初中語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)－精挑細(xì)講
Ⅰ 詞類。
詞類 英語(yǔ)名稱 意 義 例 詞
名詞 The Noun (縮寫為n) 表示人或事物的名稱 Basket, mouth, hospital, year, train
冠詞 The Article (art) 用在名詞前幫助說(shuō)明名詞所指的人或事物 a, an, the
代詞 The Pronoun (pron) 用來(lái)代替名詞、形容詞或數(shù)詞 They, his, him, mine, which, all
形容詞 The Adjective (adj) 用以修飾名詞，表示人或事物的特征 Long, empty, heavy, different, cheap, hungry
數(shù)詞 The Numeral (num) 表示數(shù)量或順序 Three, thirteen, twenty, second
動(dòng)詞 The Verb (v) 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài) Hear, write, swim, eat, borrow, sing
副詞 The Adverb (adv) 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞 Quickly, early, out, soon, then, sometimes
介詞 The Preposition (prep) 表示名詞、代詞等和句中其他詞的關(guān)系 From, with, at, into, behind, between, for
連詞 The Conjunction (conj) 用來(lái)連接詞與詞、短語(yǔ)與短語(yǔ)或句與句 And, or, but, so, because
感嘆詞 The Interjection (interj) 表示說(shuō)話時(shí)的喜悅、驚訝等情感 Oh, hey, ouch, well, there, dear
（一） 名詞：
專有名詞：表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。如 China, John, London, the USA,
1．名詞 個(gè)體名詞：表示單個(gè)的人或事物。如 boat, chair, desk, apple . 可數(shù)名詞
集體名詞：表示一群人或一些事物的總稱。如 family, people, class, police .
普通名詞
物質(zhì)名詞：表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的物質(zhì)。如 water, air, tea, sea, money, cotton .
抽象名詞：表示抽象概念的詞。如 health, help, work, friendship . 不可數(shù)名詞
2．名詞的數(shù)。可數(shù)名詞有單復(fù)數(shù)，不可數(shù)名詞沒(méi)有單復(fù)數(shù)。
3．名詞的格：名詞有三個(gè)格：主格（作主語(yǔ)）、賓格（作賓語(yǔ)）、和所有格。其中只有名詞的所有格有形式變化。
（二）冠詞
1．定冠詞－the .
○1 特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。The students are very good.
○2 說(shuō)話人與聽話人都知道的人或事物。Where is the toilet ?
○3 重復(fù)提到上文的人或事物。I have a cat , the cat is white and black .
○4 表示世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物。The moon moves around the earth .
○5 形容詞最高級(jí)和序數(shù)詞前和表示方位的名詞前。I am the oldest . He is the first to school . I live in the south .
○6 樂(lè)器的名稱前常用定冠詞－the 。I like playing the piano / violin .
○7 和某些形容詞連用，使形容詞名詞化，代表某一類人。We should help the poor .
○8 放在某些專有名詞前。We will go to visit the Great Wall next week . the people’s Republic of China .
○9 放在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式前，表示全家人或夫婦兩人。The Whites are watching TV .
○10 固定詞組中。In the morning / afternoon / evening .
2．不定冠詞－a / an .
○1 指人或事物的某一種類。A horse is a useful animal. A table has four legs.
○2 指某一類人或事物中的任何一個(gè)。Pass me a pencil, please. We write with a pen.
○3 指某人或某物，但不具體說(shuō)明何人或何物。The book was written by a peasant. Last month we were working in a factory.
○4 不定冠詞還可以指“事物的單位”，如“每日”、“每斤”等。 Here is a letter for you . The meat is 18 yuan a kilo.
3．零冠詞。
○1 泛指人類或男女。Man will conquer nature .
○2 抽象名詞在用來(lái)表示它的一般概念時(shí)，通常不加冠詞。Knowledge begins with practice .
○3 有些個(gè)體名詞有時(shí)可以轉(zhuǎn)化成具有抽象意義，其前面也常不加冠詞。We had better send him to hospital at once.
○4 在專有名詞前一般不用冠詞。China is a great country. Mr Smith is an artist.
○5 在三餐飯何球類運(yùn)動(dòng)名稱之前不用冠詞。He often goes out for a walk after supper. Sometimes I play basketball.
○6 在節(jié)假日、星期幾、月份、季節(jié)等名詞前。October 10th is Teachers’ Day.
○7 稱呼語(yǔ)或表示頭銜、職務(wù)的名詞前不用冠詞。Granny is sleeping now. We call him monitor.
○8 在語(yǔ)言名詞前，名詞前有指示代詞、物主代詞或數(shù)詞時(shí)，不用冠詞。This is his book. I can speak English .
○9 不用冠詞的慣用語(yǔ)。At night / on food / go to town / at home / in class / at work 等。
（三）形容詞
1．形容詞的構(gòu)成。
○1 簡(jiǎn)單形容詞由一個(gè)單詞構(gòu)成。Good, long, green, large, bright, interesting, surprised, learned, developing, sleeping .
○2 復(fù)合形容詞由一個(gè)以上的詞構(gòu)成。20-minute, second-hand, 500-word, 8-year-old, three-legged, round-trip, part-time, good-looking.
2．形容詞的用法。
○1 修飾名詞作定語(yǔ)。She is a beautiful girl .
○2 作表語(yǔ)。He is very strong.
○3 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。Let the door open. You must keep your classroom clean .
○4 “定冠詞＋形容詞”表示一類人或物，在句子中可作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。We should speak to the old politely.
○5 大多數(shù)形容詞既可作表語(yǔ)又可作定語(yǔ)，但少數(shù)形容詞只能作表語(yǔ)，不能作定語(yǔ)。如：asleep, ill, awake 等。
○6 有些形容詞只能作定語(yǔ)而不能作表語(yǔ)。如：many, little, wooden, golden 等。
3．形容詞的位置。
○1 形容詞通常放在它所修飾的名詞的前面。A heavy box.
○2 與表示度量的詞連用，形容詞要放在它所修飾詞語(yǔ)的后面。3 metre long. 12 kilometer away .
○3 與不定代詞something, anything, everything, nothing 等連用時(shí)，可以放在這些詞之后。 Something important . nothing serious .
○4 當(dāng)名詞前有多個(gè)形容詞修飾時(shí)，一般按下面的詞序排列： 冠詞（包括物主代詞、序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞）－描述形容詞（brave, beautiful）－表示形狀（大小、長(zhǎng)短、高矮）的形容詞－表示年齡或新舊的形容詞－表示顏色的形容詞－表示國(guó)籍、出處或來(lái)源的形容詞－表示材料、物質(zhì)的形容詞－表示用途或類別的形容詞－被修飾的詞。My nice small brown leather bag . those large round black wooden tables .
4．形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。（一般加 er / est ，不規(guī)則見(jiàn)表）
○1 原級(jí)的用法：“……和……相同”
A． 肯定句：A ＋ 動(dòng)詞 ＋ as ＋ 形容詞原級(jí) ＋ as ＋ B . He is as tall as me .
B． 否定句：A… ＋ not as ＋形容詞原級(jí) ＋ as ＋ B （即A 不如 B 那么…）
A… ＋ not so ＋形容詞原級(jí) ＋ as ＋ B = A…+ less + 形容詞原級(jí)＋than + B .
○2 比較級(jí)的用法：
A． A ＋ 動(dòng)詞 ＋ 形容詞的比較級(jí) ＋ than ＋ B . （A 比B 更… ，在這種句型中，比較級(jí)前面可用 much, even, still, a little, a bit, a lot, any, far 等修飾，表示“…得多”，“甚至…”，“更…”，“…一點(diǎn)兒”。
B． “比較級(jí) ＋ and ＋ 比較級(jí)”、 “more and more ＋ 部分雙音節(jié)或多音節(jié)的原級(jí)” 譯為“越來(lái)越…”。
○3 最高級(jí)的用法：（個(gè)體用－of ，范圍用－in，最高級(jí)前面要用定冠詞－the）
A． 三種最高級(jí)表示法。
最高級(jí)：Shanghai is the largest city in China .
比較級(jí)：Shanghai is larger than any other city in China . / Shanghai is larger than the other cities in China .
原級(jí)： No other city is as large as Shanghai in China . / No other city is larger than Shanghai in China .
（四） 副詞
1．副詞的種類：
○1 時(shí)間副詞：often, always, usually, early, ago, already, before, ever, late, now, soon, since, tomorrow, just now …
○2 地點(diǎn)副詞：here, there, above, below, outside, anywhere, back, down, home, out, everywhere …
○3 方式副詞：hard, well, badly, fast, slowly, angrily, simply, carefully …
○4 程度副詞：very, quite, much, still, almost, little, too, enough …
○5 疑問(wèn)副詞：how, when, where, why …
○6 關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why … （引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句）
○7 連接副詞：how, when, where, why, whether …
○8 頻率副詞：often, seldom, usually, never, sometimes, every day, always, hardly …
○9 其他副詞：really, certainly, surely, maybe …
2．副詞的用法：
○1 作狀語(yǔ) ： He can finish the work easily .
○2 作定語(yǔ)（要后置） ： The students here are from Harbin .
○3 作表語(yǔ) ： I must be off now .
○4 作賓補(bǔ)，構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ) ： Show him up . I saw him out with my sister last night .
3．副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。（一般加 er / est ,不規(guī)則見(jiàn)表）
○1 副詞的原級(jí)：
A． as + 副詞的原級(jí) + as “與…一樣”
B． not as(so) + 副詞的原級(jí) + as “與…不一樣”
C． too + 副詞的原級(jí) + to do sth . “太…而不能”
D． so + 副詞的原級(jí) + that 從句 “如此…以致于…”
E． 副詞的原級(jí) + enough to do sth . “足夠…能做…”
○2 副詞的比較級(jí)：
A．A + 動(dòng)詞 + 副詞比較級(jí) + than + B
B．副詞比較級(jí)前也可以用 much, even, still, far, any, a little, a bit, a lot 等修飾。
C．比較級(jí) ＋ and + 比較級(jí)，表示“越來(lái)越…”，the more … the more … 表示“越…就越…”
D．副詞的最高級(jí)前通常不加定冠詞 the .
（五）數(shù)詞
1．基數(shù)詞：
1－12 13－19 20－90 100－
1 one 13 thirteen 20 twenty 100 a hundred
2 two 14 fourteen 21 twenty-one 300 three hundred
3 three 15 fifteen 22 twenty-two 1,000 a thousand
4 four 16 sixteen 30 thirty 5,000 five thousand
5 five 17 seventeen 40 forty 1,000,000 a million
6 six 18 eighteen 50 fifty 1,000,000,000 a billion
7 seven 19 nineteen 60 sixty
8 eight 70 seventy
9 nine 80 eighty
10 ten 90 ninety
11 eleven
12 twelve
2．序數(shù)詞：
1-10 11-19 20-90 100-
1 first 1st 11 eleventh 11th 20 twentieth 20th 100 one hundredth 100th
2 second 2nd 12 twelfth 12th 21 twenty-first 21st 103 one hundred and third 103rd
3 third 3rd 13 thirteenth 13th 30 thirtieth 30th 134 one hundred and thirty-fourth 134th
4 fourth 4th 14 fourteenth 14th 37 thirty-seventh 37th 200 two hundredth 200th
5 fifth 5th 15 fifteenth 15th 40 fortieth 40th 1000 one thousandth 1,000th
6 sixth 6th 16 sixteenth 16th 50 fiftieth 50th 1,000,000 one millionth 1,000,000th
7 seventh 7th 17 seventeenth 17th 60 sixtieth 60th 1,000,000,000 one billionth 1,000,000,000th
8 eighth 8th 18 eighteenth 18th 70 seventieth 70th
9 ninth 9th 19 nineteenth 19th 80 eightieth 80th
10 tenth 10th 90 ninetieth 90th
○1作主語(yǔ)：The first is better than the second .
○2 作賓語(yǔ)：He was among the first to arrive .
○3 作表語(yǔ)：He is the first to come to school .
○4 作定語(yǔ)：The ninth letter of the word “restaurant” is “n” ./ There are three thousand workers in the factory .
（六）代詞
類 別 作 用 例 詞 例 句
人稱代詞 代替人或事物，主格作主語(yǔ)，賓客作賓語(yǔ) 數(shù)
格 人稱 單 數(shù) 復(fù) 數(shù) I am a teacher .
They are students .
We all like him .
He gave the book to me .
一 二 三 一 二 三
主 格 I you he She it we you they
賓 格 me you him Her it us you them
物主代詞 形容詞性只作定語(yǔ)，名詞性可以作主、賓、表語(yǔ)等，表示所屬關(guān)系 詞義
類型 我的 你
的 他的 她
的 它
的 我們的 你們的 他們
的 My book is there.
Her father is a worker.
This bike is yours, ours is broken .
形容詞性 my your his her its our your their
名詞詞性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs
反身代詞 起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，只作同位語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ) 數(shù) 人稱 第一人稱 第二人稱 第三人稱 We ourselves did the work.
He did the work by himself.
單 數(shù) myself yourself himself herself itself
復(fù) 數(shù) ourselves yourselves themselves
相互代詞 表示相互關(guān)系，作賓語(yǔ) 賓 格 所 有 格 We should help each other.
Please correct each other’s mistakes .
each other（兩者相互） each other’s（相互的）
one another（三者或三者以上） one another’s（相互的）
指示代詞 起指示作用，作定語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等 This, that, these, those, it, such, same Take this book to his room.
My point is this .
不定代詞 代替或修飾任何不定數(shù)量及不定范圍的人或事物 some, any, no, none, many, few, little, all, both, every, one, either, neither, other, a few, a little, another, somebody, nobody, nothing, each I have something to tell you.
Neither answer is right.
疑問(wèn)代詞 表示疑問(wèn)，構(gòu)成特殊問(wèn)句 who, what, whose, which, whom Whom did you see ?
關(guān)系代詞 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句 which, that, who, whom, whose The book that I lost was new.
連接代詞 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句（主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句） what, who, that I know what you are doing .
That’s what I hope .
（七）動(dòng)詞
類 別 意 義 例 子 例 句
行為動(dòng)詞 含有實(shí)在的意義，表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，在句中能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)。 及物動(dòng)詞 后面一定接賓語(yǔ) Open, visit, hear … He visited Gaozhou yesterday.
不及物動(dòng)詞 后面可以不接賓語(yǔ) Laugh, cry, live … He lives in Beijing .
連系動(dòng)詞（link v） 本身有一定的詞義，但不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)，必須與表語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。 Be, become, grow, get, turn, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem … The meat smells bad .
He is a student .
助動(dòng)詞（v.aux.） 本身沒(méi)有詞義，不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)，只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，表示否定、疑問(wèn)、時(shí)態(tài)或其他語(yǔ)法形式 Do, does, did, am, is, are, have, has, had, shall, will, should, would … He doesn’t speak English .
We are playing football .
He had gone to Beijing .
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（Modal Verbs） 本身有一定的意義，但不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)，只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，表示說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣和情態(tài)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化。 Can, may, must, should, need, dear, shall, will, have to … She can speak English .
May I speak to Ann, please、
We must go now .
注：動(dòng)詞（除情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，只有原形和過(guò)去式）有原形、第三人稱單數(shù)、動(dòng)詞－ing、動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式、動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞五種形式。
（八）介詞
1．介詞的種類：
○1 簡(jiǎn)單介詞：in, at, of, from, since, around, to …
○2 合成介詞：onto, into, without, upon, within …
○3 短語(yǔ)介詞：because of, in front of, according to …
○4 分詞介詞：regarding, following, concerning …
2．介詞短語(yǔ)在句子中的作用：
○1 作定語(yǔ)。I know the answer to the question .
○2 作狀語(yǔ)。The children are playing basketball in the playground .
○3 作表語(yǔ)。Mike is in the classroom .
○4 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。He found himself in the middle of the river .
○5 作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。Tom was seen inside the cinema .
3．常用介詞的基本用法：
○1 表示時(shí)間的介詞（at, in, on, for, since, after, by, during, before, from, to, until, within …）
○2 表示位置，方位的介詞（in, at, on, to …）
○3 表示交通方式的常用介詞（by, on, in …）
○4 其他一些詞組搭配介詞（be angry with/at/about sb/sth . be strict with/in/ sb/sth …）
（九）連詞
1．并列連詞：
○1 表聯(lián)合關(guān)系連詞。（and, or, but, for, not only…but also, as well as, both…and…, neither…nor .）
○2 轉(zhuǎn)折連詞。（but, while, yet, however .）
○3 選擇連詞。（or, or else, either…or…, otherwise .）
2．從屬連詞：
○1 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句的連用，主要有三個(gè)：that, whether, if . I hear that he is a student .
○2 引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞：
A． 連接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：when, before, after, while, as soon as, since, until, as, whenever, ever since …
B． 連接讓步狀語(yǔ)從句：although, though, even if, however …
C． 連接原因狀語(yǔ)從句：as, because, since, now that, for …
D． 連接目的狀語(yǔ)從句：that, so that, in order that …
E． 連接條件狀語(yǔ)從句：if, unless, once, in case …
F． 連接結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句：so…that, such…that …
G． 連接方式狀語(yǔ)從句：as, as if, as though …
H． 連接地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句：where .
I． 連接比較狀語(yǔ)從句：as, as…as, not as/so …as, than …
（十）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
1．定義：動(dòng)詞除在句子中作謂語(yǔ)以外，還具有名詞、形容詞及副詞的性質(zhì)，在句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等，這就是動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。可分為三種：動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞。
2．動(dòng)詞不定式：to ＋ 動(dòng)詞原形（在某些情況下可以不帶to ）。（沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化，可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，可以有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化）
○1 一般式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to do , 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to be + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 (表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生或之后發(fā)生)
○2 進(jìn)行式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to be doing , 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：無(wú) (表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生)
○3 完成式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to have +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to have been +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 (表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前就發(fā)生)
○4 用法：
A． 作主語(yǔ)：To learn a foreign language is not easy . = It’s not easy to learn a foreign language .
B． 作表語(yǔ)：The most important thing is to finish the work on time .
C． 作賓語(yǔ)：
a. 動(dòng)詞＋to do . He decided to buy a new watch . (agree, choose, want, hope, like, wish, learn, love, plan, try, start, afford …)
b. 動(dòng)詞＋疑問(wèn)詞＋to do I don’t know where to put the bike .
c. 動(dòng)詞＋形式賓語(yǔ)(it)＋賓補(bǔ)＋to do I find it important to learn a second foreign language .
D． 作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：
a. 動(dòng)詞＋賓語(yǔ)＋to do Tom asked me to show him the new shoes . (tell, wish, ask, want, like, beg, invite, allow, encourage…)
b. 動(dòng)詞＋賓語(yǔ)＋不帶to的動(dòng)詞 He often saw Tom play football .(see, hear, feel, watch, notice, have, make, let…)
E． 作狀語(yǔ)：
a. 表示目的：He went to Guangzhou to see his sons . He got up early in order to catch the first bus .
b. 表示結(jié)果：He is too tired to walk any farther . They aren’t old enough to go to school .
c. 表示原因：He is sorry to hear that . I am glad to see you .
F．作定語(yǔ)： I have something to tell you . I want to buy something to eat .
○5 動(dòng)詞不定式to 的省略：
A． 在感官動(dòng)詞feel, hear, see, watch, notice 及使役動(dòng)詞have, let, make等后面要省to，但在變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)要還原不定式to。
I often saw him go out of the room .-------- He was often seen to go out of the room by me .
B．在had better, would rather, do nothing but等后面常省to。
○6 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式：not + to do ，有時(shí)也可以用－never + to do 結(jié)構(gòu)。
3．動(dòng)名詞：動(dòng)詞原形＋ing 。具有名詞、動(dòng)詞一些特征。
○1 一般式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：doing ，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：being + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞（表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生或之后發(fā)生)
○2 完成式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：having +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：having been +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 （表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之前就發(fā)生）Children enjoy watching animated cartoon . I don’t remember having ever seen the film .
○3 動(dòng)名詞的否定形式：not + 動(dòng)名詞（v-ing） I regret not being able to help you .
○4 用法：
A． 作主語(yǔ)：
a. 動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)如果太長(zhǎng)，可以用形式主語(yǔ)it代替。Learning English is very important .--- It’s very important to learn English .
b. No + 動(dòng)名詞表示“禁止”。No smoking, No parking .
B． 作賓語(yǔ)：He finished doing his homework .
C． 作表語(yǔ)：His favourite sport is playing basketball .
D． 作定語(yǔ)：shopping basket, finishing line . （表明名詞的用途、功能等）
E． 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：名詞所有格、形容詞物主代詞＋動(dòng)名詞。Do you mind my / Wei Fang’s opening the window ?
4．分詞：動(dòng)詞原形＋ing 。具有形容詞、副詞和動(dòng)詞一些特征。（可分為現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞）
現(xiàn)在分詞
○1 一般式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：doing ，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：being + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞（表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生)
○2 完成式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：having +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：having been +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 （表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀
態(tài)之前就發(fā)生）
○3 動(dòng)名詞的否定形式：not + 動(dòng)名詞（v-ing） No understanding the meaning of the words, he couldn’t explain the sentence .
○4 用法：
A． 作表語(yǔ)。The result is surprising .
B． 作定語(yǔ)。Developing country (主謂關(guān)系) sleeping boy (boy 所做的動(dòng)作)
C． 作狀語(yǔ)。Passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano . = when he was passing by the house , he saw a girl playing the piano .
D． 作賓補(bǔ)。I found him lying on the grass.
過(guò)去分詞
○1 形式：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞＋ed，和不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞。
○2 過(guò)去分詞的否定形式：not + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞。
○3 用法：
A． 作表語(yǔ)：My bike is broken . He is very worried .
B． 作定語(yǔ)：developed country, fallen leaves, spoken English .
C． 作狀語(yǔ)：Asked why he was absent, he said he was ill . = When he was asked why he was absent, he said he was ill .
D． 作賓補(bǔ)：You had better have your shoes mended . I had my hair cut yesterday .
（十一）動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)
1． 語(yǔ)態(tài)定義：英語(yǔ)中表示主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞形式稱為語(yǔ)態(tài)。英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)分為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。We teach English in our school .(主動(dòng)) English is taught in our school .（被動(dòng)）
2． 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：助動(dòng)詞Be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞（be +p.p.），be有人稱、時(shí)態(tài)和數(shù)的變化。見(jiàn)下表：
時(shí) 態(tài) 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式 例 子
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) Am / is / are + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 Colour TVs are made in the factory .
一般過(guò)去時(shí) Was / were +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 My hometown was liberated in 1949 .
一般將來(lái)時(shí) Shall / will + be +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 The film will be shown again .
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) Am / is / are + being +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 The walls are being painted .
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) Was / were +being動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 The tickets were being well sold then .
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) Has / have + been + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 A new road has been built here .
時(shí) 態(tài) 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式 例 子
過(guò)去完成時(shí) Had + been +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 Much had been done before mother came back .
含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋be＋動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 The composition must be handed in today .
1.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中值得注意的問(wèn)題：
1) 帶有雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，可以把任何一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變被動(dòng)，一般在間接賓語(yǔ)前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。My father gave me a book ./ I was given a book by my father ./ A book was given to me by my father .
2) 英語(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。The cloth washes well ./ This kind of bags sells well. / The shoes wear long. / The knife cuts well . / The pen writes smoothly . / This coat lasts long .
3)在英語(yǔ)中有時(shí)“be + V-ed”結(jié)構(gòu)并不是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。The mountains were covered with snow .
4)在“主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)＋賓語(yǔ)＋賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，要補(bǔ)留賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。We found the door broken. / The door was found broken.
5)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)為省to的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后，要還原to。He made me laugh. / I was made to laugh .
6)如果短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，可以用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但不能遺漏所含的介詞或副詞。The nurse looked after the baby ./ The baby was looked after by the nurse . / We must make up for the lessons we missed. / The lessons we missed must be made up for .
7)下列情況不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：
不及物動(dòng)詞： The accident happened on a busy road yesterday .
連系動(dòng)詞： The girl looks like her sister .
賓語(yǔ)為反身代詞：He always dresses himself neatly .
賓語(yǔ)為相互代詞：The students often help each other .
同源賓語(yǔ)：At that time, they lived a happy life .
表示狀態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞：I have a new car. / The book cost me 30 yuan .
（十二）動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)：
時(shí)態(tài) 表示內(nèi)容 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成 常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 例句
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài) 動(dòng)詞原形（包括第三人稱單數(shù)形式＋s / es） often、usually、always、sometimes、every day、in the morning (afternoon …)等 He is often late for school.
She usually goes to work on foot.
一般將來(lái)時(shí) 將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài) shall / will + 動(dòng)詞原形
am / is / are going to + 動(dòng)詞原形
am / is / are to + 動(dòng)詞原形
am / is / are about to + 動(dòng)詞原形
am / is / are + 動(dòng)詞－ing tomorrow、next week、this month、in an hour、the day after tomorrow 等 He will go to Shanghai next week.
I am going to buy a book tomorrow.
They are to see a film in a hour.
She is about to mend the bike later.
I am flying to Guangzhou next week.
一般過(guò)去時(shí) 過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài) 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式 （一般＋ed , 特殊見(jiàn)課本不規(guī)則表） yesterday、last week、three days ago、before、 the day before yesterday 等 I finished my homework yesterday.
He went to Gaozhou three days ago.
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 am / is / are + 動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞 now、It’s six o’clock.也可用look、listen 等詞提示 They are doing their homework now.
Look! The boy is playing basketball.
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 was / were + 動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞 at six yesterday morning、this time yesterday、也可用when等引導(dǎo)的從句 I was sleeping at 11 last night .
They were cooking when the bell rang .
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，已結(jié)束，對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響；或者開始在過(guò)去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作。 have / has + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 （一般＋ed , 特殊見(jiàn)課本不規(guī)則表） already、ever、never、just for three days、since 1998 、by the end of this term、yet 等 I have already finished my work .
He hasn’t found out who broke the door .
過(guò)去完成時(shí) 過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間之前已經(jīng)完成了的動(dòng)作 had + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 By the end of last month、when、before等引導(dǎo)的從句 I had seen the film when I was in college.
The meeting had begun before we arrived .
過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) 從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間看將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作 should / would + 動(dòng)詞原形
was / were going to ＋動(dòng)詞原形
was / were to + 動(dòng)詞原形
was / were about to + 動(dòng)詞原形
was / were + 動(dòng)詞－ing 通常在賓語(yǔ)從句中出現(xiàn)，主句為過(guò)去時(shí) He said (that) he would go to Maoming the next day .
She told me (that) she was moving to France in two days .
Ⅱ 句子
句子的成分
1．定義：組成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子的成分，即：主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)是句子的主體部分。表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)都是謂語(yǔ)里的組成部分。
成 分 意 義 例 句
主 語(yǔ) 表示句子所說(shuō)的是“什么人”或“什么事物”，一般由名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞或短語(yǔ)等充當(dāng)。 Lucy is an American girl .
We study in No.1 Middle School .
謂 語(yǔ) 說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)“做什么”、“是什么”或者“怎么樣”。謂語(yǔ)（謂語(yǔ)部分里主要的詞）用動(dòng)詞。謂語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)在“人稱”和“數(shù)”兩方面必須一致 We love China . / She is singing .
Mike hopes to be a doctor . / His parents are farmers .
表 語(yǔ) 說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)是什么或者怎么樣，由名詞、形容詞或相當(dāng)于名詞或形容詞的詞或短語(yǔ)等充當(dāng)，和連系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。 Her aunt is a driver . / Are you ready ?
We were at home last night .
句子成分 意 義 例 句
賓 語(yǔ) 表示動(dòng)詞、行為的對(duì)象，由名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞、短語(yǔ)等充當(dāng)，和及物動(dòng)詞一起說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)做什么。 He often helps me . / We study English at school.
Did you see him yesterday ?
定 語(yǔ) 用來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞。作定語(yǔ)的除形容詞外，還有代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)或相當(dāng)于形容詞的詞或短語(yǔ)等。 The black bike is mine. / What’s your name, please ?
We have four lessons in the morning ?
狀 語(yǔ) 用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞。一般表示行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的、方式、程度等意義，通常由副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞或短語(yǔ)等來(lái)表示。 People are all working hard. / It is very nice.
We had a meeting this afternoon .
賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 英語(yǔ)中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)以外，還有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，才能使句子的意義完整。這類詞有：make, consider, cause, see, find, call, get, have, let等。 He made me very angry.
I find him a good boy .
句子的種類
1．英語(yǔ)中按使用目的或功用分為四類：陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句、感嘆句。
A．陳述句。
○1 陳述句說(shuō)明一個(gè)事實(shí)或陳述一個(gè)人的看法。陳述句分為肯定陳述句和否定陳述句兩種。
a．陳述句的肯定式。I have already posted the photos. / They are students. / I must go now . / He was reading a book at 8:00 last night.
b．陳述句的否定形式。（1）謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是系動(dòng)詞be, 助動(dòng)詞have, will, shall, be或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，只須在其后面加not構(gòu)成否定句。She isn’t a student . / He hasn’t been to the Great Wall . / I can not swim . / You will not go there tomorrow. / They aren’t sleeping .
（2）若謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，在實(shí)義動(dòng)詞前加上do not，第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在時(shí)用does not，過(guò)去時(shí)用did not。 He didn’t send me an invitation .
（3）由具有否定含義的詞never, nobody, hardly, little, dislike, seldom, few, too…to等構(gòu)成的否定句。
Not all the books in our school library can be renewed .
B. 疑問(wèn)句。
1)疑問(wèn)句提出問(wèn)題。英語(yǔ)中有四種疑問(wèn)句：一般疑問(wèn)句、特殊疑問(wèn)句、選擇疑問(wèn)句和反意疑問(wèn)句。a．一般疑問(wèn)句：以一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)詞be或have開始，語(yǔ)調(diào)為升調(diào)，通常要求以yes或no回答的疑問(wèn)句。
（1）一般疑問(wèn)句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)：
Be動(dòng)詞(is, am, are, was, were)+主語(yǔ)+表語(yǔ)…？
Have動(dòng)詞(表示“有”：have, has, had)+主語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)…？
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(can, may, must等)+主語(yǔ)+行為動(dòng)詞或be…?
助動(dòng)詞(do, does, did)+主語(yǔ)+行為動(dòng)詞…？
助動(dòng)詞(shall, will, have, has)+主語(yǔ)+行為動(dòng)詞…？
（2）否定形式的疑問(wèn)句，通常把助動(dòng)詞與not縮寫，放在句首。構(gòu)成回答：
Aren’t you a student? Yes, I am .(不，我是) No, I am not .(對(duì)，我不是)
b．特殊疑問(wèn)句：以疑問(wèn)代詞who, what, whom, whose, which或疑問(wèn)副詞when, where, why, how開頭。
（1）如果疑問(wèn)詞在句中作主語(yǔ)或其修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其語(yǔ)序如陳述句。Who is on duty today ? / Which book is yours .
（2）如果疑問(wèn)詞在句中不作主語(yǔ)或其修飾主語(yǔ)，用“疑問(wèn)詞＋一般疑問(wèn)句”形式。Where have you been ?
c．選擇疑問(wèn)句：提出兩種或兩種以上的情況，供回答者選擇，并由or連用，但不能用Yes或no 來(lái)回答。
（1）疑問(wèn)句＋選擇成分1＋or＋選擇成分2？Do you want coffee or cocoa ? / Are you an Englishman or an American ?
（2）特殊問(wèn)句＋選擇答案1＋or＋選擇答案2？who runs fast, Tom , Mary or Li lei .
d．反意疑問(wèn)句：陳述部分＋提問(wèn)部分。
（1）◎前肯后否，前否后肯。 ◎前后人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)要一致，疑問(wèn)部分要用代詞。◎事實(shí)回答用Yes, 非事實(shí)回答用No . ◎前陳述句用降調(diào)，后問(wèn)句用升調(diào)；如對(duì)前陳述句內(nèi)容有把握，后問(wèn)句也可用降調(diào)。◎如果前面陳述句中有否定詞：hardly, little, few, never, rarely, nothing, none , nobody, not, no 等，后面疑問(wèn)句應(yīng)該用肯定式。
（2）陳述句中有：have to, had to, ought to, used to, don’t(imperative), somebody / someone, everybody / everyone時(shí)，附加疑問(wèn)句需分別用：don’t, didn’t, shouldn’t, usedn’t / didn’t, will, they等。
My grandma used to be a teacher, usedn’t / didn’t she ? Don’t turn on the TV set, will you ?
（3）陳述句部分是復(fù)合句時(shí)，提問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)和助動(dòng)詞要與主句一致。He was reading when the teacher came in, wasn’t he ?
（4）在“I think(guess, suppose, believe)+賓語(yǔ)從句”中，當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第一人稱時(shí)，附加疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)與后面賓語(yǔ)從句相一致；但若主語(yǔ)不是第一人稱時(shí)，則附加問(wèn)句與前面主句一致。
I don’t think he can pass the exam, can he ? He believed you had seen her before, didn’t he ?
（5）在含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must 的句子中，若must 表示推測(cè)，提問(wèn)用must后面的動(dòng)詞。若must表示有必要時(shí)，用needn’t。若mustn’t表示禁止時(shí)，提問(wèn)用must。
He must be tired, isn’t he ？ You must go to Gaozhou, needn’t ？ You mustn’t smoke here, must you ?
（6）陳述句部分為祈使句，疑問(wèn)部分常用will you(表請(qǐng)求)。注：let’s 用shall we（包括說(shuō)話人），let us 用will you（不包括說(shuō)話人）。Have a cup of tea, will you ? Let’s go now, shall we ? Let us go now, will you ?
e．祈使句：可表示請(qǐng)求、命令、勸告、建議等。（省主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞用原形）
（1）let + 第一人稱，第三人稱＋（not）動(dòng)詞原形。Let me try again .
（2）動(dòng)詞原形＋其他成分。Listen to me carefully .
（3）Don’t (never)+動(dòng)詞原形＋其他成分。Don’t look out of the window .
（4）Do+動(dòng)詞原形＋其他成分。Do give him another chance .
f．感嘆句：表示喜怒哀樂(lè)等強(qiáng)烈感情，句尾用“！”。What 修飾名詞，how 修飾形容詞、副詞。
（1） How ＋ 形容詞 / 副詞。
◎ How + 形容詞 ＋ 主 ＋ 謂 ＋ ！ How cold it is today ! How clever the boy is !
◎ How ＋ 副詞 ＋ 主 ＋ 謂 ＋ ！ How fast she runs ! How hard the girls are working !
◎ How + 形容詞 ＋ a / an + 名詞 ＋ 主 ＋ 謂 ＋ ！How clever a boy he is ! How funny an elephant it is !
（2）What + 名詞。 ◎ What + a / an ＋ 形容詞 ＋ 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)＋ 主 ＋ 謂 ＋ ！ What a fine day it is today !
What an honest man his father is !
◎ What ＋ 形容詞 ＋ 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) ＋ 主 ＋ 謂 ＋！What tall trees they are !What good students the boys are !
◎ What ＋ 形容詞 ＋ 不可數(shù)名詞 ＋ 主 ＋ 謂 ＋ ！What cold water it is ! What delicious milk it is !
句子類型
1．從結(jié)構(gòu)上看，英語(yǔ)的句子可分為三種類型：簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。
2．簡(jiǎn)單句：由一個(gè)主語(yǔ)（或并列主語(yǔ)）和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)（或并列謂語(yǔ)）構(gòu)成的句子叫做簡(jiǎn)單句。簡(jiǎn)單句有六種句型：
型號(hào) 句型 例 子
1 主語(yǔ)＋不及物動(dòng)詞（＋狀語(yǔ)） The Frenchman coughed badly at night. / The city lies in a valley .
2 主語(yǔ)＋連系動(dòng)詞＋表語(yǔ) That is a map of China. / That piece of meat looks quite good. / It sounds like the singing of rails .
3 主語(yǔ)＋及物動(dòng)詞＋賓語(yǔ) You’re doing the right thing. / Jack likes to stay at home and play by himself .
4 主語(yǔ)＋及物動(dòng)詞＋間接賓語(yǔ)＋直接賓語(yǔ) Can you tell me the way to the Summer Palace ? / It took me a week to finish the work.
5 主語(yǔ)＋及物動(dòng)詞＋賓語(yǔ)＋賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) We call him Li Ming . / The rich man asked the singer to come up to the sitting room .
6 There +be+主語(yǔ)＋狀語(yǔ) There are some flowers on the teacher’s desk . / There are 365 days in a year .
3．并列句：由并列連詞把兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起構(gòu)成的句子。常用的并列連詞有and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet, neither…nor, either…or, still, however, not only…but also等。并列句的結(jié)構(gòu)：簡(jiǎn)單句＋并列詞＋簡(jiǎn)單。
Hurry up, or you’ll miss the early bus . / We love peace but we are not afraid of war . / He must be ill, for he is absent today .
She has not only knowledge, but also experience . / He was ill, so he didn’t go to school. / Work hard, and you will succeed .
4．復(fù)合句：由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成的句子叫做復(fù)合句。主句是句子的主體，從句只用作句子的一個(gè)成分，不能獨(dú)立。從句可以擔(dān)任復(fù)合句的主語(yǔ)（主語(yǔ)從句）、表語(yǔ)（表語(yǔ)從句）、賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)從句）、定語(yǔ)（定語(yǔ)從句）、狀語(yǔ)（狀語(yǔ)從句）。中學(xué)階段主要學(xué)習(xí)含有狀語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句。
A．狀語(yǔ)從句：在復(fù)合句中修飾主句中的動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞等的從句叫做狀語(yǔ)從句。狀語(yǔ)從句根據(jù)它表示的意思的不同可分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、結(jié)果、讓步、比較（或方式）和條件等類。
○1 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：由when, while, as, the moment, the minute, once, whenever, before, after, till(until), since, as soon as等連詞引導(dǎo)。
主 句 從 句 例 子
一般將來(lái)時(shí) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) I will go out for a walk if it doesn’t rain tomorrow .
帶有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 You must look left and right when you cross the crossing .
祈使句 Ask him to give me a call as soon as he comes back .
過(guò)去時(shí)的某種時(shí)態(tài) 過(guò)去時(shí)的某種時(shí)態(tài) I went to bed at ten after the film was over. / The film had begun when I reached the cinema .
I was reading a book while he was singing a song .
○2 條件狀語(yǔ)從句：由if, unless, so long as, as long as, in case , if only, provided that等引導(dǎo)。（注：在條件狀語(yǔ)從句的將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)要用現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)，表示相應(yīng)的將來(lái)時(shí)）。
I’ll show you around the city if I am free tomorrow . / If I had enough money, I would buy the car .
○3 原因狀語(yǔ)從句：由because（因?yàn)椋? as（由于）, since（既然）, for（因?yàn)椋┑纫龑?dǎo)。
He was absent yesterday because he was ill . / As it was already dark, they decided to stay in the town for the night .
○4 目的狀語(yǔ)從句：由so that, that, so, in order that, in case等引導(dǎo)。句中常有may, might, can, could, should, would等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。
He got up early so that he could catch the early train. / He studied hard in order that he might succeed .
○5 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句：由so…that, so, so that, such…that等。
The film is so interesting that everyone likes to see it again . / Nothing more was heard of him, so people thought that he was dead .
○6 比較狀語(yǔ)從句：由than, as…as, not as(so)…as, the（＋比較級(jí)）…the（＋比較級(jí)）等引導(dǎo)。
Today is not as warm as yesterday. / He listens to the teacher more carefully than I .
○7 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句：由where 和wherever等引導(dǎo)。地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句位于句首時(shí)，常用逗號(hào)與主句隔開；位于句末時(shí)則不用逗號(hào)。He follows her wherever she goes .
○8 方式狀語(yǔ)從句：由as, just as…so, as if 等。As if 引導(dǎo)的從句的時(shí)態(tài)要用過(guò)去時(shí)（虛語(yǔ)語(yǔ)氣）。
Please do as I do . / He tells me the whole thing as if he knew everything .
○9讓步狀語(yǔ)從句:由though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, no matter who引導(dǎo)。
Although he has failed many times, he doesn’t give up trying .
B．賓語(yǔ)從句：由一個(gè)句子充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，我們稱之為賓語(yǔ)從句。（賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序永遠(yuǎn)是陳述語(yǔ)序）
○1 賓語(yǔ)從句的連詞。
a.如果賓語(yǔ)從句是從陳述句變化而來(lái)的，要用連詞that來(lái)引導(dǎo)，that可以省略。
b.如果賓語(yǔ)從句是從一般疑問(wèn)句變化而來(lái)的，要用連詞if或whether .
c.如果賓語(yǔ)從句是從特殊疑問(wèn)句變化而來(lái)的，連詞就應(yīng)該用特殊疑問(wèn)詞（what, when, where…）。
○2 賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)：
主 句 從 句 例 子
任何一種時(shí)態(tài) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（表示真理、科學(xué)原理、自然現(xiàn)象） The teacher told / tells us that the earth goes round the sun.
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 任何一種時(shí)態(tài) I hear that he will come back next week.
一般將來(lái)時(shí) I will tell him that his father rang him up just now when he comes back .
一般過(guò)去時(shí) 過(guò)去時(shí)的某種時(shí)態(tài) I wondered if Tom would come back ./ Lucy asked whether I had finished my homework .
○3 賓語(yǔ)從句的人稱：人稱代詞要隨合理的邏輯而自然變化。
She said, “I am much better than before.”--------She said that she was much better than before .
○4 when 和if 在引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句中，后面的時(shí)態(tài)有差別。
I don’t know when (何時(shí))she will be back（賓語(yǔ)從句）, but when(當(dāng)…時(shí)候) she comes back, I’ll let you know（狀語(yǔ)從句） .
I don’t know if(是否) she will come back（賓語(yǔ)從句）, but if (如果)she comes back, I’ll let you know （狀語(yǔ)從句） .
C．定語(yǔ)從句：在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語(yǔ)從句，被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，定語(yǔ)從句必須放在先行詞之后。引導(dǎo)從句的關(guān)系代詞有：who(人，主格), whom(人，賓客), whose(人，所有格), which(物), that(人，物)。引導(dǎo)從句的關(guān)系副詞有：where(地點(diǎn)), when(時(shí)間), why(原因)。
The man who lives next to us is a policeman./ You must do everything that I do ./ We will never forget the day when we visited Gaozhou .
○1 從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和先行詞的關(guān)系。
a.主謂關(guān)系：He asked the man(作從句主語(yǔ)) who/that was smoking .
b.動(dòng)賓關(guān)系：The noodles(作從句賓語(yǔ)) that/which I cooked were delicious .
○2 只能用that 的情況：
a.先行詞為all, any, few, no, some, much, little等修飾。 I have done all the work that he told us to do .
b.先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾。 That last/first question that he asked me was hard to answer .
c.先行詞同時(shí)有人和物。 They often talk about things and persons that they remember .
d.先行詞是everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代詞。 I remembered everything that the teachers taught me before .
e.先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾。 That is the best book that I have read .
f先行詞被the very, the only, the same修飾。 It is the very book that I am looking for .
g.先行詞是主句的表語(yǔ)或關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)。 China is no longer the country that it used to be .
h.先行詞是指示代詞that, one, those, this, another, all等。 Is this school the one that I saw in the picture ?
i.主句以who / which開頭，定語(yǔ)從句用that 。who is the girl that spoke to you just now ? / which is the car that was made in China ?
○3 只能用which的情況：
a.關(guān)系代詞前有介詞。 This is the house in which we lived last year .
b.先行詞本身是that 。 The clock is that which I bought yesterday .
c.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。 His English , which used to be very poor, is now excellent .
○4 定語(yǔ)從句在句中作定語(yǔ)，所以在使用時(shí)，相當(dāng)于現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)，過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)，介詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)的句子。
a．I bought a book that was written by Lu Xun . = I bought a book written by Lu Xun .
b．Tell the children who are playing basketball not to do that . = Tell the children playing basketball not to do that .
c．The house that stands at the corner was built in 1987 . = The house standing at the corner was built in 1987 .
d．We have nothing that we should fear . = We have nothing to fear .
e．The book that is on the table is expensive . = The book on the table is expensive .
○5 引導(dǎo)詞when, where和why可用相應(yīng)的表示時(shí)間（in, on, at, during等）、地點(diǎn)（in, on, at等）和原因（for）的介詞＋which 表達(dá)為介賓結(jié)構(gòu)。
a．I still remember the day when(= on which) I met her for the first time .
b．That is the place where I went when I was a child .
c．May I know the reason why you are late ? ----- May I know the reason for which you are late ?
○6 在定語(yǔ)從句中，不能再出現(xiàn)指示先行詞的指示代詞。
I just can’t find the book which/that she lent it to me .（×）---- I just can’t find the book which/that she lent to me .（√）
○7 注意下面的變化：
a.This is the house(不作lived的賓語(yǔ)) where we lived last year .
This is the house(作lived in的賓語(yǔ)) which/that we lived in last year .
b.This is the day (不作left的賓語(yǔ))when we left for Shenzhen .
This is the day (作spent的賓語(yǔ))which/that we spent in Shenzhen .
○8 限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：
a.限制性定語(yǔ)從句：是句中不可缺少的組成部分，沒(méi)有從句，先行詞意思不明確，主句也不完整，從句主句不用逗號(hào)分開。
b.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句：是主句先行詞的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，沒(méi)有從句并不影響主句意思的明確或完整，這種定語(yǔ)從句一般用逗號(hào)和主句分開，在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，一般不用that。
◎ Last Sunday they reached Dalian, where a meeting was to be held .
◎ She has two brothers, who are both doctors .
Ⅲ There be 句型
1.英語(yǔ)“There + be + (not)”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“有（沒(méi)有）某人或某物”時(shí)，there 是無(wú)詞義的引導(dǎo)詞，be是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，它后面的名詞是主語(yǔ)，兩者再數(shù)上必須一致。句末往往有表示地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)。
2.肯定句：There +(助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)＋be 主語(yǔ)＋地點(diǎn)（時(shí)間）狀語(yǔ)。
There is a pen on the table . / There will be a football match tomorrow .
3.否定句：There + be(助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)＋not（any）(或＋no)+ 主語(yǔ)…。
There are not fairies in the world . / There wasn’t a underground in Shanghai before ./ There won’t be a football match tomorrow .
4.一般疑問(wèn)句：Be + there +(any) +主語(yǔ)… ？ / 助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 ＋ there +be +(any) + 主語(yǔ)… ？
Is there anything I can do for you ? / Will there be cloud tomorrow ?
5.特殊疑問(wèn)句：疑問(wèn)詞（＋名詞）＋be ＋there + 狀語(yǔ) ？
How many weeks are there in a year ? / What is there on the desk ? / Where will there be a football match tomorrow ?
6.如果there +be 之后是并列主語(yǔ)，應(yīng)根據(jù)離be 最近的名詞來(lái)選擇be的形式。
There is a apple and two pears on the table . / There are two pears and a apple on the table .
7.含有引導(dǎo)詞there 的句子用seem to be , happen to be , used to be 或live 等作謂語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)。
There happened to be an old friend of mine in the shop . / There used to be a temple here .
Ⅳ 主謂一致
1.主謂一致是指謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與主語(yǔ)單、復(fù)數(shù)形式及人稱變化相一致。主要包括三方面：形式一致、意義一致、就近原則。
2.單數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)；復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)；若主語(yǔ)表示單數(shù)或整體概念時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)用單數(shù)。
Time is money . / My book is new . / Our books are there . / His family isn’t very large . / His family are all music lovers .
3.有些名詞以“s”結(jié)尾，但謂用單數(shù)。（news, physics, maths, politics等）Maths is very important to us .
4.People, police, youth, cattle等常作復(fù)數(shù)處理。 The youth are full of living .
5.既作單數(shù)又是復(fù)數(shù)的名詞，可作單、復(fù)數(shù)。（sheep, fish, deer, Chinese, Japanese…）There is one deer / are some deer in the zoo. / I met a Japanese in the street./ The Japanese I met in the street were friendly .
6.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是兩個(gè)名詞由and 連接時(shí)，若表示一種事物或一種概念時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。
The teacher and writer is coming（同一個(gè)人） . / The teacher and the writer are coming .(不同人)
7.有every 或each 修飾的單數(shù)名詞并列時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，第二個(gè)every或each 可省略。Every boy and (every)girl has a new book.
8.表示時(shí)間、距離、金錢或數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，一般視為一個(gè)整體，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。A hundred miles is a long distance .
9.有些形容詞前加定冠詞構(gòu)成表示一類人的名詞，常用復(fù)數(shù)處理。The rich are getting richer. / The blind are sitting on the road .
10.Number, population 等詞可作單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)，主要從意思決定。A number of books are new. / The number of books is 3,000.The population of China is very large . / One third of the population here are workers.
11.當(dāng)名詞后有with, together, like, but, except等介詞短語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)隨名詞的數(shù)而變。 Tom with his parents has been to Beijing twice .
12.Each和由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。Each of us has an apple. / Somebody is using the photo.
13.What, who, which, any, more, most, all等代詞可以是單、復(fù)數(shù)，主要靠意思決定。Which is your room ? / Which are your rooms ?
14.“None 或none of+名詞（代詞）復(fù)數(shù)”可作單、復(fù)數(shù)，若名詞為不可數(shù)，則謂語(yǔ)只用單數(shù)。
None of the books are easy enough for us . / None of us has got a camera. / None of milk is good.
15．“Either, neither (+of +名（代）詞復(fù)數(shù)”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常看作單數(shù)。Neither of us has been to HongKong . / Either answer is wrong .
16．“many a +單數(shù)名詞”或“more than one +單數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)多用單數(shù)形式。More than one person has that kind of experience.
17．All/most/half/part/some/the rest of +不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。 All of meat is bad .
18．All/most/half/part/some/the rest of +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。 Some of students are absent .
19．“one of +名（代）詞復(fù)數(shù)”為主時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)通常用單數(shù)。One of the girls is from America .
20．“a pair of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)常用單數(shù)，若pair是pairs時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。
21．“（a）part of +名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，若名詞是單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)；若名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。
22．“a group of +名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)；若強(qiáng)調(diào)group 中的成員，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。
23．“a lot of /lots of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)；若名詞為不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。
24．“most of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)；若名詞為不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。
25．“plenty of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)；若名詞為不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。
26．由either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, or或there be + 名詞＋and + 名詞等連接的主語(yǔ)，通常根據(jù)就近原則，謂語(yǔ)的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式依最接近它的名詞詞組的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定。
My parents or I am going to visit my grandparents .
Either your father or your mother has been to the Great Wall .
Neither you nor Lao Yang is to do the work .
There is a man and three children over there .
Not only you but also he knows that thing .
28．動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)詞－ing形式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)作單數(shù)處理。
To see you is very glad . = It is very glad to see you .
Taking means no holes .
Seeing is believing .
Finishing the work takes me a long time . = To finish the work takes me a long time . = It takes me a long time to finish the work .
責(zé)任編輯：李芳芳