（一）
一.詞類(Parts of Speech)
名詞 英文名稱The Noun(縮寫為n.) 表示人或事物的名稱 例詞boy,clock,book等
冠詞 英文名稱The Article(縮寫為art.) 用在名詞前幫助說明名詞所指的人和或事物。 例詞a(an),the
代詞 英文名稱The Pronoun(縮寫為pron) 用來代替名詞、形容詞或是數(shù)詞 例詞we,that,his,what
形容詞 英文名稱The Adjective(縮寫為adj.) 用以修飾名詞,表示人或事物的特征
例詞 old,red,fine,good.
數(shù)詞 英文名稱The Numeral(縮寫為num.) 表示數(shù)量或是順序。例詞 one,thirteen
first
動(dòng)詞 英文名稱The Verb(縮寫為v.) 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。例詞sit,go,be(am,is,are)
副詞 英文名稱The Adverb(縮寫為adv.) 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞。例詞not
too,here,very
介詞 英文單詞The Preposition(縮寫為prep.) 表示名詞、代詞等和句中其他詞的
關(guān)系。 例詞in,on,of,to,under.
連詞 英文單詞The Conjunction(縮寫為conj.) 用來連接詞與詞、短語與短語或句
與句。 例詞and,or,but.
感嘆詞 英文單詞The Interjection(縮寫為interj.) 表示說話時(shí)的喜悅、驚訝等
情感。 例詞oh,hello,hi,er.
二.名詞(Nouns)
1.總的說來,名詞分專有名詞和普通名詞兩類。
專有名詞: 表示具體的人,事物,地點(diǎn)或機(jī)構(gòu)的專有名稱。
Lucy China 中國 Asia 亞洲 Beijing 北京 。
專有名詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫。
普通名詞: 表示某些人,某類事物,某種物質(zhì)或抽象概念的名稱。例如:
teacher 老師 tea 茶 reform 改革
普通名詞又可進(jìn)一步分為四類
1) 個(gè)體名稱: 表示單個(gè)的人和事物。
house 馬 car 汽車 room 房間 apple 蘋果 fun 風(fēng)扇 picture 照片
2) 集體名稱: 表示一群人或一些事物的名稱。
people 人們 family 家庭 army 軍隊(duì) government 政府 group 集團(tuán)
3) 物質(zhì)名詞:表示物質(zhì)或不具備確定形狀和大小的個(gè)體的物質(zhì)。
fire 火 steel 鋼 air 空氣 water 水 milk 牛奶
4)抽象名詞:表示動(dòng)作,狀態(tài),品質(zhì)或其他抽象概念。
labour 勞動(dòng) health 健康 life 生活 friendship友情 patience耐力
2.名詞按其所表現(xiàn)的事物的性質(zhì)分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。
可數(shù)名詞(Countable Nouns)有復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:
an apple two apples a car some cars
不可數(shù)名詞(Uncountable Nouns)一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式.
抽象名詞, 物質(zhì)名詞和專有名詞一般是不可數(shù)名詞。
sand 沙 sugar 糖
有少數(shù)名詞即可作可數(shù)名詞,也可作不可數(shù)名詞,但含義不同。
glass 玻璃 glass 玻璃杯 paper 紙 paper 報(bào)紙,文件
名詞的功能
名詞在句中作主語, 賓語,介詞賓語,賓語補(bǔ)助語,表語以及名詞短語作狀語。
The bag is in the desk. bag 作主語。
書包在桌子里邊。
I washed my clothes yesterday. clothes 作賓語。
昨天我洗了我的衣服。
This is a good book. book 作表語。
這是一本好書。
We elected him our monitor. monitor作賓語補(bǔ)助語。
我們選他為我們的班長。
Mary lives with her parents. parents作介詞賓語.
瑪麗和她的父母親住在一起。
He is a Party member. Party 作定語.
他是一名黨員。
They study hard day and night. day and night作狀語。
他們白天黑夜地學(xué)習(xí)。
3.可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)(the Singular Nunmber)和復(fù)數(shù)(the Plural Number)兩種形式。
名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式(The Plural Form Nouns)的部分規(guī)則如下:
1) 一般情況下,在詞尾加 -s. 例如:
bags，maps，pens，desks，workers
2) 以s,sh,ch,x等結(jié)尾的詞加-es.例如:
buses watches boxes
3) 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等結(jié)尾的詞加-s.例如:
licences blouses oranges
4) 以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的詞變y為i再加-es.例如:
babies families
5) 名詞以 -f 或 -fe 結(jié)尾的,把 -f 或-fe 變成 -ves.
bookshelves， wives， knives
注:英語中有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的,需要一一記憶常見的有，
man - men woman - women foot - feet
tooth - teeth mouse - nice ox - oxen
sheep - sheep dear - dear fish - fish
英語中有些名詞總是以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)。
scissors 剪刀 goods 貨物 trousers 褲子 clothes 衣服 glasses 玻璃杯
4.名詞的所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns)
在英語中,名詞的格有三個(gè),主格,賓格和所有格。
它們的形式及其變化表示與其他詞的關(guān)系。
實(shí)際上, 主格和賓格通過它在句中的作用和位置來確定。
The bird is in the tree. 鳥在樹上。 bird 作主語, 是主格。
I saw a film yesterday. 昨天我看了一場電影。 film 作賓語,是賓格。
名詞的所有格: 名詞中表示所有關(guān)系的形式叫做名詞所有格。
Lu Xun's book is worth reading.
魯迅的書值得一讀。
This is my father's room.
這是我父親的房間。
名詞所有格的構(gòu)成
單數(shù)名詞 加's 例詞:Mike's father
以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞 加' 例詞:the teachers' room
不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞 加's 例詞:men's women's
三、代詞(Pronouns)
1.人稱代詞(Personal Pronouns)
第一人稱單數(shù)主格I(復(fù)數(shù)We) 單數(shù)賓格me(復(fù)數(shù)us)
第二人稱單數(shù)主格you(復(fù)數(shù)you) 單數(shù)賓格you(復(fù)數(shù)you)
第三人稱單數(shù)主格he,she,it(復(fù)數(shù)they) 單數(shù)賓格him,her,it(復(fù)數(shù)them)
2.物主代詞(Possessive Pronouns)
形容詞性物主代詞第一人稱單數(shù)my(復(fù)數(shù)our)
形容詞性物主代詞第二人稱單數(shù)your(復(fù)數(shù)your)
形容詞性物主代詞第三人稱單數(shù)his,her,its(復(fù)數(shù)their)
名詞性物主代詞第一人稱單數(shù)mine(復(fù)述ours)
名詞性物主代詞第二人稱單數(shù)yours(復(fù)數(shù)yours)
名詞性物主代詞第三人稱單數(shù)his,hers,its(復(fù)數(shù)theirs)
四、數(shù)詞(Numeral)
表示數(shù)目多少或順序多少的詞叫數(shù)詞，數(shù)詞分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞。
表示數(shù)目多少的數(shù)詞叫基數(shù)詞；表示順序的數(shù)詞叫序數(shù)詞。
基數(shù)詞(Cardinal Numbers)
1 one 2 two 3three 4four 5five 6six
11eleven 12twelve 13thirteen 20twenty
21twenty-one 40fouty 100one hundred
五、動(dòng)詞(Verb)
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(The Simple Present Tense)
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)
如:He is twelve.She is at home.
表示經(jīng)常的或是習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作.
如:I go to school at 7:30 every day.
表示主語具備的的性格和能力等
如:She like apple.They know English.
1.動(dòng)詞be(Verb to be)
肯定式I am......否定I am not....
肯定式Y(jié)ou are...否定式Y(jié)ou are not....
肯定式He/She/It is....否定式He/She/It is not....
疑問句和簡略答語
Am I ....?
Yes,you are./No,I you are not.
Are you....?
Yes,I am./No,I am not.
2.There be結(jié)構(gòu)
"There is/are+某物/某人+某地/某時(shí)"這樣一種句型,大致相當(dāng)于漢語
"某地/某時(shí)有某物/某人"的說法.句子的is/are和后面所跟的名詞在數(shù)
方面必須是一致.
肯定式:There is(There's)a table in your room.
There are(There're)some pencils on the desk.
否定式:There is not(There isn't)any cats here.
There are not(aren't)any cats here.
疑問式和簡略答語
Is there a ruler in your bag?
Yes,there is./No,there is not(isn't).
Are there any people in that house?
Yes,there are./No,there are not(aren't).
How many kites are there in the sky?
There are thirteen.
六、介詞(Prepositions)
介詞一般用于名詞或代詞前,表示該詞與句子其他成分的關(guān)系.介詞后面的名詞
或代詞稱為介詞賓語.介詞和介詞賓語一起構(gòu)成介詞短語.
本冊課本出現(xiàn)的介詞短語如下:
at: at home at school at six thirty
behind: behind the door/tree behind one's chair
beside: beside the door beside the house
from: from one to a hundred
in: in Row/Team/Class/Grade4
in one's school/grade/class/team/rom
in your desk/pencil-box/bedroom
in the picture in the same class in different classes
in English in the hat in the morning/afternoon
like: like this/that
near: near the window near the door
of: a picture of a classroom a map of China
the name of her cat the wall of their classroon
on: on the desk/chair on the floor on the wall on the bike
on the duty
to:(a quarter)to ten (go)to school/bed/work
under: under the desk/table under the tree/window under one's chair/bed
(1) 表示時(shí)間：
at: 表示某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)
如： at noon
on: 表示特定的日子
如： on Christmas
in: 表示一段不具體的時(shí)間
如： in the morning， in the Second world war
如表示在某一特定的早上、下午則用on
如： on a cold morning, on a hot afternoon, on Sunday morning
during: 表示期間內(nèi)的某個(gè)時(shí)期
如: during the night, during the Second World War
for: 其后接表示一段時(shí)間長度的詞
如： for three days
through: 表示在整個(gè)期間沒有間歇
例： It snowed through the night.
till/until: 表示動(dòng)作持續(xù)的終點(diǎn)
例：I studied hard till twelve o'clock last night.
by: 表示動(dòng)作完成期限
例： I'll be back by five o'clock.
since: 表示某動(dòng)作的起始點(diǎn)
例：I have studied English since １９９０．
(2) 表示地點(diǎn)：
at: 表示較小的地點(diǎn)
如： arrived at the school gate
in: 表示較大的地點(diǎn)
如： arrived in Shanghai
for: 表示目的地
例： I'll leave for Shanghai.
above: 表示上面，上方，其反意詞是below
over: 表示垂直上方，其反意詞是under
例： The dog jumped over the table.
through: 表示穿過
如： through the forest
across: 表示平原上的跨越
例： I want to walk across the road.
七、句子的種類(Kinds of Sentences)
英語的句子按照用途可分為以下四類:
陳述句 用途是用來說明事實(shí)或說話人的看法 例句:I can see a map on the wall.
I think it's his.
疑問句 用途是用來提出問題. 例句:Are you Mr Green?
Can you find it ? How old are you?
祈使句 用途是用來表示請(qǐng)求和命令. 例句: Sstand up.Come in,please.
Let's play games.
感嘆句 用途是用來表達(dá)強(qiáng)烈的感情. 例句:What a fine day it is!
How beautiful the flowers are!
八、一般疑問句和 特殊疑問句
一般疑問句子和特殊疑問句
一般疑問句（General Question）一般是指用Yes或No回答的疑問句。
例如：Is she at school today? Yes,she is/No,she isn't.
Can you see a pencile on the desk? Yes,I can./No,I can't.
Do you play football? Yes,they do./No,they don't.
特殊疑問句是以特殊疑問詞開頭的疑問句.
(二)
一.形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)
(The Comparative and Superlative Degrees of Adjective and Adverbs)
大多數(shù)形容詞和副詞有三個(gè)等級(jí)：
1)原級(jí)，即原形。
2)比較級(jí)，表示“較……”或“更……一些”的意思。
3)最高級(jí)，表示“最……”的意思。
1.形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成
(1)規(guī)則變化
單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞
一般在詞尾加-er或-est
cold colder coldest
strong stronger strongest
fast faster fastest
slow slow slowest
以字母e結(jié)尾的形容詞，加-r或-st
nice nicer nicest
large larger largest
重讀閉音節(jié)詞只有一個(gè)輔音字母時(shí)，應(yīng)先雙寫輔音字母，再加-er或-est
big bigger biggest
thin thinner thinnest
hot hotter hottest
以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞，先改“y”為“i”，再加-er或-est
easy esaier easiest
happy happier happiest
early earlier earliest
少數(shù)以-er，-ow 結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞clever(聰明的)未尾加-er，-est
clever cleverer cleverest
narrow narrower narrowest
多音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞
在詞前加more或most
delicious more delicious most delicious
interesting more interesting most interting
easily more easily most easily
carefully more carefully most carefully
(2)不規(guī)則變化
good/well better best
bad/badly worse worst
much/many more most
little less least
far farther/further farthest/furthest
2.形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的用法
比較級(jí)：表示兩者（人或事物）的比較
Mr King is taller than Mr Read
This mooncakes is nicer than that one。
The tractor is going faster than the bike。
最高級(jí)：表示三者或三者以上（人或事物）的比較，其中有一個(gè)在某一方面超過
其他幾個(gè)時(shí)，用最高級(jí)。最高級(jí)的前面一般要加定冠詞the。后面可帶of（in）
短語來說明比較的范圍。
Whose drawing is he best of all?
She is the youngest in the class.
The taxi is going ghe fastest.
Mr Qin is walking tje slowest of all.
注：在形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)前，有時(shí)可以用much，a little等來修飾，
如：much better a little taller
二。數(shù)詞（Numerals）（2）
序數(shù)詞（Ordinal Numbers）
序數(shù)詞表示事物的順序，往往與定冠詞the連用。
fist 1st twentieth 20th
second 2nd twenty-first 21th
third 3nd thirieth 30th
fourth 4nd thirty-ninth 39th
fifth 5nd fortieth 40th
sixth 6th fiftieth 50th
seventh 7th sixtieth 60th
eighth 8th seventieth 70th
nineth 9th ninetieth 80th
tenth 10th hundredth 100th
eleventh 11th one hundred and first 101st
twelfth 12th
三、冠詞（Articles）
冠詞是一種虛詞，讓在名詞的前面，幫助說明名詞的含義，
冠詞分不定冠詞(The Indefinite Article)
和定冠詞（The Define Article）兩種，a（an）是不定冠詞。
a用在輔音之前，如：a road
a boy；an用在元音之前，如：an hour ；an old man等；the是定冠詞。
1.不定冠詞的用法
用于可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式前，指人或事物的某一種類。
Susan is a scientist.
Pass me an orange,please.
指某人或某事，但不具體說明何人或何物。
A boy is looking for you。
We work five days a week。
表示“一”這個(gè)數(shù)量，但數(shù)的概念沒有one強(qiáng)烈。
We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow。
I have a mouth，a nose，two eyes and two ears。
用于某些固定的詞組中。
a few ，a little ，a lot of ，a moment ago
2.定冠詞的用法。
特指某些人或某些事物
Show me the photo of the boy。
The book on the desk is mine。
指雙方都知道的人或事物。
Where are the new books，Jim？
They are on the small table。
指上文提過的人或事物。
Ji Mei lives on a farm。The farm is not big。
用在世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物前。
The sun is bigger than the moon。
用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí)前。
The first month of the year is January。
Walk along this road，and take the fourth turning on the left。
用在由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前。
the Great Wall
the Women's Hospital
用在一些習(xí)慣用語中。
in the morning（afternoon，evening），
on the left（right），at the back（front）of
the day befoer yesterday，all the same
3.不用冠詞的情況
在專有名詞和不可數(shù)名詞前，
China，Grade Two，Bill Smilk，milk
名詞前已有作定語用的this，that，my，your，some，any等代詞。
The letter is in her bag ,
Come this way,please .
I have some question.
復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示一類人或事物時(shí)，
My father and mother are teachers.
I like cakes.
在星期，月份，季節(jié)，節(jié)日前，
It is Sunday（Monday，Tuesday，etc。）today。
June 1st is Children's Day in China。
It is cold in winter。
在稱呼語或表示頭銜的名詞前。
Mr Mott is going on a trip。
What colour are Mrs Green's shoes？
在三餐飯和球類運(yùn)動(dòng)的名詞前。
He went to shool before breakfast this morning。
Can you play basketball？
四、動(dòng)詞（Verbs）（2）
1.動(dòng)詞的種類（Kinds of Verbs）
行為動(dòng)詞Action Verbs：含有實(shí)在的意義，表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，在句中能獨(dú)立作謂語。
She has some bananas。
They often come back early。
I listen to the radio every day。
連系動(dòng)詞Link Verbs：本身有一定的詞義，但不能獨(dú)立作謂語，必須與表語一起構(gòu)成謂語。
His father is a teacher。
Twins usually look the same。
Trees turn green。
助動(dòng)詞Auxiliary Verbs 本身沒有詞義，不能獨(dú)立作謂語，只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成
謂語動(dòng)詞，表示否定，疑問，時(shí)態(tài)或其他語法形式。
He doesn't speak Englist。
We are playing basketball。
Do you have a brother？
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞Modal Verbs
本身有一定的意義，但不能獨(dú)立作謂語，只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞，表示說話
人的語氣和情態(tài)，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。
She can speak a little English。
May I speak to Ann,please？
We must go now。
2.一般過去時(shí)態(tài)（The Simple Past Tense）
一般過去時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常和過去的時(shí)間狀語連用，
如：yesterday，last night，in 1990，two days ago等，也表示過去經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的
動(dòng)作，常和often，always等表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用。例如：
I got up at 6：30 yesterday。
My father was at work yesterday afternoon。
He always went to work by bus last year。
一般過去時(shí)的構(gòu)成
be
肯定句：I was……
He （she，it） was……
We（You，They）were……
否定句 I was not（wasn't）……
He（She，It）was not（wasn't）……
We（You，They）were not（weren't）……
work
肯定句 I（You，He，She，It，We，You，They）worked。
否定句 I（You，He，She，It，We，You，They）did not（didn't）worked。
there be
肯定句
There was……
There were……
否定句
There was not（wasn't）……
There were not （weren't）……
疑問句和簡略答語
be
第一人稱
Was I……？Yes，you were。No，you were not。
Were we……？Yes，we（you）were。No，we（you）were not。
第二人稱
Were you……？Yes,I was。No，I was not。
Were you……？Yes，we were。No，we were not。
第三人稱
Was he （she，it）……？Yes，he（she，it）was。No，he（she，it） was not。
Were they ……？Yes，they were。No，they were not。
work
第一人稱
Did I work？Yes，you did。No，you did not。
Did we work？Yes，we（you）did。No,we（you） did not。
第二人稱
Did you work？Yes，I did。No,I did not。
Did you work？Yes，we did。No,we did not。
第三人稱
Did he （she，it）work？Yes，he（she，it）did。No，he（she，it）did not。
Did they work？Yes，they did。No,they did not。
there be
Was there a/any……？Yes，there was。No，there was not。
Was there any……？Yes，there were。No，there were not。
規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過去式地構(gòu)成
一般在動(dòng)詞原形末尾加-ed 例如:look looked,play played,
結(jié)尾是e的動(dòng)詞加-d 例如:live lived,hope hoped,use used
末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)詞,先雙寫這個(gè)輔音字母,再加-ed
例如:stop stopped,plan planned,trip tripped
結(jié)尾是"輔音字母+y"的動(dòng)詞,先變y為i再加-ed. 例如:study studied
carry carried,worry worried.
常見的不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞有:
am/is-was are-were go-went have-had do-did get-got
come-came say-said see-saw put-put eat-ate take-took
3.一般將來時(shí)態(tài)(The Simple Future Tense)
一般將來時(shí)表示將來某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),也表示將來將來經(jīng)常
或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,常與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用.如:tomorrow,next,week,next
year等
例如:I will go to my hometown next week.
We will come to see you every Sunday.
1)一般將來時(shí)的構(gòu)成 一般將來時(shí)由"助動(dòng)詞"will+動(dòng)詞原形"構(gòu)成.在口語中,will
在名詞或代詞后常簡縮為'll,will not常簡縮為won't.在疑問句中,主語為第一人稱
(I和well)時(shí),常用助動(dòng)詞shall.
第一人稱肯定式I/We will go.否定式I/will not go.疑問式Shall/we go ?
第二人稱肯定式Y(jié)ou not go.否定式Y(jié)ou will not go.疑問句Will you go?
第三人稱肯定式He/She/It/They will go.否定式He/She/It/They will not go.
疑問式Will he/she/it/they go?
注:(1)在書面語中,主語式第一人稱(I和we)時(shí),常用助動(dòng)詞shall+動(dòng)詞原形.例如:
I shall write you a letter next month.
We shall be very please to see you.
(2)在表示"帶意愿色彩的將來"時(shí),常用will.例如:
I will tell you all about it.
(3)在問對(duì)方是否愿意,或表示客氣的邀請(qǐng)或命令時(shí),常用will.例如:
Will you go to the zoo with me?
Will you please open the window?
(4)在表示建議或者征求對(duì)方意見時(shí),可用shall.例如:
Shall we go at the ten?
Shall we get some food?
2)用"be going to+動(dòng)詞原形"表示將要發(fā)生的的事或打算,計(jì)劃,決定要作的事情.
例如:
What are you going to next Sunday?下星期你打算干什么？
They're going to meet outside the school gate.他們打算在校門口見面.
We're not going to have any classes next week.下一周我們不上課.
五.句子的成分(Members of the sentence)
組成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子的成分,即:主語.謂語.表語.賓語.賓語補(bǔ)足語.定語和狀語.
主語和謂語是句子的主體部分.表語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語都是謂語里的組成部分
主語(The Subject) 表示句子所說的是什么人或什么事物,一般由名詞 代詞或相當(dāng)于
名詞的短語等充當(dāng).例句:Lucy is an American girl.
We study in No.1 Middle School.
謂語(The Predicate)說明主語"做什么","是什么"或者是怎么樣.謂語(謂語部分里
主要是詞)用動(dòng)詞.謂語和主語在人稱和數(shù)兩方面必須一致.例如:We love China.
Mike hope to be a doctor.His parents are farmers.She is singing.
表語(The Predicative) 說明主語是什么或者怎么樣,由名詞、形容詞或相當(dāng)于名詞
或形容詞的詞或短語等充當(dāng)，和連系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語。例句:Her aunt is a driver.
賓語(The Object)表示動(dòng)作或行為的對(duì)象,由名詞,代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞,短語等
充當(dāng),和及物動(dòng)詞一起說明主語做什么.例句:He often helps me.
We study English at school. Did you see him yesterday?
定語(The Attribute)用來休息名詞或代詞.做定語的除形容詞外,還有代詞,數(shù)詞,名詞
介詞短語或相當(dāng)于形容詞的詞或短語等.例句:The black bike is mine.
We have four lessons in the morning.What's your name.please?
狀語(The Adverbial)用來修飾動(dòng)詞,形容詞或副詞.一般表示行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間,地點(diǎn)
目的,方式,程度等意義,通常由副詞,介詞短語或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞或短語等來表示
例句:People are all working hard.It is very nice.
We had a meeting this afternoon.
六.句子的種類(Kings of Sentence)
1.四種疑問句(Four Kind of Question)
選擇疑問句(The Alternative Question)
提出兩種或兩種以上的情況,要求對(duì)方選擇一種,這種疑問句叫選擇疑問句.它的機(jī)構(gòu)
是一般疑問句加or加一般疑問句,但常把后一部分里面和前一部分相同的成分省略.說
是or前面部分用聲調(diào),后面用降調(diào).如:Is her brother a adoctor or a teacher?
Would you like tea or coffee?Shall we go to the cinema on Saturday or on sunday?
反意疑問句(The Tag Question)
反意疑問句表示提問者有一定的主見,但沒有把握,希望對(duì)方來證實(shí).
反意疑問句由兩部分組成,前一部分是對(duì)事物的陳述,后一部分是簡單的提問.如果前一部分
用肯定的形式,后一部分一般用否定的形式;前一部分用否定的形式,后一部分久用肯定的形式
兩部分的人稱和時(shí)態(tài)要一致.
反意疑問句陳述的部分用降調(diào).后辦部分可升可降.提問者對(duì)陳述部分把握較大時(shí),后半部分用
降調(diào);把握不大時(shí),用降調(diào).The weather here is very cold,isn't it?
You're from Australia,aren't you? Yes,I am .
對(duì)反意疑問句的回答,不管問題的提法如何,若事實(shí)是肯定的,就要用Yes,事實(shí)是否定的,就要
用no.這和漢語不一樣,應(yīng)該注意.如:
He isn't going to the meeting,is he?它不去參加會(huì)是嗎?
Yes,he is.不,他要去的.
No ,he isn't.對(duì)他不起.
2.感嘆句(The Exclamatory Sentence)
感嘆句多用how和what引起.how 和what與所修飾的詞放在句首,其他部分用陳訴語氣.在口語
中謂語常省略
(1)how作狀語,修飾形容詞,副詞和動(dòng)詞.如:
How cold it is today!
How delicious they are!
How beautiful the flowers are!
How I miss you!
(2)what作定語,修飾名詞(名詞前可由其他定語),單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前要加不定冠詞a(an).如:
What a good idear!
What a beautiful day!
What a happy woman!
感嘆句用來表示強(qiáng)烈的感情.句末要用感嘆號(hào)!,讀時(shí)要用降調(diào).在口語中常用省略句.后面的
主語和謂語往往省略,由時(shí)候只用一個(gè)詞或者是詞組.如:How cold! Wonderful!
（三）
一、動(dòng)詞(Verbs)
1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(The Present Perfect Tense)
(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞have(has)+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。現(xiàn)以動(dòng)詞work為例，
將現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的肯定式、否定式和疑問式
以及簡略答語列表如下：
肯定式
I/You have worked。
He/She/It has worked。
We/You/They have worked。
否定式
I/You have not worked。
He/She/It has not worked。
We/You/They have not worked。
疑問式和簡略回答
Have I/you worked？Yes，you/I have。No，you/I have not。
Has he/she/it worked？Yes，he/she/it has。No，he/she/it has not。
Have we/you/they worked？Yes，you/we/they have。No，you/we/they have not。
注：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞的構(gòu)成與動(dòng)詞過去式相同
(2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法
表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。
Have you had your lunch yet？Yes，I have。I've just had it。
I have already posted the photos。
表示過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，可以和表示從過去某一時(shí)刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一段
時(shí)間的狀語連用。表示持續(xù)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞多是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。
I haven't seen her these days.
I've known LiLei for three years.
I've been at this school for over two years.
They have lived here since 1996.
How long have you worked in this library?
She has taught us since I came to this school.
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以和already，never，just，before，yet 等狀語連用。
Have you ever eaten fish and chips?
I've just lost my science book.
I've never been to that farm before.
I haven't learned the word yet.
have(has)been和have(has)gone的區(qū)別：
have(has) been 表示“曾經(jīng)到過某地”，have(has)gone 表示“已經(jīng)去過某地了”
Where has he been? 他剛才跑到哪去了？
Where has he gone？他到哪去了？
She has been to Shanghai。她到過上海。
She has gone to Shanghai。她到上海去了。
注：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，如：
I haven't bought anything for two months。
(3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的情況，所以它不能和表示
過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。如：yesterday，last night，three weeks ago，in 1990等，而一般過去時(shí)只表示過去
動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生關(guān)系，它可以和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。如：
I have seen the film。我看過這部電影。
I saw the film last week。我上星期看了這個(gè)電影。
He has lived here since 1992。1992年以來他一直住在這里。
He lived here in 1992。 1992年他住在這里。
2.過去將來時(shí)(The Futere-in-the-Past Tense)
(1)過去將來時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞would+動(dòng)詞圓形”構(gòu)成。would常縮略為‘d。
(2)過去將來時(shí)的用法
過去將來時(shí)表示過去的某一時(shí)間看來將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。過去將來時(shí)常用在賓語從句中。如：
I didn't know if she would come。
I wasn't sure whether he would do it。
Wang Lei said that she would visit her uncle next Saturday。
過去將來時(shí)也可以用“was(were) going to +動(dòng)詞原形”來表示。如：
I didn't know if she was going to come。
Wang Lei said that she was going to visit her uncle next Saterday。
3.過去完成時(shí)(The Past Perfect Tense)
(1).過去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成
過去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞had(用于各種人稱和數(shù))+過去分詞”構(gòu)成
(2).過去完成時(shí)的用法
過去完成時(shí)表示在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作，它表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是“過去的過去”
表示過去某一時(shí)間可用by，before等構(gòu)成的短語，也可用when，before等引導(dǎo)的從句或者通過上下文表示。
例句
By the end of the match ,they had scored two goals and we had scored four.
We had reached the station before ten o'clock.
When I got there ,you had already started playing .
We did as he had told us.
He said he had never seen such an exciting match before .
By the time we got there,the bus had already gone.
4.動(dòng)詞不定式(The Ivnfinitive)
(1)動(dòng)詞不定式的基本形式是“to+動(dòng)詞原形”，有時(shí)可以不帶to，動(dòng)詞不定式(或不定式短語)沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。
在句子中不能作謂語。動(dòng)詞不定式仍保持動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)。即可以有自己的賓語和狀語。動(dòng)詞不定式同它的賓語或狀語
構(gòu)成不定式短語。如：to read the newspaper，to speak at the meeting等
(2)動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞，形容詞和副詞的特征，因此在句中可以作主語，表語，賓語，賓語補(bǔ)足語、定語，狀語
作賓語
She wanted to borrow my CD player.
They began to read and write。
作狀語
She went to see her grandma last Sunday。
He came to give us a talk yesterday。
作賓語補(bǔ)足語
Lucy asked him to turn down the radio。
She asked me to speak louder。
She found him to be a very good pupil。
作定語
Have you got anything to say？
I had something to eat this morning。
作主語
To learn a foreign language is not easy。
To play in the street is danerous.
(3)動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式
由“not+動(dòng)詞不定式”構(gòu)成。如：
Tell him not to be late。
The policeman told the boys not to play in the street。
(4)動(dòng)詞不定式和疑問句連用
動(dòng)詞不定式虧和疑問句what，which，how，where，when等連用，構(gòu)成不定式短語。
如：The question is when to start。
I don't know where to go。
He showed me how to use a computer。
Nobody told us what to do。
(5)不帶to的情況
有一些動(dòng)詞后用作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式通常不帶to，這種動(dòng)詞有兩類；一類是感覺動(dòng)詞，如see,
hear，watch，feel，notice等，如：
I saw him come。我看見他來了。
I heard him sing。我聽見他唱歌了。
另一類是某些使役動(dòng)詞，如make，let，have等，如：
Let him go。讓他走吧
They made the children work 12 hours a day。
他們強(qiáng)迫孩子們一天干12小時(shí)。
動(dòng)詞help后的不定式可帶to，也可不帶to。
5.被動(dòng)語態(tài)。(The Passive Voice)
(1)主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)
英語動(dòng)詞有兩種語態(tài)，即主動(dòng)語態(tài)(The Active Voice)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)(The Passive Voice)
Many people speak English.(主動(dòng)語態(tài))
English is spoken by many people。(被動(dòng)語態(tài))
(2)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成
被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be有人稱，數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化，其變化
規(guī)則與be作為連系動(dòng)詞時(shí)完全一樣。現(xiàn)以動(dòng)詞ask為例子，將一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的
肯定式，否定式及疑問式列表如下：
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
肯定式
I am asked…… You are asked…… He/She is asked……
We are asked…… You are asked…… They are asked……
否定式
I am not asked…… You are not asked…… He/She is not asked……
We are not asked…… You are not asked…… They are not asked……
疑問式
Am I asked……？ Are you asked……？ Is he/She asked……？
Are we asked……？ Are you asked……？ Are they asked……？
一般過去時(shí)
肯定式
I was asked…… You were asked…… He/She was asked……
We were asked…… You were asked…… They were asked……
否定式
I was not asked…… You were not asked…… He/She was not asked……
We were not asked…… You were not asked…… They were not asked……
疑問式
was I asked……？ were you asked……？ was he/She asked……？
were we asked……？ were you asked……？ were they asked……？
(3)含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)
含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。如：
This bicycle can be mended in two hour。
This trees may be planted in spring。
The room must be kept clean。
The flowers should be watered often。
(4)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法
當(dāng)我們不知道誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，或者沒有必要指出誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，或者只需強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的
承受者時(shí)，需要被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：
This jacket is made of cotton。
English is spoken in Canada。
二、賓語從句(The Object Clause)
賓語從句在復(fù)合句中作主語的賓語，賓語從句通常作主語的賓語，賓語從句通常由下面一些詞引導(dǎo)
1.由that引導(dǎo)(that在口語或非正式文體中常省略)，如：
He said that he would like to see the headmaster.
She said that she would leave a message on his desk .
He knew that he should work hard .
He said that he might fall behind the other students.
He was afraid that he would forget his Chinese.
2.由連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)，如：
Do you know what he has said ?
I don't remember when we arrived ?
I asked him where I could get so much money?
Can you tell me which class you are in ?
The children did not know who Father Christmas was.
3.由連詞whether或if引導(dǎo)( 口語中常用if)
Lily wanted to knew if/wheher her grandma liked the handbag。
She asked me if she could borrow there books。
三、定語從句(The Attributive Clause)
在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句，如：
(1)The man who lives next to us is a policeman
(2)You must do everything that I do .
上面兩句中的man和everything 是定語從句所修飾的詞，叫先行詞，定語從句放在先行詞的后面。
引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞有關(guān)系代詞what，which，who，(賓格whom，所有格whose)和關(guān)系副詞
where，when，關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間，起聯(lián)系作用，同時(shí)又作定語從句的
一個(gè)成分。
由關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
that在從句中作主語或賓語
指物
A plane is a machine that can fly。(作主語)
The noodles that I cooked were delicious。(作賓語)
指人
Who is the man that is reading the book over there？(作主語)
The girl that we saw yesterday was Jim's sister。(作賓語)
which在從句中作主語和賓語。
指物
The silk which is produced in Hangzhou sells well。(作主語)
The song which the Beatles sang were very popular。(作賓語)
who，whom在從句中分別作主語和賓語
指人
The foreigner who visit our class yesterday is form Canada。(作主語)
The boy who broke the window is called Roy。(作主語)
The person to whom you just talked is Mr Li。(作賓語)
Mrs Evans is the person to whom you should write。(作賓語)
四、狀語從句(Adverbial clause)
在復(fù)合句中，修飾主句的動(dòng)詞，形容詞或副詞等的從句叫做狀語從句，狀語從句根據(jù)它表達(dá)的意思可分為
時(shí)間，原因，條件，比較，目的，結(jié)果和讓步等類。
時(shí)間
由as，after，as soon as，before，since，until，when，whenever，while等連詞引導(dǎo)。
As he explored the sea,he took a lot of picture.
As soon as he arrived in France ,he called me.
He has been in Shanghai since he was born.
Don't come in until you are called.
Whenever we're in truble,he'll help us .
While I was watching TV,the bell rang.
原因
由as，because，since，等連詞引導(dǎo)
I didn't go surfing,because it was too cold.
As the car is expensive ,we can't buy it .
Since he was busy ,he didn't come.
條件
由if，unless等連詞引導(dǎo)
If you travel in India,you can use English everywhere.
I won't pass the exam unless I work hard.
比較
由as(so)……as，than等引導(dǎo)
Canoeing is not as(so) interesting as sailing (is).
Li Lei swims better than Jim (does).
結(jié)果
由so……that，等引導(dǎo)
He was so weak that he couldn't walk on.
目的
由so ，so that等引導(dǎo)
We'll sit near the front so we can hear the speaker better.
He sat in the dark so that he couldn't be seen.
讓步
由although，even though等引導(dǎo)
Although the traffic was heavy ,we got to the railway station on time.
Even though he is eighty,he looks strong and healthy.