總述: 謂語動詞的變化形式取決于時態(tài)和語態(tài): 英語的時態(tài)有十六種, 中學英語中有十二種常見的時態(tài); 語態(tài)有兩種, 即主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)
1.在主動語態(tài)中, 各種時態(tài)的謂語動詞的一般形式如下:
一般 進行 完成 完成進行
現(xiàn)在 do / does am / is / are doing have / has done have / has been doing
過去 did was / were doing had done had been doing
將來 shall / will do shall / will be doing shall / will have done X
如果謂語是be動詞, 則可用be動詞的適當形式( be / am / is / are / was / were / been)代替以上表格中的黑體字部分. 此外, 過去將來時的形式是: should / would do或should / would be
2.在被動語態(tài)中, 各種時態(tài)的謂語動詞的一般形式如下:
一般 進行 完成 完成進行
現(xiàn)在 am / is / are done am / is / are being done have / has been done X
過去 was / were done was / were being done had been done X
將來 shall / will be done X shall / will have been done X
另外, 過去將來時的被動語態(tài)形式是should / would be done
主動語態(tài)
在主動語態(tài)中, 高中英語中常見的有十二個時態(tài)
一.一般現(xiàn)在時:
1.構成: 通常以動詞原形表示. 主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時, 則用動詞的第三人稱單數(shù)形式來表示
2.用法:
①.表示現(xiàn)狀, 性質, 狀態(tài), 經常的或習慣性的動作
a. It is fine today.
b. I am a student.
c. I get up at six every day.
d. My father never takes a bus; he walks to his office.
②.表示客觀事實或普遍真理
a. Japan is to the east of China.
b. The sun rises in the east.
c. A horse is a useful animal.
③.表示將來確定會發(fā)生的動作(如己安排好或計劃好的動作或按時刻表將來一定會發(fā)生的動作), 可以這樣使用的動詞有: go, come, leave, start, arrive等
a. My train leaves at 6:30.
b. The football match is played the day after tomorrow.
④.在時間和條件狀語從句中可用一般現(xiàn)在時動詞代替一般將來時動詞
a. I will let you know as soon as I hear from him.
b. We will go if it is fine tomorrow.
c. I will be away when he arrives.
d. We shall not begin the discussion until he arrives.
e. Mother, I won’t go out unless you agree.
f. Don’t try to run before you begin to walk.
⑤.在某些以here / there開頭的句子中用一般現(xiàn)在時動詞表示現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的動作
a. Here comes the bus.=The bus is coming.
b. There goes the bell.
⑥.在體育比賽過程中, 解說員敘述迅速, 短暫動作時, 可用一般現(xiàn)在時, 表示正在進行的或剛剛發(fā)生的動作
a. Ma Lianbao passes the ball to Mu Tiezhu, Mu shoots – a fine shot !
⑦.在劇本或圖片的說明文字中, 用一般現(xiàn)在時表示動作
a. When the curtain rises, Juliet is sitting at her desk. The phone rings. She picks it up and listens quietly.
二.現(xiàn)在進行時:
1.構成: am / is / are doing
2.用法:
①.表示說話時正在進行著的動作, 或現(xiàn)階段正在進行而說話時不一定正在進行的動作
a. I am writing a letter.
b. My mother is making a dress these few days.
②.表示即將發(fā)生的動作(如在最近按計劃或安排好要進行的動作), 常見的有這種用法的動詞有: come /go / leave / start / arrive等, 常與表示將來時間的狀語連用
a. They are going to Shanghai on Friday.
b. John is coming here next week.
③.現(xiàn)在進行時動詞與always, continually, constantly等連用, 表示反復出現(xiàn)的或習慣性的動作
a. The little boy is always asking questions.
b. You are always saying that sort of thing.
④.在一定的上下文中, 前一句用一般現(xiàn)在時動詞表述現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的事實, 后一句用現(xiàn)在進行時動詞來闡述這一事實的原因, 結果, 目的等
a. He frowns. He is worrying about his boy.他皺著眉頭, 因為他在為他的孩子擔心. (is worrying表示原因)
b. She criticizes him. She is trying to correct his wrong habits. 她批評他, 想糾正他的壞習慣. (is trying表示目的)
c. She lets her child have his own way. She is spoiling him. 她不管她的孩子, 把他慣壞了. ( is spoiling表示結果)
⑤.不表示持續(xù)的行為, 而表示知覺, 感覺, 看法, 認識, 感情, 愿望或某種狀態(tài)的動詞通常不用現(xiàn)在進行時, 如: see, hear, smell, taste, recognize, notice, forget, remember, understand, know, believe, suppose, mean, think, love, hate, care, like, dislike, worry, forgive, want, wish, hope, refuse, feel like, belong to , possess, own, have, be, seem等
三.現(xiàn)在完成時:
1.構成: have / has done
2.用法:
①.表示動作在說話之前己經完成, 而后果或影響至今仍存在
a. He has gone to Shanghai. ( =He went to Shanghai and he is not here now. )
b. I have opened the window. ( =I opened the window and the window is now open.)
c. The concert has started. ( =The concert started and is now going on. )
d. I have had breakfast. (=I had breakfast and I am not hungry now. )
②.表示開始于過去, 持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(也許還會繼續(xù)進行下去)的動作或狀態(tài), 用于延續(xù)性動詞, 且句中常帶有表示段時間的時間狀語
a. I have studied English since 1987.
b. He has lived here for two years.
c. He has been ill for ten days.
3.現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別:
①.現(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去時所表示的動作都發(fā)生在過去, 但前者將過去的動作與現(xiàn)在的結果或對現(xiàn)在的影響聯(lián)系起來, 而后者只限于表示過去的動作本身, 與現(xiàn)在無關
②.現(xiàn)在完成時不能與表明確時間的狀語如: yesterday, last year, two days ago, when I came in等連用, 但可與表示不明確時間的狀語如: already, yet, sometimes, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever等連用, 也可以和包括現(xiàn)在在內的時間狀語如: this morning, today, this week, this year等連用
a. She has already come.
b. I have met him before.
c. Ma Hong has always been a good student.
d. Have you ever been to the Great Wall ?
e. I have seen him this morning.
四.現(xiàn)在完成進行時:
1.構成: have / has been doing
2.特征: 現(xiàn)在完成進行時兼有現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在進行時兩者的特點
①.它具有現(xiàn)在完成時的特點, 即表示動作發(fā)生在過去, 延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或對現(xiàn)在產生影響
②.它具有現(xiàn)在進行時的特點, 即可以表示此動作仍在進行或還會繼續(xù)
a. Mr. Smith has taught English for twenty years. ( 至今為止教過二十年英語, 至于teach是否結束或是否延續(xù), 不得而知)
b. Mr. Smith has been teaching English for twenty years.( 現(xiàn)在仍在教英語,而且將持續(xù)下去)
3.用法:
①.表示現(xiàn)在之前的一段時間里一直進行的動作, 此動可能仍在進行, 也可能剛剛停止
a. I have been reading the book all the morning.
b. He has been staying here for two hours.
c. I have been living in Beijing since 1972.
②.表示現(xiàn)在之前的一段時間里一再重復的動作
a. I have been calling you several times in the past two days.
4.現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進行時的區(qū)別: 前者著重表示過去動作對現(xiàn)在的影響或結果; 后者著重表示過去動作的持續(xù)進行
a. I have written six letters since I got back.我己經寫了六封信 (強調結果)
b. I have been writing letter since I got back. 我回家后一直在寫信 (強調“一直在寫”)
c. I have read this book.我讀過這本書了(強調“讀過”這一結果)
d. I have been reading this book.我一直在讀這本書 (強調“一直在讀”)
五.一般過去時:
1.構成: 用動詞的過去式表示
2.用法:
①.表示過去某一時刻或某一段時間內發(fā)生的動作或情況, 其中包括習慣性動作
a. I met him yesterday.
b. I used to go to school early every morning.
c. He entered the classroom, sat down at his desk and began to work.
d. Last night, I listened to the radio for two hours and went to bed at midnight.
②.在時間, 條件狀語從句中用一般過去時代替過去將來時
a. Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home.
③.用一般過去時的句子一般有過去的時間狀語, 有時也用地點狀語暗示動作的發(fā)生是在過去
a. Have you seen a pen ? I left it here this morning.
六.過去進行時:
1.構成: was / were doing
2.用法:
①.表示過去某一時刻正在進行或一段時間內一直在進行的動作或情況
a. This time yesterday we were having an important meeting.
b. A year ago we were living in Shanghai.
②.過去進行時常與always, continually, frequently等詞連用, 表示過去經常發(fā)生或反復發(fā)生的情況
a. The old man was always losing his way.
b. The two brothers were frequently quarrelling.
③.表示過去將要發(fā)生的動作, 這一用法僅限于一些表示位置轉移的動詞, 如: go, come, start, stay, leave等
④.過去進行時經常與一般過去時配合使用, 過去進行時表示過去的時間背景
a. The teacher was giving us a lesson when Tom walked into the room.
七.過去完成時:
1.構成: had done
2.用法:
①.表示過去某時間或動作以前己經完成的動作或己存在的狀態(tài), 即“過去的過去”
a. When all his money had gone, Marx had to leave his house in London.
b. Marx had learned some English before he got to England.
c. He said he had never been to Shanghai.
d. By the middle of last month I had lived in Beijing for five years.
②.在帶有after / before引導的時間狀語的句子中, 由于after / before本身的詞義己經表明了時間的先后, 所以這類句子中常用一般過去時代替過去完成時
a. We left the house before it began to rain.
b. I didn’t wait long before he came.
c. After we finished the tea, we all sat on the grass.
d. After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.
八.過去完成進行時:
1.構成: had been doing
2.用法: 表示一直持續(xù)進行到過去某一時刻的動作, 該動作可能剛剛結束, 也可能還在進行
a. I had been waiting for two hours before the manager came down to see me.
b. By the end of 1998 he had been learning English for five years.
九.一般將來時: 一般將來時有以下幾種表現(xiàn)形式
1.shall / will do (shall用于第一人稱), 此結構表示單純的將來, 不涉及主語的主觀意愿
a. I shall be twenty years old next year.
b. You will meet him at the station this afternoon.
c. The train will arrive soon.
2.be going to do sth, 此結構表示打算最近或將來要做某事, 或說話人根據(jù)己有跡象認為非常可能即將發(fā)生的事
a. I am going to meet Tom at the station at six.
b. He is going to stay here for a week.
c. Look at these black clouds --- it is going to rain.
d. I am afraid I am going to have a bad cold.
3.be +動詞不定式, 此結構表示職責, 義務, 意圖, 約定, 可能性等
a. You are to be back by 10 o’clock.
b. There is to be a sports meet next week.
c. We are to meet at the school gate.
4.be about to do sth, 此結構表示“立刻, 馬上”要做某事或發(fā)生某情況
a. We are about to leave.
b. Autumn harvest is about to start.
十.將來進行時:
1.構成: shall / will be doing
2.用法:
①.表示將來某時間點或時間段內將在進行的動作
a. This time tomorrow we will be talking with the boss about this matter.
b. I will be studying in this university for the next four years.
②.表示說話人感到某事即將發(fā)生或預計要發(fā)生某事
a. I will be seeing him next month.
b. We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in July.
c. He will be arriving at six tomorrow morning.
十一.將來完成時:
1.構成: shall / will have done
2.用法: 表示在將來的某一時刻之前將要完成的動作, 這一動作也可能繼續(xù)進行
a. By seven o’clock this afternoon we shall have arrived in Shanghai if the train keeps good line.
b. Before noon we will have completed this work.
十二.過去將來時:
1.構成:
①.should / would do
a. He said he would go to Shanghai for the holiday.
b. He told me that I should succeed.
②.was / were going to do
a. They were going to have a meeting.
b. The students were going to plant some trees around the playground.
③.was / were (about) to do
a. We were to finish the work in three days.
b. I was about to go out when a friend dropped in.
2.用法: 過去將來時表示相對過去某一時刻來說將要發(fā)生的動作或呈現(xiàn)的狀態(tài), 以上各形式的具體用法與一般將來時各形式的用法相似
被動語態(tài)
一.被動語態(tài)的構成: 見“總述”部分
特別說明: 將來進行時和各種完成進行時態(tài)沒有被動語態(tài)形式
帶有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)的構成: 情態(tài)動詞 + be +過去分詞
a. The work must be done right now.
b. That prisoner may be sentenced to death.
二.用法: 被動語態(tài)主要用于
1.不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者時, 用被動語態(tài)
a. His bike has been stolen.
b. This window was broken last night.
2.沒有必要或不想指出誰是動作的執(zhí)行者時, 用被動語態(tài)
a. China was liberated in 1949.
b. I was told you were late this morning.
3.強調或突出動作的承受者時, 用被動語態(tài)
a. The plan has already been made.
b. Yao Ming was elected MVP of the last week.
三.主動句變被動句:
1.主動句中的賓語轉換成被動句的主語, 時態(tài)不變
a. The manager gave me ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.
→I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.
2.帶有賓語從句的主動句變被動句時, 賓語從句變成主語從句, 通常不位于句首, 句首用形式主語it
a. We can learn from the text that delicious apples are big.
→It can be learned from the text that delicious apples are big.
3.帶有雙賓語的主動句變被動句時, 將直接賓語或間接賓語變成被動句的主語都可
a. My brother gave me a birthday present.
→I was given a birthday present. / A birthday present was given to me.
4.帶有復合賓語 (即賓語+賓補) 的主動句變被動句時, 賓補的形式一般不變, 只是名稱變成了主補, 但當賓補是不帶to的不定式時, 要變成帶to的不定式
a. I saw him play near the river. He was seen to play near the river.
5.含有短語動詞的主動句變成被動句時, 不要遺漏短語動詞中的介詞或副詞
a. The children must be taken good care of. / Good care must be taken of the children.
四.應注意的問題:
1.“be+過去分詞”不一定是被動語態(tài), 也可能是系表結構
a. The children were excited at the news.
b. We are interested in the English novel.
c. The mother was worried about her son’s absence.
2.有些動詞形式上用主動語態(tài)時含有被動意思
a. This book sells well.這本書很暢銷
b. This kind of cloth washed very well.這種布很耐洗
c. This pen writes quite smoothly.這支筆很好使
d. This dish tastes good.這道菜味道不錯
e. This kind of cloth feels smooth and soft.這料子摸起光滑柔軟
3.不是所有的及物動詞都有被動語態(tài), 某些表示狀態(tài)或關系的動詞或短語動詞只有主動語態(tài), 而無相對應的被動語態(tài). 常見的這類動詞有: cost花費, fit適合, have有, hold容納, lack缺乏, own擁有, suit適合, fail失敗, belong to屬于, agree with同意