Ⅰ動名詞的定義
動名詞也是動詞的三種非謂語形式（不定式、分詞、動名詞）中的一種。與分詞和不定式一樣，它也不能在句子中單獨作謂語。動名詞具有名詞和動詞的特征，可以帶賓語或狀語修飾。在句子中，動名詞可作主語、表語、賓語、定語、補語和同位語等。此外，動名詞還可以通過加賓語或狀語構(gòu)成動名詞短語。
Ⅱ動名詞的基本形式
動名詞由動詞原形加詞尾-ing構(gòu)成，構(gòu)成與現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同。它還有下面幾種形式：
主動語態(tài) 被動語態(tài)
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
Ⅲ動名詞的句法功能
動名詞在句中起名詞的作用，可單獨出現(xiàn)或組成短語作主語、表語、賓語、介詞的賓語、定語和同位語。
1.作主語
Seeing is believing.
Being a teacher was by no means easy.做老師決非易事。
His having left early made everyone feel very disappointed. 他的提前離開使得每個人都非常失望。
It was a nuisance being kept waiting like that.被弄得這樣等著真討厭。
★○1It was no use/of little use/no good/useless /a waste of time/a waste of money/a great pleasure/fun + doing sth.(it為形式主語)
It was no use talking it over with him.跟他討論此事沒有用。
It was no use crying over the spilt milk.覆水難收。（木已成舟，哭也沒用）
It is of little good staying up too late every day.每天都熬夜沒有什么好處。
○2There was no….結(jié)構(gòu)中只能用動名詞，表示禁止和不可能。
There was no smoking in the hall.大廳內(nèi)禁止吸煙。
There was no joking with him about it.這件事和他開不得玩笑。
2.作表語
Boasting was cheating.說大話等于欺騙。
A bad habit was reading without thorough understanding.一種壞習慣是讀書而不求甚解。
★動名詞擔任表語說，和進行時態(tài)完全相同，但兩者性質(zhì)不一樣，且意義也不一樣。
He was teaching English.他正在教英語。（was teaching為現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)，was teaching English為謂語部分）
His job was teaching English.他的工作是教英語。(teaching為動名詞，was teaching English為系表結(jié)構(gòu))
3.作賓語
He was considering collecting stamps.他在考慮集郵。
My bike needs repairing.我的自行車需要修理。
Do you think it any good asking him for advice? 你認為向他征求建議有好處嗎？
War and Peace by Tolstoy was well worth reading.托爾斯泰寫的《戰(zhàn)爭與和平》很值得一讀。
★○1英語中有些動詞：admit, allow, appreciate, avoid, advise, consider, deny, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practise, recommend, risk, permit, suggest等，以及某些短語：can’t help(情不自禁)，feel like, devote to, stick to, object to, thank you for, get down to, have difficult/trouble (in), have a good/wonderful/hard time (in), look forward to, give up等后面只跟動名詞。
-----Would you mind my closing the window? 我把窗子關(guān)起來你介意嗎？
-----Certainly not. Please do it.沒關(guān)系，請！
c.f.: -----Would you mind closing the window? 請你把窗子關(guān)起來你介意嗎？
-----Certainly not.行！
○2want/ require/ need/ deserve
be worth
be worthy of
The place is worth visiting.
The place is worthy of a visit/ of being visited/ to be visited.
The wall wants whitewashing.這墻需要粉刷。
The flowers requires looking after carefully.這些花需要細心照料。
○3有些詞或詞組：can’t help, stop, be used to, regret, go on, remember, forget, mean, try等既可以跟不定式也可以跟動名詞，但意義不同。
○4動詞like, love, prefer后接不定式或動名詞作賓語均可。如表示經(jīng)常性的行為可用動名詞，如表示具體的行為常用動詞不定式。但要注意：如果like, love, prefer前有would/should, 后面則應(yīng)接動詞不定式。
I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim this afternoon.
I’d like to go swimming this weekend.
○5在動詞allow, advise, forbid, permit等動詞后直接跟動名詞形式作賓語，如果后面有名詞或代詞作賓語，其后用動詞不定式作賓語補足語。即：
allow/ advise/ forbid/ permit
We don’t allow smoking here.
We don’t allow students to smoke.
○6有些動詞：wish, want, manage, hope, afford, refuse, plan, intend等一般只接不定式作賓語。
4. 作介詞的賓語
Studying without thinking often leads to puzzles.學而不思則罔。
He was far from being pleased with his achievements.對于自己的成就，他并不滿意。
Thank you for being with us.謝謝你跟我們在一起。
I feel like taking a rest.我想休息一下。
On New Year’s Eve some children look forward with hope to being paid more attention to.
新年的除夕，有些孩子滿懷希望期待著得到更多關(guān)注。
★ 有些短語：have difficulty/trouble in doing sth, be busy doing sth, lose no time in doing sth, spend some money/time in doing sth.中的介詞常常可以省略。
As soon as he saw me, he lost no time (in) telling me the good news他一見到我就迫不及待地將好消息告訴了我。
★ 能跟動名詞的短語：feel like, look forward to, think of, dream of, hear of, prevent… from, keep… from, stop…from, excuse…for, set about, depend on, be engaged in, get/be used to, be tired of, succeed in, be interested in, be proud of, be good at, be afraid of, prefer…to…, insist on, keep on, spend…in…, devote…to, persist…in…
5.作定語
drinking water飲用水 singing contest 歌詠比賽 walking stick拐杖 sleeping pills安眠藥
These building materials are of the best quality.這些建筑材料質(zhì)量上乘。
In class we should write down important teaching points as well as difficult teaching points.
課堂上我們應(yīng)當將教學重點和難點記下來。
★ 現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞一樣都能作定語，但是有區(qū)別：
Look at the flying planes.瞧那些飛著的飛機。（現(xiàn)在分詞）
Flying planes was dangerous.開飛機有時危險。（動名詞）
★ 分詞與所修飾的詞邏輯上是主謂關(guān)系，動名詞與所修飾的詞只表示被修飾的詞的目的或作用關(guān)系。
a sleeping child = a child that was sleeping
a waiting room = a room for waiting
★動名詞還能和介詞一起構(gòu)成短語，作定語：intention (of), way of (of), right (of), capability (of), chance (of), plan (of), hope (of), possibility (of), significance (of), necessity (of), surprise (of), apology (for), experience (in)….
有些詞：chance, plan, intention, way等后面既可以接動名詞也可以接不定式作定語。
This was the best way to do the work/ of doing the work.這是做這種工作的最佳方法。
6.作同位語
Many people admire his special ability, learning three languages at the same time.
他能同時學三種外語，許多人都羨慕他這中特殊能力。
Ⅳ動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
物主代詞和名詞所有格加動名詞構(gòu)成動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。在這個結(jié)構(gòu)中，物主代詞或名詞所有格是邏輯上的主語。動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可以作主語、賓語等。
Your being elected to be monitor of the class was possible.你當選為班長是可能的。
Your translating the article pleased him very much.你翻譯那篇文章使他大為開心。
★如果不是在句子開頭，這個結(jié)構(gòu)常可以用名詞的普通格（或人稱代詞的賓格），這比用所有格自然些。
Do you mind my (me) smoking? 介意我抽煙嗎？
Peter’s going won’t be of much help. Peter去不會有多大幫助。
★如果動名詞的邏輯主語是無生命的東西，就多用普通格，不用所有格。
We know of wood having been used as building materials since ancient times.我們知道一些木材自古代就一直被用作建筑材料。
We have heard of some minerals having been taken from the ocean.我們聽說過一些從海洋里提取出的礦物質(zhì)。
Ⅴ動名詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)
㈠動名詞的時態(tài)
1. 動名詞的一般時：它表示的動作與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生，或在謂語動詞表示的動作之后發(fā)生。
Children like watching cartoon films.兒童喜歡看動畫片。
Thank you for lending us a helping hand.謝謝你向我們伸出援助之手。
★ 在某些動詞后，動名詞所表示的動作雖然發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前，但這是仍可用動名詞的一般式。
I remember being taken to Beijing when I was young.我記得小時曾被帶到過北京。
I forgot posting the letter then. So I am here again. 我忘記信已經(jīng)寄掉了，所以我又來了。
2. 動名詞的完成式：它所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。
He admitted having taken some cash from the drawer.他承認從抽屜里拿了一些現(xiàn)金。
He was proud of having ever played a minor role in a play.他對自己曾在一本劇本里扮演過一個次要角色很自豪。
㈡動名詞有被動語態(tài)
動名詞有兩種被動語態(tài)：一般式（being done）和完成式（having been done）
★ 如果一個動名詞邏輯上的主語所表示的是這動作的對象時，動名詞一般要用被動形式。
He came without being invited. 他是不請自來的。
I can’t stand being treated this way.這樣待我我受不了。
It’s impossible to come into a room without being asked. 沒有被邀請就闖入房間是不禮貌的。
★ 如果動名詞表示的動作在謂語表示的動作之前發(fā)生，有時需要用動名詞的完成被動形式。
I don’t remember having met you before.我不記得以前曾見過你。
There was no proof of his having said that. 沒有證據(jù)表明他曾那樣說過。
Yesterday, he informed us of the bridge having been completed.昨天，他告訴我們大橋已經(jīng)完工了。
Ⅵ動名稱的否定式以及動名詞和動詞不定式的區(qū)別
動名詞和動詞不定式的區(qū)別：從結(jié)構(gòu)上，動名詞前可用介詞，它還可被名詞所有格修飾；不定式前通常不用介詞，更不能被名詞所有格修飾。
動名詞和不定等都可以作主語或表語。一般來說，在表示比較抽象的一般行為時多用動名詞；在表示具體的動作，特別是將來的動作時，多用不定式。
Reading was learning.閱讀就是學習。
Our work was to learn more knowledge and serve the people better in the future.
我們的任務(wù)就是學習更多的知識將來更好地為人民服務(wù)。
★ 如果牽涉到主語和標語一致時，往往同為動名詞或同為不定式。
Seeing is believing. = To see is to believe.
Ⅶ 動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞在句法上的區(qū)別
1. 作定語時的比較
現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，表示它所修飾的名詞的動作，被修飾名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞在邏輯上是主謂；動名詞作定語時往往表示被修飾名詞的作用、目的等。
running dogs= dogs that run their masters’ errands走狗
a walking stick= a stick that was carried in the hand during a walk拐杖
a sleeping car= a car that was used for sleeping臥車
a sleeping baby= a baby that was sleeping熟睡的嬰兒
2. 作表語時的比較
動名詞作表語是用來說明主語本身的，主語和標語的位置互換后基本不影響意義的表達，但這種結(jié)構(gòu)不能受very, quite等副詞修飾。分詞作表語著重說明主語的性質(zhì)和特征，主語和表語的位置是固定的，一般不能互換，但可受very, quite等副詞的修飾。
My job was serving you. (=Serving you was my job.)我的工作是為您服務(wù)。
The story was very exciting.那個故事很刺激。
Ⅷ名詞化的動名詞
動名詞有時可以進一步名詞化，具有更多名詞的特點：它可以受冠詞的限制，可以受定語修飾，有時還有復(fù)數(shù)形式。
What do you think of the drawing? 你覺得我的畫如何？
How does he make a living? 他是怎么謀生的？
I like reading the story with a happy ending.我喜歡讀愉快結(jié)尾的小說。
Just as the saying goes, an apple a day keep a doctor away.正如常言所說，一只蘋果一天，不沾醫(yī)生的邊。