科目 英語

年級 高一

文件　high1 unit24.1.doc

標題 The Secret of Farming

章節 第二十四單元

關鍵詞

內容

一、教法建議

【 拋磚引玉 】

單元雙基學習目標

Ⅰ . 詞匯學習

be busy with , loaf , fork , farming , keep , knock out of , condition , point out , turn over , gardening , go against , year after year , agree to do sth . , now and then , give a talk , grain , experience , rough , wine , steel , flour , develop , plough

Ⅱ . 交際英語

談論天氣

1 . It's a beautiful day today .

2 . It's going to be dry and sunny for the next two days .

3 . What's the weather going to be like at the weekend ?

4 . They say it's going to be wet and windy .

Ⅲ . 語法學習

直接引語變成句間接引語的幾種句型

1 . 直接引語是陳述句

如果引用的句子原來是一個陳述句，變為間接引語時，在引語的開頭用連詞 that 來引導 ( 在口語中 that 常省去 ) ，要注意從句中人稱、時態、代詞、狀語等相應變化。如：

“You are really my best friend , ”Tom said to me . → Tom said that I was really his best friend .

“I will come here again tomorrow , ”he said . → He said he would go there again the nest day .

He said : “the best seed - heads should be hung up to dry . ”→ He said that the best seed-heads should be hung up to dry .

2 . 直接引語是疑問句

①如果引用的句子原來是一個一般疑問句，變成間接引語時，須用從屬連詞 if 或 whether 來引導 ( 不再用 that 作連詞 ) 。

②直接引語如果特殊疑問句，變成間接引語時，原疑問句中的疑問詞 who , whose , what , which , where , why , how 等就成了引導間接引語的連詞。

③原直接引語中的疑問語在間接引語中變為陳述語序。

④直接引語中的問號變成了句號。

⑤人稱、時態、狀語等也相應變化。如：

He asked , “Is it raining now ? ”他問，“現在在下雨嗎 ? ”→ He asked whether / if it was raining then . 他問當時是否在下雨。

The man asked me , “How old are you ? ”→ The man asked me how old I was .

They asked him , “When do you harvest the wheat ? ”→ They asked him when he harvested the wheat .

I asked the man , “Who are you ? ”→ I asked the man who he was .

The teacher asked her , “Why did you come ? ”→ The teacher wondered why she had come .

3 . 直接引語是祈使句

如果引用的句子原來是一個祈使句，變為間接引語時，須將祈使句的動詞原形變為動詞不定式。并在動詞不定式前用 tell ( 命令 ) ，ask ( 請求 ) , order ( 命令 ) 等及物動詞加賓語。如果祈使句為否定式，則在不定式前面加 not 。如：

He said to the girl , “Do it at once . ”→ He ordered the girl to do it at once .

“Be quiet ! ”I told the children . → I told the children to be quiet .

He said to farmers , “Do things at the right time of the year . ”→ He told farmers to do things at the right time of the year .

“Don't grow plants in the same place year after year . ”the farmer said . →The farmer told me not to grow plants in the same place year after year .

He said , “Don't talk ! ”→ He told us not to talk .

4 . 有些句子雖以疑問形式出現，但并非提出詢問，而是表示請求、建議、勸告等意思。這種問句通常也采取 ask , advise + 賓語 + 不定式結構來轉為間接引語。如：

“Could you lend me a bike ? ”he said . → He asked me to lend him my bike .

“Would you mind waiting a moment ? ” → He asked me to wait a moment .

“Why don't you go there by plane ? ” → He advised me to go there by plane .

What about having a walk ? → He suggested having a walk .

【 指點迷津 】

教材中的雙重介詞結構

先請看 SEFC IB Lesson 91 中的一句話：Today you can either fly to Abu Simbel or you can take a boat from across the lake . 今天你既可以乘飛機去阿布辛波古廟，

也可以從湖的對岸乘小船過去。

該句中“from across the lake”為“介詞 + 介詞短語”結構，這一結構是英語介詞用法中較為特殊的現象，其目的主要是為了使所表達的意思更確切、更全面。一般語法書對此很少涉及，但我們在學習中時常碰到。現將常見的“介詞 + 介詞短語”結構舉例說明如下。

1 . from + 介詞短語。

“from + 介詞短語”是“介詞 + 介詞短語”結構中最常見的一個，其后可接的另一個介詞短語至少有十個以上。

The old man looked at me from above his glasses .

He said hello to me from across the room .

The little boy came out from behind the door .

They came from beyond the sea .

He heard the shouting from somewhere down the corridor .

Take the kettle from off the stove .

We heard voices from over the fence .

The snake crawled out from under the table .

2 . except + 介詞短語。

except 后常接介詞 at , by , from , in , on , to 等引導的短語。

I never saw Mr White except at parties .

You could never have lost your way , except by your own carelessness .

I take no orders , except from the king .

I can take my holidays at any time , except in August .

No admittance , except on business .

We went nowhere , except to school .

3 . till / until + 介詞短語。

till / until 后總是接介詞 after 引導的短語。

I stayed till after ten o'clock .

It was not till after midnight that my visit came to an end .

二、學海導航

【 學法指要 】

單元重點詞匯點撥

1 . loaf 一個面包，一條面包

He bought two loaves of bread .

〖 點撥 〗loaf 的復數為 loaves .

2 . grain 谷物，谷類，谷粒

China grows most of the grains of the world .

The chickens ate the grains of corn on the ground .

a few grains of rice 幾顆米 / grains of wheat 麥粒

3 . wine 酒，葡萄酒，果酒

I am no judge of wine .

Do you prefer French wine or Italian wine ?

4 . develop 發展，開發

He developed the little shop into a big store .

The city has developed into the center of industry .

We must develop the natural resources of our country .

〖 點撥 〗developing 發展中的，developed 發達的

5 . experience ( 不可數 ) 經驗、 ( 可數 ) 經歷

He has no experience in teaching English .

She was a housewife of experience .

He had a pleasant experience .

6 . keep ( kept , kept ) 培育，飼養，養活

He made a living by keeping bees .

He keeps a large family .

7 . condition 條件，狀況

They were working in difficult conditions .

Health is one of the conditions of success in life .

The road is in good condition .

8 . rough 粗糙的，不平的

My hands are rough with work .

The road is very rough .

單元詞組思維運用

1 . be made from / be made of / be made up of / be made in / make A from B / be made into

be made from “由……制成”，指從成品上看不出原材料是什么 ( 改變了本質 ) 。如：

Paper is made from wood .

Wine is made from rice .

be made of “由……制成”，指用原材料制成東西后，從成品上還能看得出原料是什么 ( 不改變木質，只改變了形狀 ) 。如：

The bridge is made of steel .

Cloth is made of cotton , wool , silk and other materials .

A be made into B . 意為把 A 制成 B，A 指原料，B 指成品，制出的成品可以是看得出原材料的，也可以是看不出原材料的。如：

Wood can be made into paper / desk .

Now chemists make coal tar into hundreds of useful things .

be made up of -- 由……構成 / 組成

A car is made up of many different parts .

This medical team is made up of ten famous doctors .

be made in 指“在 ( 某地 ) 制造”，如：

This TV set is made in China .

2 . knock sth . out of ……把某物從……中敲出來

In the following spring , the seeds should be knocked out of the seed-heads and sown . 到第二年春天把種子從谷穗里敲出來，然后再播種。

He knocked the gun out of the enemy's hand . 他打掉了敵人手中的槍。

The sudden blow knocked two teeth out of his mouth . 我突然的一擊把兩顆牙齒從他口里打了出來。

knock 構成的短語還有 knock at ( 敲…… ) ，knock against ( 撞擊 ) , knock down ( 撞倒 ) ，knock over ( 撞翻 ) 等。

Who is knocking at / on the door ?

The child knocked his head against the wall .

The cow knocked the basket over .

3 . point out 指出；使注意

1 ) point out that ……

He pointed out that it was important to remove weeds before sowing seed in the soil . 他指出，播種前清除雜草是很重要的。

At the meeting , he pointed out that agriculture should be put at the first place .

2 ) point …… out 或 point out …指出 ( 某人或某事 )

He quickly pointed out a mistake .

Can you point out the finest pictures to me ? = Can you point me out the finest pictures ?

4 . turn over 翻轉

The soil should also be turned over with a fork so that the weeds would be destroyed . 我應當把耙子翻地，以除雜草。

The doctor turned him over and looked at his back .

The oil lamp was turned over and a fire started .

5 . go against 違背；不利于

If you go against nature and do things at the wrong time of year , you will have to do more work and the results will not be so good . 如果你違背自然，不適時耕作，你就得付出更多的勞動，而成果卻不見得好。

If you do that , you'll go against your parents' wishes .

His opinion is going against us .

The game went against Tom's team .

6 . year after year與 year by year

1 ) year after year 年復一年地；一年又一年 ( 側重重復的動作 )

Do not plant , for example , rice year after year in the same field . 例如，在同一塊田里不要年復一年地種稻谷。

Year after year we have had a Christmas card from Dick .

2 ) year by year 逐年 ( 隨著年數的推移逐漸變化，側重變化性 )

The boy grows tall year by year .

7 . agree to do sth . 同意做某事

Do they agree to sow wheat close together ? 他們同意密植小麥嗎 ?

agree 也可作不及物動詞，既可以單獨使用又可以與不同的介詞如 with / to / on 等連用。

He doesn't agree ( with me ) .

They agreed to my suggestion at last .

We agreed on an early start .

8 . now and then ( = at times ) 有時；不時地

Is it necessary to remove weeds now and then ?

We go to the cinema now and then .

單元難點疑點思路明晰

1 . year after year 年復一年地，逐年，年年

Don't plant rice year after year in the same field .

Year after year pollution is worsening .

We have been to that place for a holiday year after year .

Year after year I have had a birthday present from my parent .

注意：year by year 也是“逐年地，年復一年”之意。但 year after year 有強調“重復”之意，而 year by year 則有強調“逐年變化”之意。如：

They kept up a steady rise in production year by year .

Production costs go down year by year .

The boy grows taller year by year .

2 . agree to do sth . -- 同意做某事

They agreed to leave at once .

辨析：①agree to sth . 是“同意 ( 贊成 ) 某事”，后面接表示“提議”、“辦法”、“計劃”等詞。如：

I agree to the proposal ( the plan ) .

Do you agree to this arrangement ?

Mary's father has agreed to her marrying John .

②agree on sth . 指“ ( 對事情 ) 意見一致”，主語常是協商人或單位，后面常接表示具體協議的文件、計劃、行動等名詞。如：

Both parties agree on these terms .

After discussion the two sides agree on a cease - fire .

We agreed on making an early start .

③agree with 指“同意”，“贊成”某人的“意見”，“看法”。它還有“與……一致”“ ( 氣候，食物等 ) 適合”的意思：如：

We all agree with her .

I quite agree with what you say .

The verb must agree with the subject in person and number .

Your story agrees with what I have already heard .

That fish I had for supper doesn't agree with me .

The climate here doesn't agree with him .

His words do not agree with his actions .

3 . While people in other countries in the world were trying to catch wild animals and birds . . .

When you plough the soil , plough deeply the first time and less deeply the second time .

辨析：while , when 與 as 的句法作用

三者均可引導時間狀語從句，但涵義不盡相同。while 的含義是“during the time that”表示時段或過程，強調主句與從句的行為或狀態同時發生或存在，從句的謂語動詞必須是延續性的。

* While I was reading , the telephone rang .

When 的含義是“at or during the time that”既可用于指時間一點 ( 從句謂語需用終止性動詞 ) ，也可用于指時間段 ( 從句謂語需用延續性動詞 ) 。換言之，有時可與 while 通用，有時則不可。例如：1 ) When ( While ) I was busy in the kitchen , someone knocked at the door . 2 ) When ( 不用 While ) I woke up , Mum was preparing breakfast .

as 常與 when 或 while 通用，但它更側重主句與從句中的行為同時發生，通常譯作“隨著……”“或一邊……一邊……”

例如：As you grow , you know more and more .

when 和 while 可用作并列連詞。when 是“在那時”或“這時突然” ( and just at that time ) 的意思，用來連接兩個并列句。

An Arab was walking along through the desert when he met two men .

while 意為“而”、“卻”，表示對比關系。例如：

Some like collecting stamps , while others like planting flowers .

4 . Here are five pieces of advice collected from Jia Sixie's book Qi Min Yao Shu . 這里是從賈思勰的《齊民要術》書中摘錄的五條意見。

Here are / is…是以副詞開頭的句子，謂語動詞要倒裝。又如：

Here is the stamp you want . 這是你要的郵票。( 正常語序是：The stamp you want is here . )

Here is the ticket for you .

Here are some examples .

Here comes the bus . 公共汽車來了。

①在以 out , in , here , there , up , down , away , off 等副詞開頭的句子，通常引起主謂倒裝。又如：

Out went the students when the bell rang .

Out rushed the boy .

In came the teacher and the lesson began .

Down jumped the monkey from the tree .

Away hurried the hunters .

There goes the bell . 打鈴了。

②如果主語是人稱代詞，主語和謂語的位置不變 ( 不倒裝 ) ，只將副詞放在句首。如：

Out they went when the bell rang .

In he came and the lesson began .

Away they hurried .

Here he comes .

5 . He pointed out that it was important to remove weeds before sowing seeds in the soil . 他指出，播種前清除雜草是很重要的。

這是一個復合句，主句是 He pointed out ( 他指出 ) ，后接 that 引導的賓語從句。賓語從句是一個形式主語 it 結構，真正的主語是后面的不定式短語 to remove weeds ( 除草 ) ，介詞短語 before sowing seeds in the soil 作后置時間狀語，修飾不定式短語。若詳細再分解，在介詞短語中，sowing 是個動名詞，sowing seeds 作介詞 before 的賓語，in the soil 作 sowing seeds 的狀語。

6 . Your work will be less and the results will be better . 你就能獲得事半功倍的效果。

這個句子前后用了相同的結構：will be less / will be better，以表示一種對稱和對比的效果。對稱指形式相似，對比指意義相反。

【 妙文賞析 】

It's Dangerous for Me

A man always went to the same bar at the same time every day and asked for two glasses of beer . He would drink them and then ask for two more .

One day the barman asked him :

“Why do you always ask for two glasses of beer ? Why don't you order one big glass instead ? ”

“Because I don't like to drink alone” , the man answered . “I drink with my friend . ”

But a few days later the man came in and asked for only one beer .

“Oh , has your friend died ? ”asked the barman .

“No , no . He's very well . This beer is for him . But I have stopped drinking . My doctor says it's dangerous for me . ”

【 思維體操 】

分類復合賓語漢譯英專練

復合賓語是由賓語和賓語補足語構成的。復合賓語可分為“賓語 + 不定式、分詞 ( 現在分詞或過去分詞 ) 、名詞、形容詞、介詞短語、副詞”六大類。你能根據漢語意思，補全句中所缺的復合賓語部分嗎 ?

A . 賓語 + 動詞不定式

1 . 老師請我們打掃教室。

The teacher asked _____ _____ _____ the classroom .

2 . 老板讓工人們日夜工作。

The boss made _____ _____ _____ day and night .

3 . 我看見那孩子今天上午去上學了。

I saw _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ this morning .

4 . 老師告訴我們在教室里不要大聲說話。

The teacher told _____ _____ _____ _____ loudly in the classroom .

B . 賓語 + 分詞 ( 現在分詞或過去分詞 )

1 . 我聽見那姑娘正在隔壁房間里唱歌。

I heard _____ _____ _____ in the next room .

2 . 他讓那些燈亮了通宵。

He had _____ _____ _____ all night long .

3 . 我發現我的鋼筆丟了。

I found _____ _____ _____ .

4 . 他看到那臺電視機從辦公室里被搬出來了。

He watched the _____ _____ _____ out of the office .

5 . 我看見那些孩子正過大街。

I saw _____ _____ _____ the street .

C . 賓語 + 名詞

1 . 我們叫那只鳥波利。

We call _____ ______ _____ .

2 . 我認為吉姆是個聰明的孩子。

I think _____ a _____ _____ .

3 . 我們選邁克當我們的隊長。

We made _____ _____ _____ leader .

4 . 他稱自己是人民的老黃牛。

He called _____ an _____ _____ of the people .

D . 賓語 + 形容詞

1 . 這消息使我們高興。

The news made _____ _____ .

2 . 難道你不能讓這些孩子們安靜下來 ?

Can't you keep _____ _____ _____ ?

3 . 我認為這道題容易。

I think _____ _____ _____ .

4 . 我發現學好英語很重要。

I find _____ _____ _____ learn English well .

E . 賓語 + 介詞短語

1 . 第二天早晨，我發現我的鋼筆在床下邊了。

The next morning I found _____ _____ _____ the bed .

2 . 你沒看見那姑娘就在隔壁房間里嗎 ?

Didn't you see _____ _____ just _____ the next room ?

3 . 請不要把你的書桌放在教室外邊。

Please don't leave _____ _____ the classroom .

F . 賓語 + 副詞

1 . 我去了她家，可發現她出去了。

I went to her home , but found _____ _____ .

2 . 請讓他進來。

Please let _____ _____ .

3 . 他常把衣服丟在外邊。

He often leaves _____ _____ _____ .

答案：A . 1 . us to clean 2 . the workers work 3 . the boy go to school 4 . us not to talk B . 1 . the girl singing 2 . the lights burning 3 . my pen lost 4 . TV set carried 5 . the children crossing C . 1 . the bird Polly 2 . Jim , clever boy 3 . Mike our team 4 . himself , old cow D . 1 . us happy 2 . these children quiet 3 . this problem easy 4 . if important to E . 1 . my pen under 2 . the girl , in 3 . your desk outside F . 1 . her out 2 . him in 3 . his clothes outside

三、智能顯示

【 心中有數 】

單元語法發散思維

直接引語變為間接引語時，直接引語中的人稱、時間狀語、地點狀語、時態及某些動詞等，都要作相應變化，但在以下幾種情況中，時間狀語、地點、時態和動詞就不能發生變化。

1 . 如果引述動詞是一般現在時或一般將來時，則直接引語中的時態不變。如：

Kate always says , “I'm growing fast . ”→Kate always says that she's growing fast .

He will say , “I am going to join the army when I grow up . ”→He will say that he will joing the army when he grows up .

2 . 直接引語如果是客觀真理，變為間接引語，時態不變。如：

He said , “Light travels much faster than sound . ”→He said that light travels much faster than sound .

The teacher said , “The earth goes around the sun . ”→The teacher said that the earth goes around the sun .

3 . 直接引語中有確切的表示過去的時間狀語，變為間接引語時，時態不變。如：

Peter said , “I was born in 1980 . ”→Peter said that he was born in 1980 .

She said to me , “I finished writing the novel on October 1 , 1998 . ”→She told me that she finished writing the novel on October 1 , 1998 .

4 . 直接引語中凡有 when , since 等引導的過去時間狀語從句，在變為間接引語時，從句的時態不變。如：

Jack said , “The film had been on for five minutes when I got to the cinema . ”→Jack said that the film had been on for five minutes when he got to the cinema .

He said , “I have studied English since I was a child . ”→He said that he had studied English since he was a child .

5 . 如果直接引語是由 when 引導的特殊疑問句，且又是一般過去時，變為間接引語時，時態不變。如：

He said to me , “When did you see the film ? ”→He asked me when I saw the film .

6 . 如果直接引語中的謂語是 go 或 take，變為間接引語時不變。如：

John said , “I'll take her to the cinema . ”→John said that he'd take her to the cinema .

7 . 在當地轉述直接引語時，直接引語中的 here , come , bring 不變。如：

He said to me , “Please bring your dictionary here when you come . ”→He asked me to bring my dictionary here when I came . ( 在當地轉述 )

8 . 如果在當天轉述，yesterday , tomorrow 等時間狀語也不必改變。如：

She said , “I shall go shopping tomorrow . ”→She said that she would go shopping tomorrow .

【 動手動腦 】

單元能力立體檢測

選擇恰當的詞 ( 詞組 ) 填空，使句子完整、正確。

1 . be made of / from / into / up of / out of

( 1 ) The pyramids are made _____ huge stones .

( 2 ) How many states is USA made _____ ?

( 3 ) Butter is made _____ milk .

( 4 ) In America people make potatoes _____ all kinds of food .

( 5 ) Mrs White made a piece of table cloth _____ the old curtain .

2 . one ( s ) , it , that

( 1 ) The difficulty we are facing is bigger than _____ we met with last time .

( 2 ) I prefer the old designs to the new _____ .

( 3 ) This figure is a false _____ . Take _____ back and show me a real _____ .

3 . turn over / on / off / to / down / up

( 1 ) The oil lamp was turned _____ and a fire started .

( 2 ) Whenever I turned _____ him , he would turn _____ my demand .

( 3 ) Whoever leaves last is to turn _____ the lights .

4 . point out / to / at

( 1 ) It is impolite to point your fingers _____ people while speaking .

( 2 ) We must point it _____ that the old temple is still in danger .

( 3 ) The hands of the clock are pointing _____ 12 sharp .

5 . agree with / to / on ( about )

( 1 ) What he said doesn't agree _____ the fact .

( 2 ) We agree _____ him _____ ploughing more deep , but we don't agree _____ some other views of his .

6 . go against / with

( 1 ) Don't go _____ science or do anything _____ your will .

( 2 ) Brown shoes don't go well _____ a black suit .

7 . next , near

( 1 ) She had no idea where Coke lived except that his house was _____ a church .

( 2 ) The Ertan Power Station , _____ to the Changjiang Three-Gorge Project , is the greatest one of China at present .

答案與簡析： 1 . ( 1 ) of ( 2 ) up of ( 3 ) from ( 4 ) into ( 5 ) out of。make 與上述介詞或介詞詞組搭配時分別表示：make of 指原材料能辨認，make from 指原材料不能辨認，make up of “由多個元素組成”，make into “把……制作成……”，make out of “把……改制 ( 或翻新 ) ；用……制造出……”。 2 . ( 1 ) that ( 2 ) ones ( 3 ) one , it , one。指代前面提到的事、物時三者的特征是：it 指同類同物；one 指同類異物，泛指且可數，其復數形式是 ones ; that 強調同類異物，特指，不可數。 3 . ( 1 ) over ( 2 ) to , down ( 3 ) off。turn over “打翻，翻閱，翻身”，turn to “轉向，求助于”，turn down “拒絕、關小”，turn off “關掉”，其反義詞是 turn on。 4 . ( 1 ) at ( 2 ) out ( 3 ) to。point at “指 ( 著 ) ”，或用某物對準某人或某物，較具體；point to “指 ( 朝 ) 向”，對象較籠統，也用于鐘指針的指向；point out “指出”。 5 . ( 1 ) with ( 2 ) with , on , to。agree with “同意 ( 某人 ) ，與……一

致”；agree on “就……達成一致”。 6 . ( 1 ) against , against ( 2 ) with。go against “違背，不一致”，go with “與……一致，與……相配”。 7 . ( 1 ) near ( 2 ) next。作“鄰近”講時，near 直接充當介詞，next 必須與介詞 to 連用，next to 還可指“僅次于”；此外，near 作副詞時也可與 to 連用，但只能表空間位置的“靠近”。

【 創新園地 】

假如你是 Miss Smith 的學生，上星期你們班進行了一次郊游。郊游前，Miss Smith 在通知全班學生時，與 Jack 有一段對話。請你用自己的話把這段對話內容轉述給你朋友聽。(字數：100 - 120)

A Dialogue

Miss Smith：You know we are going for an outing tomorrow . But is everyone sure of the time and place we are to meet ?

Jack：I'm not , Madam .

Miss Smith：I thought it might be you . Now I'll repeat . We'll meet at 9∶30 at the bus station . One more thing is that each of you should bring a bottle of hot drink and some sandwiches .

Jack：Madam , will the work we've been doing have to be finished this evening ?

Miss Smith：Of course it must . There certainly won't be much time before we go out . By the way , have you got a map and can you understand it ?

Jack：Well , that's just what is worrying me most . I'm sorry to say I can't even make out where the school is .

創新園地參考答案：

Last week we went for an outing . The day before Miss Smith asked us to remember the time and place we were to meet . But she found Jack had forgotten everything , so she told us again to meet at 9∶30 at the bus station . She also told each of us to bring a bottle of hot drink and some sandwiches .

Then Jack asked if all the work would have to be finished that evening . Miss Smith told him that there certainly wouldn't be much time before going out and we had to get everything ready that evening . Then she went on to ask if Jack had a map and if he could understand it . Poor Jack said that it was just what was worrying him most . He couldn't even make out where the school was .