英語(yǔ)常用的句型結(jié)構(gòu)
1、 S + vi
2、 S + link verb + predicative
3、 S + vt +o
4、 S + vt + o (間接) + o (直接)
5、 S +vt+ o + o c
6、 There be + s + …
簡(jiǎn)單句的五個(gè)基本句型
種類(lèi) 句型 主語(yǔ)
S. 謂語(yǔ)部分
謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞V. 表語(yǔ)P. 賓語(yǔ)O. 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)OC.
第1種 S +V We work.(不及物)
第2種 S+V+O He plays(及物) the piano.
第3種 S+V+P We are(系動(dòng)詞) students.
第4種 S+V+ino(間接賓語(yǔ))+Do(直接賓語(yǔ)) She gave(及物) me a pen.
第5種 S+V+O+C He made(及物) the boy laugh.
第6種 There be+S There are thirty days this month.
主語(yǔ)部分 謂語(yǔ)部分
謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 修飾語(yǔ)/補(bǔ)語(yǔ)/賓語(yǔ)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. Flowers
Flowers
Many beautiful flowers
I
Betty, your younger sister,
Some students in my class
you
(You) bloom。
bloom
bloom
go
looks
speak
Do... understand
Read
in the gardens.
in the gardens in spring.
to school by bicycle every day.
very pretty.
English very well.
these sentences?
Lesson Two, Mary.
句子的成分
1. 主語(yǔ)-主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)講述的對(duì)象，表示所說(shuō)的“是什么”或“是誰(shuí)”。一般由名詞、代詞、不定式或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)充當(dāng)。它在句首。
注意：不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用形式主語(yǔ)it句型。
2. 謂語(yǔ)-說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)“做什么”，“是什么”或“怎么樣”。
謂語(yǔ)(謂語(yǔ)部分里主要的詞)必須用動(dòng)詞。謂語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)兩方面必須一致。它在主語(yǔ)后面。
3. 表語(yǔ)-表語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)“是什么”或者“怎么樣”，由名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞、不定式及相當(dāng)于名詞或形容詞的詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)?yè)?dān)任。它的位置在系動(dòng)詞后面。
*注意區(qū)別：My job is teaching.(teaching 為表語(yǔ)) 與 I am teaching now.(am teaching 為謂語(yǔ))
4. 賓語(yǔ)-賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作、行為的對(duì)象，由名詞、代詞、不定式或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞、短語(yǔ)來(lái)?yè)?dān)任，它和及物動(dòng)詞一起說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)做什么，在謂語(yǔ)之后。
5. 狀語(yǔ)-狀語(yǔ)用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞。一般表示行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的、方式、程度等意義，一般由副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示。狀語(yǔ)一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。
6. 定語(yǔ)-定語(yǔ)是用來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞的。形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式或相當(dāng)于形容詞的詞或短語(yǔ)等都可以擔(dān)任定語(yǔ)。因?yàn)樗切揎椕~或代詞的，而名詞和代詞又可以作主語(yǔ)，還可以作表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，所以定語(yǔ)的位置很靈活，凡是有名詞、代詞的地方都可以有定語(yǔ)。
簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句、復(fù)合句
1. 簡(jiǎn)單句
句型：主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)
只包含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，而句子的各個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)都只由單詞或短語(yǔ)表示。
2. 并列句
句型： 簡(jiǎn)單句+并列連詞（或連接副詞）+簡(jiǎn)單句
*由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句并列連接起來(lái)的句子叫并列句。并列句中的各簡(jiǎn)單句意義同等重要，相互之間沒(méi)有從屬關(guān)系，是平行并列的關(guān)系。它們之間用連詞連結(jié)。
1、聯(lián)合關(guān)系：
常用的連詞有and, not only…but(also), neither…nor等。
Eg. Tom doesn’t smoke, nor does his brother.
2、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系
常用的連詞有but, yet, still, however, while(而，然而)，when（那時(shí)，然后）等。
Eg. He got up very early, (and) yet he failed to catch the morning train.
We played outside till sunset, when it began to rain.
She is tired, (but) still she will make another test.
*yet 和still是連接副詞，又叫半連接句。
*however(然而，不過(guò)，但是)意義接近yet,可放在句首、句末或插入句子中間。
3、選擇關(guān)系：
常用的連詞有or（或者，還是，否則），otherwise, or else, either…or等。
Eg. Hurry up, or we’ll be late for school.
4、因果關(guān)系
連詞有：for, so, thus, therefore, and so 等。
Eg. He studied hard, thus he succeeded in passing the exam.
The Frenchman coughed loudly, so he decided to go and get some medicine for it.
*for 表示附加或推斷的理由、原因。 Therefore較so更正式，and so 較口語(yǔ)化。
3. 復(fù)合句
句型：主句+連詞+從句；或連詞+從句+主句（包含一個(gè)主句、一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句，或只包含一個(gè)從句，但有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的主句的句子叫復(fù)合句。）
動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作、客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)、格言，目前的特征、狀態(tài)、能力等。
2.主句是一般將來(lái)時(shí),時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。如：
I’ll go there after I finish my work./ If it rains tomorrow, I won’t go there.
3.在以here, there開(kāi)頭的句子里，go, come等少數(shù)動(dòng)詞的一般在時(shí)表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
例如：There goes the bell.鈴響了。There comes the bus.汽車(chē)來(lái)了。Here she comes.她來(lái)了。
二、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
1.表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
2.表示按計(jì)劃安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
例如：She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。
He is working as a teacher tomorrow.從明天起他要做老師。
My father is coming to see me this Saturday.這個(gè)星期六我爸爸要來(lái)看我。
3.代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，描繪更加生動(dòng)。
例如:The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.江水滾滾向東流。The sun is rising in the east.太陽(yáng)從東方冉冉升起。
4.大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞可用于進(jìn)行時(shí)，但也有些動(dòng)詞不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。常見(jiàn)的有：exist, live, understand, mean, owe, belong to, know, doubt, suppose, remember, forget,
believe,trust,want,wish,refuse,like,hate,dislike,prefer,mind,hope等。
三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1.表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果，或說(shuō)話時(shí)已完成的動(dòng)作。
例如：I have finished the report./ She has cleaned the room.
2.表示從過(guò)去開(kāi)始，待續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，往往和“for…”, “since…”表述的一段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如：He has learned English for six years./ They have worked here since they left college.
3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別：
1）用兩種時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表述發(fā)生在過(guò)去的某一動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這一過(guò)去動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表達(dá)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在關(guān)系不大。例如：She has cleaned the room. It’s very clean now.(此句has cleaned就不能改為cleaned.一是因?yàn)閏leaned與現(xiàn)狀無(wú)關(guān)，二是因?yàn)橐话氵^(guò)去時(shí)不可突然跳到It’s…這樣的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。)
2）漢語(yǔ)中的“了”、“過(guò)”、“曾”等詞常用完成表達(dá)，如：I have seen that film.（我看過(guò)那部電影了。）但是如果是在特定的過(guò)去時(shí)間“看了”、“做過(guò)”，就不可用完成時(shí)而必須用一般過(guò)去進(jìn)來(lái)表達(dá)。例如：When did you see that film? I saw it yesterday.(你什么時(shí)候看了那部電影？我昨天看的。)不能說(shuō)：When have you seen that film? I have seen it yesterday.
4.表示“曾經(jīng)到過(guò)某地（人已回來(lái)）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（還未回來(lái)）”用“have/has gone to”.例如：
--Where is Li Hua? －He has gone to the reading-room.
--She knows a lot about Shanghai.－She has been there.
5.短暫動(dòng)詞（即瞬間動(dòng)詞），join, lose, buy, borrow, leave, go, come, arrive, die, marry, finish, complete, begin, start, break out等，在完成時(shí)態(tài)中，其肯定式不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。例如不能說(shuō)：He has finished the work for three hours.要翻譯“他已完成工作三小時(shí)了。”可采用1）“ago法”：He finished the work three hours ago.2）“延續(xù)法”：He has been through(with)the work for three hours.3）“since法”：It is/has been three hours since he finished the work.
四、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
1.用來(lái)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（或今后還要繼續(xù)一去）的動(dòng)作。例如：He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00./ It has been raining for two days.
2.凡是不能用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞均不能用于現(xiàn)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
五、一般過(guò)去時(shí)
表達(dá)特定的過(guò)去時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況，或過(guò)去某一時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為。
六、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
1.表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作（這一過(guò)去時(shí)間須用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)表示）。例如：He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.
2.表示動(dòng)作在另一過(guò)去動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)進(jìn)行。例如：They were still working when I left.
3.用在兩個(gè)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。例如：I was writing while he was watching TV.
4.表示過(guò)去將來(lái)動(dòng)作。例如：He said she was arriving the next day.
七、過(guò)去完成時(shí)
1.表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。例如：He had shut the door before the dog came up./ Everything had been all right up till this morning.
2.表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到另一個(gè)過(guò)去時(shí)刻才完成，甚至還要繼續(xù)下去。例如：At the age of ten, he had learned 500 English words. He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.
3.常用hope, expect, think, intend, want, suppose等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)來(lái)表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖。例如：We had expected that you would be able to win the match.
八、一般將來(lái)時(shí)
一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作和存在的狀況。有下列一些形式：
1.will/shall do （側(cè)重將來(lái)行為，不突出計(jì)劃安排去做某事）
2.be going to do (主觀上打算或客觀上可能發(fā)生)
3.be doing (按計(jì)劃將要發(fā)生，常和表示最近的將來(lái)時(shí)間連用)
4.be about to do (按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生)
九、將來(lái)完成時(shí)
用來(lái)表示在將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)刻（前）將完成的動(dòng)作。常和by短語(yǔ)，when, before引起的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如：We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句型
1.常見(jiàn)句式是：主語(yǔ)（受動(dòng)者）＋be＋過(guò)去分詞＋（by＋施動(dòng)者）
例如：He was scolded by the English teacher.
2.主語(yǔ)＋get＋過(guò)去分詞＋其它成分
例如：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.
注意：使用這種結(jié)構(gòu)不能帶有“by＋施動(dòng)者”
3.帶有雙賓語(yǔ)（直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)）的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)閯?dòng)句，其主語(yǔ)可以是直接賓語(yǔ)，也可以是間接賓語(yǔ)。
例如：She lent me a bike.
被動(dòng)：1）I was lent a bike(by her). 2）A bike was lent to me(by her).
4.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋be＋過(guò)去分詞
例如：This problem must be worked out in half an hour.
5.雙重被動(dòng)式：主語(yǔ)＋被動(dòng)式謂語(yǔ)＋不定式的被動(dòng)式＋其它成分
例如；These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room./The murderer was ordered to be shot.
二、主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)的幾種情況
1.不及物動(dòng)詞與狀語(yǔ)連用，用以表示主語(yǔ)的品質(zhì)和狀態(tài)。常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞是：cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash, drive, keep等。例如：This knife cuts well.這把刀好切。These books sell well.這些書(shū)好賣(mài)。The pen writes smoothly.這支筆寫(xiě)起來(lái)流暢。Meat won’t keep long in such hot weather.肉在這樣熱的天氣里放不長(zhǎng)久。The cloth washes well.這種布好洗。
2.一些連系動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)式＋形容詞。常見(jiàn)動(dòng)look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out等。
例如：The apples taste good./The flower smells wonderful./The news proved/turned out true./Cotton feels soft.
注：prove也可用于被動(dòng)式，如：His answer(was) proved right.
3.不定式在某些形容詞之后，且與主語(yǔ)有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。常見(jiàn)形容詞有：hard, difficult, easy, heavy, fit, good, comfortable, convenient, impossible等。例如：The problem is easy to do./The question is difficult to answer./The box is heavy to carry./The project is impossible to complete in a year.比較：The problem is to be done./The question is to be answered.沒(méi)有形容詞時(shí)，雖然不定式與主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，但必須用被動(dòng)式。
三、容易誤用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種情況：
1.I teach myself French.不可變?yōu)镸yself is taught French.因?yàn)榉瓷泶~不可作主語(yǔ)。
2.We help each other/one another.不可變?yōu)镋ach other/One another is helped by us.因?yàn)橄嗷ゴ~不可作主語(yǔ)。
3.He lost heart.不可變?yōu)镠eart was lost by him.因?yàn)橄髄ose heart, make a face, keep silence, lose in thought這類(lèi)動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)的固定短語(yǔ)只能用于主動(dòng)式，不能用被動(dòng)式。
4.She took part in the sports meet.不能變?yōu)門(mén)he sports meet was taken part in by her.因?yàn)橄髏ake part in, belong to ,own, have, hate, fail, contain等表狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
主謂一致Agreement
在英語(yǔ)的句子中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式應(yīng)與主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)保持一致。如何判定，則要看句子的意思。多數(shù)情況下，根據(jù)句子的主語(yǔ)形式就能判定，但有的則要看整句的意思，及強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容。下面我們就常用的、易混的幾種情況作一下解釋。
1、以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：
1）To work hard is necessary.（It is necessary to work hard.）
2）How you get there is a problem.
2、復(fù)數(shù)主語(yǔ)跟復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
3、在倒裝句中, 動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)和它后面的主語(yǔ)的數(shù)一致。如以here, there開(kāi)頭，be 動(dòng)詞與后面第一個(gè)名詞一致。如：1）Here comes the bus.
2）On the wall were two famous paintings.
3）Here is Mr Brown and his children.
4、and連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如果主語(yǔ)后跟有with, together with, except, but, perhaps , like, including, as well as, no less than, more than, rather than等引起的短語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍與短語(yǔ)前的主語(yǔ)的形式保持一致。如：
1）Jane, Mary and I are good friends.
2）He and my father work in the same factory.
3）His sister, no less than you, is wrong.
4）The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible for the accident.
5）He, like you and Xiao Liu is very diligent.
6）Every picture except these two has been sold.
7）Alice with her parents often goes to the park on Sundays.
8）Alice as well as her friends was invited to the concert.
9）Nobody but Mary and I was in the classroom at that time.
5、并列主語(yǔ)如果指的是同一個(gè)人、同一事物或同一概念時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，and后面的名詞沒(méi)有冠詞。如：
1）The writer and worker is coming to our school tomorrow. 這位工人作家明天要來(lái)我們學(xué)校。
2）Bread and butter is their daily food. 面包和黃油是他們每日的食品。
3）The writer and the worker are coming to our school tomorrow.（兩個(gè)人）
6、and連接的并列單數(shù)名詞前如有each, every, no, many a修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：
1）Every boy and girl has been invited to the party. 所有的孩子都被邀請(qǐng)參加這次聚會(huì)。
2）No teacher and no student is absent today.
3）Many a student is busy with their lessons.
7、each, either, one, another, the other, neither作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如：
1）Each takes a cup of tea.
2）Either is correct.
3）Neither of them likes this picture.
8、由every, some, any, no構(gòu)成的合成代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如：
1）Is everyone here?
2）Nothing is to be done. 沒(méi)有什么要干的事兒了。
9、關(guān)系代詞who, that, which等在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。如：
1）Those who want to go please sign their names here.
2）Anyone who is against this opinion may speak out.
3）He is one of the students who were praised at the meeting.
10、表示時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、度量衡等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞或短語(yǔ)作為一個(gè)整體看待時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)形式。
11、復(fù)數(shù)形式的專(zhuān)有名詞作為整體看待（如人名、地點(diǎn)、國(guó)家、組織、書(shū)籍、報(bào)刊等），動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如：
1）The United States is in North America.
2）The United Nations has passed a resolution(決議)。
3）“The Arabian Nights”（《天方夜譚》）is an interesting book.
12、有些集體名詞如family, team, group, class, audience（聽(tīng)眾，觀眾），government等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如看作是一個(gè)整體，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則用單數(shù)形式；如強(qiáng)調(diào)各個(gè)成員時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：
1）My family is going to have a long journey.
2）My family are fond of music.
3）The class has won the honour. 這班獲得了榮譽(yù)。
4）The class were jumping for joy.
13、all, more, most, some, any, none, half, the rest等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，既可表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，也可表示單數(shù)意義，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況而定。如：
1）All of the apple is rotten. 整個(gè)蘋(píng)果都爛了。
2）All of the apples are rotten. 所有的蘋(píng)果都爛了。
3）Most of the wood was used to make furniture (家具)。
14、the + 形容詞（或分詞）作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，常指一類(lèi)人，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如指的是抽象概念，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則用單數(shù)形式。如：
1）The young are usually very active.
2）The wounded are being taken good care of here now.
15、or, either…or…, neither…nor…, whether…or, not only…but (also)連接的是主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與后一個(gè)主語(yǔ)一致。如：
1）Either you or I am going to the movies.
2）Not only you but also he is wrong.
16、不可數(shù)名詞沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如：
1）Water is a kind of matter.
2）The news at six o’clock is true.
17、集合名詞如：people, police ,cattle等作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：
1）The police are searching for him.
2）The cattle are grassing (吃草)。
18、population當(dāng)人口講時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；當(dāng)人們講時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：
1）The population of China is larger than that of Japan.
2）One third of the population here are workers.
19、the number of + 名詞復(fù)數(shù)，是表示“…的數(shù)字”，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；a (large / great) number of + 名詞復(fù)數(shù)，表示許多，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)；謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
1）The number of the students in our school is increasing year after year.
2）A number of students have gone for an outing.
20、means, politics, physics, plastics等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
復(fù)合句
( 1 ) 定語(yǔ)從句
I. 定語(yǔ)從句起了形容詞的作用，在句中修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞。被修飾的詞叫做先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，他的作用一是放在先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句中間起了連接作用，二是在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分，并與先行詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致。
關(guān)系詞 先行詞 從句成分 例句 備注
關(guān)系代詞 Who 人 主語(yǔ) Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? Whom, which和that在從句中做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，常可以省略，但介詞提前時(shí)后面關(guān)系代詞不能省略，也不可以用that
Whom 人 賓語(yǔ) Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working
The boy (whom) she loved died in the war..
Whose 人，物 定語(yǔ) I like those books whose topics are about history.
The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.
That 人，物 主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ) A plane is a machine that can fly.
She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.
Which 物 主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ) The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.
The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
As 人，物 主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ) He is such a person as is respected by all of us.
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. As做賓語(yǔ)一般不省略
關(guān)系副詞 When 時(shí)間 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) I will never forget the day when we met there. 可用on which
Where 地點(diǎn) 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) This is the house where I was born. 可用in which
why 原因 原因狀語(yǔ) I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer. 可用for which
II. That與which, who, whom的用法區(qū)別：
情況 用法說(shuō)明 例句
只用that的情況 1． 先行詞為all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代詞時(shí)。
2． 先行詞被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修飾時(shí)
3． 先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)和序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)
4． 先行詞既指人又指物時(shí)
5． 先行詞被the only, the very修飾時(shí)
6． 句中已經(jīng)有who時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)時(shí) 1.He told me everything that he knows.
2.All the books that you offered has been given out.
3.This is the best film that I have ever read.
4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.
5.He is the only man that I want to see.
6.Who is the man that is making a speech?
只用which, who, whom的情況 1． 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人
2． 在由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。
3． 先行詞本身是that時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用which, 先行詞為those, one, he時(shí)多用who。 He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.
I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.
Those who respect others are usually respected by others.
III. As與which的區(qū)別：
定語(yǔ)從句 區(qū)別 例句
限制性定語(yǔ)從句中 名詞前有such和the same修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用as,不能用which He is not such a fool as he looks.
Don’t read such books as you can’t understand.
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中 as和which都可以指代前面整個(gè)主句。如果有“正如，象”的含義，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引導(dǎo)的從句只能放主句后，并無(wú)“正如”的意思。 They won the game, as we had expected.
They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.
As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.
IV. 限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：
類(lèi)別 語(yǔ)法意義及特征 例句
限制性定語(yǔ)從句 對(duì)先行詞起修飾限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明確，這種從句與主句的關(guān)系十分密切，寫(xiě)時(shí)不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。 The accident happened at the time when I left.
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句 對(duì)先行詞作附加的說(shuō)明，與主句的關(guān)系不十分密切，較松散。從句和主句之間用逗號(hào)分開(kāi), 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)插入語(yǔ), 不能用that引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系代詞做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)也不能省略。 His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.
( 2 )狀語(yǔ)從句
狀語(yǔ)從句在主從復(fù)合句中修飾主句中的動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞等，按意義可分為地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方式、比較等。
1、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句
由從屬連詞when, whenever, as, while, before, since, once, till. Eg. I waited till he had finished his work.
A. when, as, while 作時(shí)間從屬連詞的區(qū)別。
When可引導(dǎo)持續(xù)性動(dòng)作，又可引導(dǎo)短暫性動(dòng)作。它可表示主從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前。 Eg. When I was a boy, I used to go to the seashore on Sundays. (同時(shí))
B. as 引導(dǎo)持續(xù)性動(dòng)作，側(cè)重表示主句和從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。 Eg. He hurried home, looking behind as he went.
C. while “在某一段時(shí)間里”、“在……期間”
While引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作必須是持續(xù)性的，它也強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句動(dòng)作的同時(shí)發(fā)生，往往側(cè)重主句和從句動(dòng)作的對(duì)比。
Eg. Please don’t talk so loud while others are working.
*當(dāng)when, as, while(正當(dāng)……的時(shí)候)表示主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí)，可以換用。
*當(dāng)when引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句是系表結(jié)構(gòu)（名詞作表語(yǔ)），其主語(yǔ)又和主句主語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，往往可用as引導(dǎo)的省略從句代替，應(yīng)注意as在這里是連詞，不是介詞，后邊名詞與年齡有關(guān)。
Eg. As a young man(=when he was a young man)he was a postmaster.
D. before 如果when和before引導(dǎo)的句子位于主句之后，有時(shí)要譯為“才”、“這時(shí)”等。
Eg. He almost knocked me down before he saw me. I was having lunch when someone knocked at the door.
E. by the time, each time, every time, immediately, the moment, soon after, shortly after等也可以作為連詞，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。Eg. Each time he came to Beijing on business, he would call on me. I recognized you the moment I saw you.
F. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般不能用任何一種將來(lái)時(shí),只能用現(xiàn)在時(shí)或過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)表示將來(lái)時(shí)。
E. hardly…when; no sooner ...than=as soon as
這兩個(gè)句組只能用于過(guò)去時(shí)，即從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。Hardly、no nooner放在句首時(shí)，主句主謂倒裝。
Eg. He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.
Hardly had he fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.
Eg. I had no sooner come home than it began to rain. No sooner had I come home than it began to rain.
2、 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句：where, wherever引導(dǎo)
Eg. Go back where you came from. Where there is water, there is life.
3、原因狀語(yǔ)從句
由連詞because, as, since, now than (既然，由于)
because引導(dǎo)的從句是全句意思的重心所在。在有上下文的情況下，可以不要主句而單獨(dú)成句。as與since則不能。
在回答why開(kāi)始的問(wèn)句時(shí)只能用because。
*在強(qiáng)調(diào)句式中強(qiáng)調(diào)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，只能用because引導(dǎo)從句，不能用as或since.
Eg. It was because he was ill that he didn’t go with us.
*as （由于）所引導(dǎo)的從句一般放在主句之前，說(shuō)明原因；后邊的主句說(shuō)明結(jié)果。主句和從句表達(dá)的內(nèi)容同等重要。 Eg. As there was no answer, I wrote again.
以as引導(dǎo)的從句位于主句之后時(shí)，它的力量更弱一些，類(lèi)似一種附帶的說(shuō)明。As在口語(yǔ)中使用較多。
*since(既然，因?yàn)?：用以表示顯然的或已知的理由、原因。從句的意思是次要的，主句是全句意思的重心所在。
Eg. Since he can not answer the question, you’d better ask someone else.
*now that與since, as 同義。其區(qū)別是now that用來(lái)說(shuō)明一種新情況，然后再加以推論，從句與主句的因果關(guān)系很小，而since和as連接的句子因果關(guān)系比較明顯。
Eg. Now that you have finished the work, you are free to do what you like.
注意：*用了以上表示原因的從屬連詞，主句不可再用并列連詞so.
*并列連詞for有時(shí)表示因果關(guān)系，有時(shí)是對(duì)前面分句的內(nèi)容加以解釋或推斷。
當(dāng)for表示因果關(guān)系時(shí)，可和從屬連詞because同樣使用，但語(yǔ)氣較弱。
Eg. He could not have seen me, for (or: because) I was not there.
4、目的狀語(yǔ)從句
that, so that, in order that, for fear that(以免，唯恐)，lest(唯恐，免得)：lest從句中謂語(yǔ)(should)+v, in case (萬(wàn)一)等。
Eg. We remained at home lest(=for fear that) they should come in our absence.
目的狀語(yǔ)從句的消語(yǔ)常含有may(might),can, could, should, will等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。通常主句在前，從句在后，主句與從句之間沒(méi)有逗號(hào)。
*lest 只用于正式文體，在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中多以for fear that, so that…not等代替。
5、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句
由連詞that, so that, so…that , such…that etc.
注意區(qū)別that, so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句和結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。根據(jù)上下文來(lái)判斷，從句之前有逗號(hào)的常是結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句；從句中有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的多半是目的狀語(yǔ)從句。
Eg. She hurried, so that she caught the bus. (結(jié)果) She hurried so that she might catch the bus.(目的)
6、條件狀語(yǔ)從句
通常由if, unless(除非)，as long as, so long as只要，in case (that)萬(wàn)一
*unless 從句的謂語(yǔ)只能用肯定式
*主將從現(xiàn)
7、方式狀語(yǔ)從句
連詞as, as if(as though)等引導(dǎo)從句多用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 Eg. He walked as if he were drunk.
8、比較狀語(yǔ)從句
as…as, not so (as)…as, than等引導(dǎo) eg. Peter swims as well as Tom does.
*the +比較級(jí)（從句），the+比較級(jí)（主句） eg. The harder we work, the happier we feel.
9、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
though, although, as(雖然)，even if, even though, whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever, however, no matter who (what, which, etc)
eg. Wherever you work, you can always find time to study.
Whether he comes or not, we’ll discuss the problem this afternoon.
*讓步狀語(yǔ)從句可放在句首、句中、句尾
though與although同義。Although 較為正式，多置于句首，as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句多用于書(shū)面語(yǔ)。它比用though(although)引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句更有表現(xiàn)力，語(yǔ)氣更強(qiáng)。As引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句要使語(yǔ)序部分倒裝。
Eg. Child as he was, he had to help support the family.
*even if (though)從句所說(shuō)的不一定是事實(shí)。 Though從句一般說(shuō)的是事實(shí)。
*whether一般引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。當(dāng)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，必須有逗號(hào)和主句分開(kāi)，而且其前邊可加no matter.
Eg. You’ll have to do it, (no matter) whether you like it or not.
*讓步狀語(yǔ)從句和主句之間不可再用but等純并列連詞，但可用yet, still, nevertheless等副詞來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。
Eg. Though he was tired, yet (still, nevertheless) he went on working.
*不可將no matter與“疑問(wèn)詞+ever”連用。
Eg. Whatever (no matter what )you say, I won’t agree you .
No matter whatever you say, I won’t agree with you .(錯(cuò))
倒裝句
I. full inversion
1、there (here) + be + S
eg. Here is the milkman. There comes the bus.
*在there和here的后面還可跟一些不及物動(dòng)詞，如stand, lie, go, fall等。句子的謂語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)為一般過(guò)去時(shí)或一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如例2
2、單個(gè)副詞位于句首的倒裝句
單個(gè)副詞位于句首，句子的主、謂需倒裝，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。這類(lèi)副詞有in, out, now, up, down etc.句子的謂語(yǔ)一般為be動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞。
Eg. Down came the rain. Up went the flag. Away he ran.
如果這類(lèi)句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則不能將短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的副詞移到句首。
Eg. Up it blew.(錯(cuò))____blew up: exploded
*但有時(shí)也例外，當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)在對(duì)比的情況下，作主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)代詞也可與作謂語(yǔ)的be 動(dòng)詞形成倒裝。
Eg. There were they, reading in the classroom, while we were cleaning outside.
3、介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)位于句首的倒裝句。在這類(lèi)句子中，謂語(yǔ)一般為be或不及物動(dòng)詞。
Eg. Near the forest is a small lake. In the doorway stood my brother.
在上述單個(gè)副詞和介詞短語(yǔ)位于句首的倒裝句子中，謂語(yǔ)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
4、so, nor, neither, no more 引導(dǎo)的倒裝句，句子全部倒裝。
Eg. He finished his job, and so did I. Peter doesn’t like pop music. No more does his brother.
Peter 不喜歡流行音樂(lè)，他兄弟也是如此。
*在美式英語(yǔ)中，通常認(rèn)為nor不能跟在but或and的后面。
Eg. John didn’t see the accident and nor did Mary.(錯(cuò)) John didn’t see the accident and neither did Mary.（對(duì)）
*當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)與前句的主語(yǔ)為同一人或物，而so位于該句的句首時(shí),后面so引導(dǎo)的句子不用倒裝。
Eg. It’s raining . So it is.
5、as引導(dǎo)的倒裝句
在正式書(shū)面文體中，as引導(dǎo)表示比較含義的從句，句子常用倒裝句。
Eg. He likes sports, as do most of his friends. 他和他的大多數(shù)朋友一樣，喜歡體育。
He is a college student, as are his sisters and brothers.
II. partial inversion
1、副詞位于句首的部分倒裝句
一些含有否定意義的副詞位于句首時(shí)，句子倒裝：seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, barely, little, never, few, not until, not only等。
Eg. Little did he know about mathematics. 他的數(shù)學(xué)知識(shí)極為貧乏。
Rarely did students attend his lectures. 學(xué)生很少去聽(tīng)他的講座。
*如果scarcely, hardly, little和barely等副詞位于句首，但它們?cè)诰渲行揎椫髡Z(yǔ)，此時(shí)句子不倒裝。
Eg. Little help can be expected from John. 不指望從約翰那里得到多少幫助。
Hardly twenty students are in that big room. 在那間大房子里還不足20名學(xué)生。
2、only引導(dǎo)的部分倒裝句。
Only位于句首，后接狀語(yǔ)，句子要倒裝。
Eg. Only on Sunday does he go home. Only alone, does she feel sad.
*only修飾賓語(yǔ)，位于句首時(shí)，句子也可以倒裝。Eg. Only their teacher will they obey.
*only修飾主語(yǔ)，位于句首，句子不用倒裝。Eg. Only two of us got tickets.
3、not only …but also…引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)分句，前一個(gè)分句用倒裝，后一個(gè)分句用倒裝，后一個(gè)分句用陳述結(jié)構(gòu)。
Eg. Not only does he speak English but also he speaks German.
*not only不位于句首，句子則不倒裝 eg. He not only speaks English but also he speaks German.
4、hardly…when…; scarcely…when…; no nooner…than…
eg. Scarcely had he come in when the guests wanted to leave.
5、not+名詞或副詞組成的詞組在句子中作狀語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，位于句首，句子需倒裝。
Eg. Not a letter did he send home. Not once do I meet him. 我一次也沒(méi)有見(jiàn)到他。
Not until the end of this week did she realize her mistakes.
*not在句首修飾主語(yǔ)，句子不必倒裝。 Eg. Not many people came to the party.
6、當(dāng)含有no的詞組位于句首時(shí)，句子用倒裝。
*Nowhere else in the world can you buy a better and cheaper camera than in our shop.
No longer are they cooperating with us.
By no means should you break the rules. 你決不能違反規(guī)章制度。
At no time should we give in to difficulties. 任何時(shí)候都不應(yīng)在困難面前屈服。
*類(lèi)似的短語(yǔ)：in no way決不，in no sense決不，in no case決不，under no excuse毫無(wú)理由，on no account決不
如果這類(lèi)短語(yǔ)不在句首，句子不用倒裝。
7、在if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句子中，如有had, were, should，可將if省去，而將had, were, should移到句首倒裝。
Eg. Had I not seen it with my own eyes, I would not have believe it.
8、as, though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，形容詞、名詞作表語(yǔ)常位于句首，形成倒裝。
Eg. Small though the room is, it can hold more than twenty people. Child as he is, he knows a lot.(省略冠詞)
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
I. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞基本用法：
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 用法 否定式 疑問(wèn)式與簡(jiǎn)答
can 能力（體力，智力，技能）
允許或許可（口語(yǔ)中常用）
可能性（表猜測(cè)，用于否定疑問(wèn)句中） can not / cannot /can’t do Can…do…?
Yes,…can.
No,…can’t.
could couldn’t do
may 可以（問(wèn)句中表示請(qǐng)求）
可能，或許（表推測(cè)）
祝愿（用于倒裝句中） may not do May…do…? Ye,…may.
No,…mustn’t/can’t
might might not do Might…do…? Yes,…might
No,…might not.
must 必須，應(yīng)該（表主觀要求）
肯定，想必（肯定句中表推測(cè)） must not/mustn’t do Must…do…? Yes,…must.
No,…needn’t/don’t have to
have to 只好，不得不（客觀的必須，有時(shí)態(tài)人稱(chēng)變化） don’t have to do Do…h(huán)ave to do…?
Yes,…do. No,…don’t.
ought to 應(yīng)當(dāng)（表示義務(wù)責(zé)任，口語(yǔ)中多用should ought not to/oughtn’t to do Ought…to do…?
Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn’t.
shall 將要，會(huì)
用于一三人稱(chēng)征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)
用于二三人稱(chēng)表示許諾命令 shall not/shan’t do Shall…do…?
Yes,…shall. No,…shan’t
should 應(yīng)當(dāng)，應(yīng)該（表義務(wù)責(zé)任）
本該（含有責(zé)備意味） should not/shouldn’t do Should…do…?
will 意愿，決心
請(qǐng)求，建議，用在問(wèn)句中would比較委婉 will not/won’t do Will…do…?
Yes,…will. No,…won’t
would would not/wouldn’t do
dare 敢（常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中） dare not/daren’t do Dare…do…?
Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t.
need 需要
必須（常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中） need not/needn’t do Need…do…?
Yes,…must. No,…needn’t
used to 過(guò)去常常（現(xiàn)在已不再） used not/usedn’t/usen’t to do
didn’t use to do Used…to do…?
Yes,…used. No,…use(d)n’t
Did…use to do…?
Yes,…did. No,…didn’t.
II. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must, may, might, could, can表示推測(cè)：
以must為例。Must + do(be)是推測(cè)現(xiàn)在存在的一般狀態(tài)進(jìn)行；Must + be doing 推測(cè)可能正在進(jìn)行的事情；must +have done是推測(cè)可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生過(guò)的事情。
He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.
1. must“肯定，一定”語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)，只用于肯定句中
2. may和might“也許”，后者語(yǔ)氣弱，更沒(méi)有把握。可用語(yǔ)肯定句和否定句。
He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.
3. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)，用于肯定否定疑問(wèn)句中。
The weather in that city could be cold now.
We could have walked there; it was so near.（推測(cè)某事本來(lái)可能發(fā)生，但實(shí)際上沒(méi)有發(fā)生）
Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(語(yǔ)氣很強(qiáng)，常用于疑問(wèn)句否定句中)
III. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞注意點(diǎn)：
1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表達(dá)“某事終于成功”，而can無(wú)法表達(dá)此意。Be able to有更多的時(shí)態(tài)。另外，兩者不能重疊使用。
2. used to和would: used to表示過(guò)去常常做現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再有的習(xí)慣,而would只表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣或喜好,不涉及現(xiàn)在。
3. need和dare作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別：
兩者作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)常用于否定句疑問(wèn)句。其形式為：needn’t/daren’t do, Need/dare…do…?
做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)可用于肯定句，否定句和疑問(wèn)句。其形式為：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
I. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的分類(lèi)，意義，構(gòu)成：
非謂語(yǔ)形式 構(gòu)成 特征和作用
時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 否定式 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
不定式 to do
to be doing
to have done to be done
to have been done 在非謂語(yǔ)前加not for sb. to do sth. 具有名詞，副詞和形容詞的作用
在句中做主、賓、定、表和狀語(yǔ)
分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞 doing
having done being done
having been done 具有副詞和形容詞的作用
在句中做定、表、賓補(bǔ)和狀語(yǔ)
過(guò)去分詞 done
動(dòng)名詞 doing
having done being done
having been done sb’s doing 具有名詞的作用
在句中做主、賓、定和表語(yǔ)
II. 做賓語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞比較：
情況 常用動(dòng)詞
只接不定式做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen
只接動(dòng)名詞做并于的動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ) mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider
can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, st about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to
兩者都可以 意義基本相同 begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不定式多指具體的動(dòng)作, 接動(dòng)名詞多指一般或習(xí)慣行為)
need, want, require（接動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，若接不定式則應(yīng)用被動(dòng)形式）
意義相反 stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在做的事
意義不同 remember/forget/regret to do（指動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生）
remember/forget/regret doing（指動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生） Go on to do（接著做另外一件事）
Go on doing（接著做同一件事）
try to do（設(shè)法，努力去做，盡力）
stop doing（試試去做，看有何結(jié)果） Mean to do（打算做，企圖做）
Mean doing （意識(shí)是，意味著）
can’t help to do（不能幫忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做）
III.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：
常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞 與賓語(yǔ)的邏輯關(guān)系及時(shí)間概念 例句
不定式 ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage 主謂關(guān)系。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作將發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成。 I heard him call me several times.
have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make
現(xiàn)在分詞 notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel 主謂關(guān)系。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，尚未完成 I found her listening to the radio.
過(guò)去分詞 動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，多強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài) We found the village greatly changed.
IV. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：
區(qū)別 舉例
不定式 與被修飾詞往往有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，一般式表示將來(lái)，進(jìn)行式表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，完成式表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生 I have a lot of papers to type.
I have a lot of papers to be typed.
動(dòng)名詞 通常指被修飾詞的用途，無(wú)邏輯上的任何關(guān)系 Shall we go to the swimming pool?
現(xiàn)在分詞 與被修飾詞之間是主謂關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生 The boiling water / the boiled water
The developing country/the developed country
The falling leaves / the fallen leaves
過(guò)去分詞 與被修飾詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前，現(xiàn)已經(jīng)完成
V. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：
區(qū)別 舉例
不定式 多表示一個(gè)特定的具體的將來(lái)的動(dòng)作，做主語(yǔ)時(shí)可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表語(yǔ)有時(shí)可和主語(yǔ)交換位置，而且意義不變，并且還能用what來(lái)提問(wèn)主語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。 My dream is to become a teacher.
To obey the law is important.
(dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主語(yǔ)時(shí)常用)
動(dòng)名詞 與不定式的功能區(qū)別不大，然而它更接近于名詞，表示的動(dòng)作比較抽象，或者泛指習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)也可以用it做形式主語(yǔ)，做表語(yǔ)時(shí)可以和主語(yǔ)互換位置。 It is no use saying that again and again.
Teaching is my job.
分詞 無(wú)名詞的性質(zhì)，不能做主語(yǔ)。但是有形容詞的性質(zhì)，可以做表語(yǔ)，多表明主語(yǔ)的特征性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)等，可被very, quite, rather等副詞修飾。
現(xiàn)在分詞多含有“令人…”之意，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)特征，多表示主動(dòng)，主語(yǔ)多為物。過(guò)去分詞一般表示被動(dòng)或主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)，含有“感到…”之意，主語(yǔ)多是人。 The situation is encouraging.
The book is well written.
(常見(jiàn)分詞有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing及其-ed形式)
If和whether
I. if 和whether都能引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句。只不過(guò)if 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句不放在句首，而放在句尾。句首用it 作先行詞，而whether引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句可放在句首或句尾。
*有些語(yǔ)法書(shū)說(shuō)if不能引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。而在實(shí)際閱讀中if引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的句子也是有的。
Eg. The question is if we should go on with the work.
II. if 與whether不能互換的情況：
1、介詞后用whether不用if eg. It depends on whether he’s ready.
2、不定式之前用whether, 不用if eg. He worried whether to come.
3、名詞之后用whether不用if eg. The decision whether to see her was mine alone.
4、whether可和or not直接連用，if不能。 Eg. I don’t know whether or not he is ready.
5、引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句用whether不用if: eg. Whether you like it or not, you will have to do it.
6、如果賓語(yǔ)從句放在句首，用whether不用if. Eg. Whether this is true or not, I can’t say.
7、如果賓語(yǔ)從句是個(gè)否定句，用if引導(dǎo)不用whether引導(dǎo)。 Eg. I don’t care if he can’t come.