fitted the coat on her daughter.
She fitted on the sweater (tried on ).
* His act doesn’t fit the position.
* fit --- adj. + inf.& for suitable--- 形狀、顏色的協(xié)調(diào)、上下文意義的連貫、和不和某人的心愿。
He is fit for the job/the office.
He is fit to do the job. He is fit to hold the position.
The world won’t be fit for us to live in if we go on polluting it.
The weather is not for a football match.
These shoes are not fit to wear.
I don’t know whether the gift is suitable for her.
He is so weak and isn’t fit for the job.
This manager is fit for the position.
It was really a dinner fit for a king.
This kind of fish not fit to eat.
These shoes are too small. They are not fit for me.
I don’t think he is fit to look after the children.
4. What else did you hear about at the meeting?
Else adj. 另外的。通常與疑問(wèn)詞what, who, where 等連用，也可以與something, anything, nothing, somebody, anybody, nobody等連用。
You can take these pictures. What else do you want to take?
Who else wants to go with me?
---- Is there anything that I do for you?
---- Nothing else. Thank you.
5. go on doing continue to do (doing)
go on to do
go on with
keep doing / keep on doing
1) 均可表示“繼續(xù)做某事，反復(fù)做某事”， 可互換，只是 keep on 更加強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間的間隔性和動(dòng)作的反復(fù)性，及某人做某事的決心。
He kept on working until midnight though he was tied.
The boy kept /kept on asking some silly questions in class.
2) 若表示一連續(xù)不段的動(dòng)作，或某一動(dòng)作的持續(xù)狀態(tài)，只宜用keep doing .
She kept waving to her husband until he was out of sight.
They kept standing outside the room during all the meeting.
Keep lying here; I will be back soon.
3) 若表示今后或?qū)?lái)繼續(xù)做某事，則只宜用keep on doing 。
We must keep on working hard in the coming new year.
He kept on smoking though we advised him to stop to smoke.
6. cause / reason
* cause 指自然造成的某種結(jié)果的原因； reason 室在事實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上通過(guò)邏輯判斷推出來(lái)的理由。
* reason 常和for連用；cause則和of連用。
* cause for后接表示憂慮，埋怨，驚恐等感情的詞，如cause for anger/regret/anxiety/complaint; cause of后則接感情以外的詞。如cause of the delay/the nose/the fighting/the disaster.
Heart trouble is one of the most serious causes of death among old people.
The cause of the fire is known yet.
The reason why he was absent yesterday was that he was ill.
If the doctor asks why, the computer goes through its memory and gives the reason.
We have no reason to dislike him.
* cause 也可作 動(dòng)詞。構(gòu)成cause trouble to /for people = cause people trouble. Cause the patient much pain; cause sb. to do sth
The drought caused the vegetable prices to go up.
The shaking of his hands caused the old teacher to give up teaching.
7. leave的用法
* 剩下。多用于過(guò)去分詞形式，作定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。
After the big fire, there was nothing left in the room.
There was much left for us to be done.
I have got a few ticket left for you.
I would like to have some bread, but there was none left on the desk.
* 擱置一邊，暫不解決
You can’t leave what you can do today till tomorrow.
I think we perhaps might leave it for the moment.
He took up the story that he had left it.
*r讓．．．處于某種狀態(tài)，leave +sb./sth. + V-ed
V-ing
adj.
n.
I am sorry I have left a little work unfinished.
He left a few questions unanswered.
They went off and left me standing there all by myself.
His illness left him very weak.
He went out leaving his papers lying open on the desk.
* 留給、交給
leave sth.to sb. 留給，以后不再索還；leave sth. with sb. 暫存，以后還要取回。
You’d better leave the matter with / to us.
He has left a number of his books with/to me.
We didn’t find him and left a message with his neighbor.
* leave的賓語(yǔ)如表示人的名詞或代詞，應(yīng)作“辭職”、“遺棄”解。
The typist said he would leave us next week.
He has left his wife.
I’ll drop in someday and leave my new dress.
Better leave your keys where your wife can find them.
* leave 的其他用法
Because of his illness, he was never left alone.
Leave him alone.
Oh, dear! She has left behind her travelling bag.
His wife left her behind her two little children.
What we have done leaves much to be desired.
You have made a mistake. You have left out s word here.
Her husband died, leaving her with two children.
They are leaving for Japan tomorrow.
He has left his schoolbag in the bus.
Lesson 34
Step 1. Revision
1. Check the homework exercises.
2. Ask the students to read and act out the dialogue.
3. Ask the students to retell the dialogue.
Step 2. Presentation
1. Talk about the damage that is caused to the world by pollution.
2. Ask the students to look at the map and read the passage to find where the damage has happened.
Step 3. Reading
1. Ask the students to read the passage carefully, grasping the main idea.
2. Go through Ex.1. Answer the questions, working in pairs.
3. Check the answers with the whole class.
4. Note making.
Some suggested notes:
Earth: not enough rain, too many cattle, cutting down trees, strong winds
Air: smoke from factories, power stations, cars, chemical rain, accidents at nuclear power stations and factories
Water: waste from factories and cities
Step 4. Language points
1. Many parts of the world, which once had large populations and produced plenty of crops, have become deserts.
* plenty of 大量的，充裕的．既可以修飾可數(shù)名詞，也可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞．
Don’t hurry. There is plenty of time.
We have plenty of cakes. Take some more.
* 人口眾多時(shí)，用large修飾；人口稀少，用small修飾．
China has a large population.
The population of Japan is smaller than that of US.
* population
What’s the population of China?
The population of China is 1.3 billion.
China has a population of 1.3 billion.
Two thirds of the population of this city are workers.
Seventy percent of the students in our school come from the countryside.
* once 過(guò)去有一次，曾經(jīng)一度
I once saw the head teacher was working with the students in the field.
They were once friends, but now they are enemies.
2. Then one year, the rains failed to come.
* fail 沒(méi)有，沒(méi)有能夠,可接不定式或in短語(yǔ)，指某學(xué)科考試不及格時(shí)，也可直接接一名詞，三個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)意思相同。
The man did very well, but he failed to break the record.
The main speaker failed to come because of bad weather.
She didn’t work hard at her studies, so she failed to pass all the exams.
可以表示“衰退”、“缺乏”等意。
His memory / eyesight /health is failing/is beginning to fall.
She has been failing I health for the last two months.
The water and food supply has failed.
The teacher failed me in maths.
3. When trees are cut down, there is nothing to hold the soil in places on the hillside.
* hold = keep 使（某人／某物）處于某種狀態(tài)或位置．
They held their heads up and walked out of the hall.
He held a cigarette between his lips.
Her speech held the audience silent.
Please hold yourself still while I take your picture.
* in place 在原來(lái)的地方
She likes everything to be in place.
I hope you will keep the books in place.
Don’t move the table. Leave it in place.
4. It is said that 125,000 people died in Russia as a result of illness caused by this accident.
It is said/ thought/believed/supposed, etc. + that clause. 椐認(rèn)為，據(jù)說(shuō) ＝
People think/say/believe/ + that clause.
It is thought that our team will win the game.
It is said that he is going abroad next week.
People say that our team will win the game.
The game is said to be won by our team.
5. wash 短語(yǔ)
When it rains, the soil is washed down the hill and into the rivers.
Crops were often washed away just as they got ripe.
The bridge was washed away by the swollen river.
Go and wash the mud off your face.
I will be with you as soon as I wash up.
6. die out/ die away/ die for
Many of the living things are dying out.(= disappearing)
The big fire died out.
The sound of the car died away in the distance.
The north wind is dying away..
They waited till the storm died down.
Many people died for the liberation of our country.
* be dying to do sth. = be anxious to do sth.
He is dying to see you.
We are dying to hear about your experience in the army.
He is dying for a drink/cigarette.
7. no more than/not more than
* no more than = only，僅僅，只有，有數(shù)量少的含義. Not more than = at most ,至多，不超過(guò)。說(shuō)名一個(gè)事實(shí)。
In all there are probably no more than a total of 400 tigers left in China.
His whole education added up to no more than one year.
There are not more than ten apples left.
Not more than fifteen students passed the exam.
* 在程度上進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，no more …than.有“兩者都不”的含義，not more…than則含“一個(gè)不如另一個(gè)”的意思。
This novel is no more interesting than that one. =
Neither this novel nor that novel is interesting. =
This novel is not interesting. Neither is that one.（兩個(gè)都不有趣）
This novel is not interesting than that one. =
That novel is more interesting than this one.（兩個(gè)都有趣，只是有趣的程度不同）
Step 5. Reading aloud
Play the tape for the students to losten and repeat.
Step6. Workbook
Do Ex.2. ask the students to do this exercise in pairs.
Ex.2. write the new words on the Bb. Ask the students who know the answers to raise their hands. Finally get them to translate the words into Chinese.
Step 6. Consolidation
Get the students to the class any pollution locally. Ask the questions:
Is the water clean?
In the river safe to swim in?
Are there many fish in the river now?
What should we young people do to stop the pollution?
Homework
Read the passage again and write down the general idea.
Finish off all the exercises.
Write down the answers to Ex.1 in the exercise book.
Lesson 35.
Step 1. Revision
Check the homework exercises.
Ask the students to explain chemical rain, how it is caused and what its results are.
Ask some students to retell the three passages in SB Lesson 34.
Step 2. Presentation
Ask the students if they have seen a tiger, where they saw it.
Get the students to look at the picture and what they can see in the picture.
Ask the students to read the passage and answer the question: Why are there so few tigers in China today?
Step 3. Reading
Ask the students to read the passage carefully, then ask them some questions.
Deal with the language points.
1. Three billion years after life began, the earth is now the home to many different kinds of living thing --- perhaps five to the million kinds.
* after 前可用名詞詞組，或副詞來(lái)修飾。如three years after, soon after, long after, shortly after.
I found the letter two weeks after he left.
He came back three years after he was missing.
Soon after he returned, the telephone rang.
Shortly after he left home, it began to rain.
* home 動(dòng)植物的產(chǎn)地或棲息地，＝ a place where an animal or plant can be found living, especially in large number
India is the home of elephants.
The home of the lion is Africa.
By 1985 this had risen to one per day.
* by 到．．．為止．謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用完成世態(tài)，故去完成時(shí)態(tài)或?qū)⑼瓿蓵r(shí)態(tài)。
By the end of last year, the hunters had kill 12 tigers.
By last Sunday the production of the bikes had increased to 250 per say.
We will have finished two thirds of the task by the end of this year.
* per day = for each day
The newspaper costs 50 cents per copy
Tom earns 1.000 US dollars per month.
There are many reasons for animals dying out, but the most important one are the part that humans heave played.
* animals dying out 關(guān)于動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
構(gòu)成：名詞所有格或物主代詞加v-ing. 名詞和代詞為v-ing的邏輯主語(yǔ)，v-ing的動(dòng)作是由名詞和代詞發(fā)出的．
句法功能：動(dòng)名詞可以在句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)等。
His smoking caused the fire in the forest.
We don’t like young people smoking.
The mother’s worry is her son making trouble for his school.
There will be no chance of your seeing him again.
Mary’s coming late made her teacher very angry.
Do you mind my reading your letter?
The doctor insisted on his patient’s staying in bed.
* 動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)如果是無(wú)生命名詞，抽象名詞或不定代詞, 須用名詞普通格或人稱代詞賓格．
Is there any hope of your team winning the game?
The boy was alarmed by someone knocking at the door.
We could hear the noises of desks being opened and closed.
Nobody doubts the policy being correct.
* 如果動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)和結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作賓語(yǔ)，可用普通名或賓格．
I remember my mother reading me the story in my childhood.
Do you mind me smoking here?
* play a part 起作用
Unhealthy foods played a part in the spread of the disease.
The workers have played an important part in the development of production.
The part of women played during the war was great.
* man/mankind/human being
man 人類，男子，男子漢．不用冠詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)．
mankind ＝ all human beings 人類，全世界的人．
human being 相對(duì)于其他動(dòng)物而言的人，人類
Man had made history.
All progressive mankind love peace.
I’m a human being. I can stand on my own feet.
In his story human beings are replaced by robots.
earth/land/soil/mud
soil 著重指土壤，泥土．Earth指土，泥，也指地面，陸地．Land 著重與河流相比較，指陸地，地面. Mud 指泥巴，稀泥．
The peasants are preparing the soil for seed.
Rain turns dust into mud.
He filled the pot with earth and planted a rose in it.
About a third of the earth’s surface is land.
You find mud at the bottom of a pool.
Step 4. Language study --- Past Participle
關(guān)于過(guò)去分詞 --- v-ed.
過(guò)去分詞是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種,表示動(dòng)作的被動(dòng)和完成,在句中作定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，不論做什么成分,分詞都必須和其中心詞之間存在著邏輯上主謂關(guān)系，即被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
作定語(yǔ)的集中情況：
前未修飾：?jiǎn)为?dú)一個(gè)分詞作定語(yǔ)放在被修飾名詞之前。
We need more qualified teachers.
The wounded soldier lay on the ground, unable to move.
后位修飾：分詞短語(yǔ)放在被修飾的名詞之后。
The girl dressed in red is my sister.
We are going to talk bout the problem discussed at the last meeting.
后位修飾：如被修飾的詞是不定代詞（some/any/no + thing/body/one ） 或指示代詞（those ）,分詞放在被修飾詞后．
Is there anything unsolved?
There is almost nothing changed since I left the town two years ago.
及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞可改成被動(dòng)形式的定語(yǔ)從句．
Lost time --- time which is lost
A wekk-known writer --- a writer who is well known
不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)可改成完成形式或表示狀態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句．
a return soldier --- a soldier who has returned
retired workers --- workers who have retired
a learned man --- a man who is of much learning
a sunken ship --- a ship which has sunk
a fallen leaf --- a leaf which has fallen
過(guò)去分詞可構(gòu)成復(fù)合形容詞：
形容詞 ＋ 過(guò)去分詞
a long-remembered story
a green-painted door
a ready-made drens
副詞 ＋ 過(guò)去分詞
a well-educated woman
a widely-read book
a badly-lighted room
名詞 ＋ 過(guò)去分詞
hand-made shoes
a heart-broken woman
a man-made satellite
過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的區(qū)別：
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作，過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)或所處的位置．
The glass is broken (狀態(tài)).
It was broken by my sister.（動(dòng)作）
The street is crowded with people.
They were crowded into on room.（動(dòng)作）
The ground is covered with snow.（狀態(tài)）
This point has not been covered yet.（動(dòng)作）
Step 5.Practice
SB Page 53, Part 2.
SB Page 53, Part 3.
Step 6. Workbook
Do Ex.1 to revise the first passage in SB Lesson 35. Pairwork first. Then check the answers with the whole class.
Use Ex.2 to revise English numbers. Pay attention to the pronunciation.
Do Ex.3 in the same way as Ex.1. Then get several students to tell the story in their own words.
Do Ex.4 with the class. Call out the students to give the complete sentences and then translate them into Chinese.
Homework
Finish off the Workbook exercises.
Revise the new language in this unit
Lesson 36
Step 1. Revision
Check the homework exercises.
Ask a few questions about the tiger:
How many kinds of tiger are there in China?
Is the number of tigers in China getting bigger or smaller?
In which country is the number of tigers increasing?
Why are there fewer tigers now than before?
What was done in 1970 to protect tigers?
Step 2. Preparation for listening
Step 3. Listening
Step 4. Checkpoint
Step 5. Practice
Step 6. Discussion
Step 7. Workbook