一、學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)和要求

1. 學(xué)習(xí)和掌握以下單詞和習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)

1) 單詞

coal; attend; issue; summarise; content; introduction; representative; killer; access; violence; premier; stress; equality; fairness; responsibility; willingness; harmony; suffering; unfair; wipe; worldwide; alternative; defend; incorrect; affect; advise

2) 習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)

take notes; the United Nations; the World Health Organization; take action; air conditioner; in harmony with; wipe out; advise sb (not) to do sth.

2. 功能意念項(xiàng)目

學(xué)會(huì)用英語(yǔ)談?wù)撟匀缓蜕鷳B(tài)環(huán)境。

3. 語(yǔ)法

1）復(fù)習(xí)學(xué)過(guò)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣；

2）倒裝。

4. 語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用

運(yùn)用所學(xué)語(yǔ)言,圍繞自然和生態(tài)環(huán)境這一題材,完成教科書和練習(xí)冊(cè)中規(guī)定的聽、說(shuō)、寫的任務(wù);閱讀課文 “Welcome to the Earth Summit”, 確切理解并完成有關(guān)課文內(nèi)容和練習(xí); 練習(xí)寫一篇明確闡述個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)和建議的評(píng)價(jià)性短文。

二、學(xué) 習(xí) 指 導(dǎo)

1. 單詞和習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)的用法

1）attend vt. 出席；上（大學(xué)等）； 照料

例： Only 12 people attended the meeting. 只有12個(gè)人參加了會(huì)議。

Please let us know if you are unable to attend. 如果你不能參加請(qǐng)告知我們。

I am the first child in my family to attend college. 我是家中第一個(gè)上大學(xué)的孩子。

On his deathbed the General was attended by several doctors. 將軍臨終前有幾個(gè)醫(yī)生在照顧。

2）summarize vt. & vi. 概括；總結(jié)

例： The authors summarize their views in the introduction. 作者們?cè)趯?dǎo)言中概括了他們的觀點(diǎn)。

Your final paragraph should summarize the main points of your essay. 你論文的最后一段應(yīng)該總結(jié)一下你的觀點(diǎn)。

summary n. 摘要；概要

3）content n. （書、報(bào)紙等的）內(nèi)容，目次，目錄;

例： "It is advisable to look at the contents page of a book, before buying it." 買書前最好是先看一看目錄。

含量;

the content of silver in a ton of ore 一噸礦砂中銀的含量

(pl) 內(nèi)容；所容之物;

The contents of the box fell onto the floor. 這個(gè)盒子里的東西掉到地上了。

adj. 滿足的；滿意的；甘愿的

She is content with very little. 她易于滿足。

（常與to連用）滿足于…的

The old couple seem content to sit in front of the television all night. 老夫婦倆似乎整夜坐在電視機(jī)前就心滿意足了。

vt. 使（人或自己）滿足；使?jié)M意；使安心

Nothing contents her, she is always complaining. 沒(méi)有什么能使她滿意，她總是抱怨。

We should never content ourselves with a little book knowledge only. 我們切不可滿足于僅僅有一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)書本知識(shí)。

be content to do sth. 樂(lè)于做某事

be content with 沉迷［滿足］于

to one's heart's content 心滿意足， 盡情地

content oneself with 滿足于， 對(duì)...感到滿足

4）introduction n. 序言；介紹；引進(jìn)；采用

例：The introduction of new advanced techniques in the factory is under discussion today. 在工廠采用新的先進(jìn)技術(shù)的問(wèn)題是今天的議題。

foreign words of recent introduction 新傳入的外國(guó)字

a letter of introduction 介紹信

Introduction to Radio 《無(wú)線電入門》

5）representative n. 代表；典型；議員

例：The representatives were all amazed by what had happened in the factory. 代表們聽了這個(gè)工廠里發(fā)生的事都感到驚愕。

adj. 有代表性的；典型的

a representative collection of ancient Greek art 古希臘藝術(shù)代表作品集

6）access n. 接近；進(jìn)入；接近的方法；到達(dá)的權(quán)利

例：There is no access to the street through that door. 穿過(guò)那個(gè)門沒(méi)有通向大街的路。

The only access to that ancient castle is along a muddy track. 到那座古老城堡去的唯一通道是一條泥濘小路。

Students need access to books. 學(xué)生需要使用書本。

Access to the papers is restricted to senior management. 文件的使用權(quán)只限于高級(jí)管理者。

a man of easy access 易于接近的人, 平易近人的人

The only access to the town is across the bridge. 到鎮(zhèn)上唯一的通路是經(jīng)過(guò)一座橋。

Citizens may have free access to the library. 市民可以自由使用圖書館。

7）stress vt. 著重；強(qiáng)調(diào)

例：The report stressed that student math skills need to improve. 報(bào)告強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生的數(shù)學(xué)技能需要提高。

Crawford stressed the need for more housing downtown. 科勞福德著重指出了城區(qū)住房的更大需求。

She stressed the importance of a balanced diet. 她強(qiáng)調(diào)了平衡飲食的重要性。

n. 壓力, 緊迫, 困難; 【語(yǔ)】重音, 重讀;

under the stress of poverty 在貧困的壓力下

time of stress 危難之際, 非常時(shí)期

Stress and rhythm are important in speaking English. 講英語(yǔ)時(shí)重音及節(jié)奏都很重要。

We must lay stress on self reliance. 我們必須強(qiáng)調(diào)自力更生。

Give stress to the 2nd syllable. 重讀第二音節(jié)。

Worry over his job and his wife's health put him under a great stress. 憂慮自己的工作及妻子的健康問(wèn)題使他陷于過(guò)分的緊張中。

8）take action 采取行動(dòng)；take notes 記筆記；take effect見效, 生效；開始發(fā)生作用；

take exercise做體操, 做健身活動(dòng)；take farewell 告別, 辭行；take ground占領(lǐng)陣地

(飛機(jī))著陸；take notice 注意；take office 就職；take steps 采取措施

9）put an end to 結(jié)束； put an end to 結(jié)束；bring sth. to an end 結(jié)束；

come to an end 結(jié)束；make (both) ends meet收支相抵；

10）affect vt. 影響；感動(dòng)；（疾病）侵襲

例：Smoking affects health. 吸煙影響健康。

He was deeply affected by my words. 他聽了我的話很受感動(dòng)。

be affected by heat [cold] 中暑[著涼]

詞義辨析：affect effect influence

作為動(dòng)詞, 都含“影響”的意思。

affect 指“產(chǎn)生的影響之大足以引起反應(yīng)”,著重“影響”的動(dòng)作, 有時(shí)含有“對(duì)...產(chǎn)生不利影響”的意思, 如:

This article will affect my thinking. 這篇文章將會(huì)影響我的思想。

effect 指“實(shí)現(xiàn)”、“達(dá)成”,著重“造成”一種特殊的效果, 如:

This book effected a change in my opinion. 這本書使我的看法起了變化。

influence 指“通過(guò)說(shuō)服、舉例等對(duì)行動(dòng)、思想、性格等產(chǎn)生不易覺察到的,潛移默化的影響”, 如:

Influenced by a high-school biology teacher, he took up the study of medicine. 在一位中學(xué)生物教師的影響下, 他從事醫(yī)學(xué)研究。

2. 語(yǔ)言要點(diǎn)

1）According to the World Health Organization, the big three cause more than seven million deaths every year. 據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織統(tǒng)計(jì)，三大殺手每年致死七百萬(wàn)人。

death: [countable] a particular case when someone dies 死亡人數(shù)；死亡案例

We should take action to reduce the number of traffic deaths. 我們應(yīng)該采取措施減少交通事故死亡人數(shù)。

2）Air pollution alone causes almost three million deaths. 只是空氣污染就導(dǎo)致近三百萬(wàn)人死亡。

此句相當(dāng)于 Only air pollution causes almost three million deaths. alone相當(dāng)于only, 但alone置于被修飾的名詞或代詞的后面。再如：

Julie alone knew the truth. 只有朱莉知道真相。

3）If we are to develop the world successfully, we must make sure that everyone is able to take part in the new world we create. 如果我們打算成功地發(fā)展世界，我們必須確保每一個(gè)人都能夠加入到我們建設(shè)的這個(gè)新世界中來(lái)。

（1）be ＋不定式：這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示計(jì)劃，安排或用來(lái)征求意見。

The highway is to be opened in May.

Am I to take over his work？

（2）be going to ＋動(dòng)詞原形：這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示“決定，打算要做什么事，或有跡象表明即將發(fā)生，可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)什么情況”。

I am going to buy a new coat this winter.

There is going to be a storm.

（3）be about ＋不定式：這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，句中不可以用表示未來(lái)時(shí)間

的狀語(yǔ)。

The talk is about to begin.(正)

The talk is about to begin soon.(誤)

4）Among the speakers was China’s then Premier Zhu Rongji, who stressed the need for equality and fairness in the world. 在會(huì)上發(fā)言的人中就有強(qiáng)調(diào)世界上需要平等和公正的中國(guó)當(dāng)時(shí)的總理朱鎔基。

then adj. being so at that time, 當(dāng)時(shí)的

又如：the then chairman of the board. 當(dāng)時(shí)的委員會(huì)主席

5）Richer countries have a responsibility towards poorer countries and must do whatever they can to help others. 相對(duì)富裕的國(guó)家有盡力幫助貧窮國(guó)家的責(zé)任。

這個(gè)句子是一個(gè)省略句，即：Richer countries have a responsibility towards poorer countries and must do whatever they can do to help others. 動(dòng)詞不定式 to help others 是目的狀語(yǔ)。

6）Had I known that air conditioners cause so much pollution, I would never have bought one. 如果知道空調(diào)能造成這么大的污染，我怎么也不會(huì)買的。

這是一個(gè)含有虛擬語(yǔ)氣的句子。虛擬條件句中省略了If, 構(gòu)成了倒裝句。

7）Not until we know more will we be able to improve the situation. 直到我們了解了更多，我們才能夠改善這種狀況。

這是一個(gè)倒裝句，因?yàn)榉穸ㄔ~not 位于句首。其正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是：We will not be able to improve the situation until we know more.

8）A better understanding of the environment is necessary, as is the willingness to act. 對(duì)環(huán)境的更好更深入的理解是必要的，是我們行動(dòng)的內(nèi)驅(qū)力。

這個(gè)句子是一個(gè)由as 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。

3. 語(yǔ)法說(shuō)明：

1）虛擬語(yǔ)氣(Subjunctive Mood)

概念：虛擬語(yǔ)氣用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話人的主觀意愿或假想，所說(shuō)的是一個(gè)條件，不一定是事實(shí)，或與事實(shí)相反。

在條件句中的應(yīng)用：

條件句可分為兩類，一類為真實(shí)條件句，一類為非真實(shí)條件句。非真實(shí)條件句表示的是假設(shè)的或?qū)嶋H可能性不大的情況，故采用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

（一）真實(shí)條件句

真實(shí)條件句用于陳述語(yǔ)氣，假設(shè)的情況可能發(fā)生。

時(shí)態(tài)關(guān)系

句型： 條件從句 主句

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) shall/will+動(dòng)詞原形

If he comes, he will bring his violin.

典型例題

The volleyball match will be put off if it_______.

A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained

答案B。真實(shí)條件句主句為將來(lái)時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

注意：

（1）在真實(shí)條件句中，主句不能用be going to表示將來(lái)，該用shall, will.

(錯(cuò)) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.

(對(duì))If you leave now, you will never regret it.

（2）表示真理時(shí)，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不用shall(will)+動(dòng)詞原形，而直接用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的動(dòng)詞形式。

（二）非真實(shí)條件句

（1）時(shí)態(tài)：可表示過(guò)去、現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)的情況。其基本特點(diǎn)時(shí)態(tài)退后。

a. 同現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。

句型： 條件從句 主句

一般過(guò)去時(shí) should(would)+動(dòng)詞原形

If they were here, they would help you.

b. 表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。

句型： 條件從句 主句

過(guò)去完成式 should(would)have+過(guò)去分詞

If he had come yesterday, I should have told him about it.

含義：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.

c. 表示對(duì)將來(lái)的假想

句型： 條件從句 主句

一般過(guò)去時(shí)

were+不定式 should(would)+動(dòng)詞原形

should+動(dòng)詞原形

If you succeeded, everything would be all right.

If you should succeed, everything would be all right.

If you were to succeed, everything would be all right

（2）混合條件句

主句與從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在不同的時(shí)間，這時(shí)主、從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式因時(shí)間不同而不同，這叫做混合條件句。

If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.

(從句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。)

If it had rained last night(過(guò)去)，it would be very cold today(現(xiàn)在).

（3）虛擬條件句的倒裝

虛擬條件句的從句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可將if省略，再把were, should 或had 移到從句句首，實(shí)行倒裝。

Were they here now, they could help us.

=If they were here now, they could help us.

Had you come earlier, you would have met him.

=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.

Should it rain, the crops would be saved.

=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.

注意：

在虛擬語(yǔ)氣的從句中，動(dòng)詞 ‘be’的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)一律用 “were”。

If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就會(huì)去找他。

If he were here, everything would be all right.

典型例題

_______ to do the work, I should do it some other day.

A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I

答案C. 在虛擬條件狀語(yǔ)中如果有were, should, had這三個(gè)詞，通常將if省略，主語(yǔ)提前，變成were, should, had+主語(yǔ)的形式。但要注意，在虛擬條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首不能用動(dòng)詞的縮略形式。如我們可說(shuō)Were I not to do. ,而不能Weren’t I to go.

（4）特殊的虛擬語(yǔ)氣詞：should

① suggest/order/command/propose/demand/insist/require/ request… + that … (should) do

② the suggestion that … (should) do

③ This suggestion is that …(should) do

④ It is demanded/suggested/ordered/required/insisted … + that … (should) do

⑤ It is necessary/important/natural/strange… + that … (should) do

⑥ It is a pity/ a shame, no wonder… + that … (should) do

在賓語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用

在表示命令、建議、要求等一類動(dòng)詞后面的從句中。

order, suggest, insist … + (should) do

---I suggest that we(should)hold a meeting next week.

---He insisted that he(should)be sent there.

注意：如suggest, insist不表示“建議”或“堅(jiān)持要某人做某事時(shí)”，即它們用作 “暗示、表明”、“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句用陳述語(yǔ)氣。

---The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.

---Your pale face suggests that you are ill.

---I insisted that you were wrong.

在表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用

在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice 等名詞后面的表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句中要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即(should)+動(dòng)詞原形。

My idea is that we (should)get more people to attend the conference.

I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.

（5）wish的用法

用于wish 后面的從句，表示與事實(shí)相反的情況，或表示將來(lái)不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。其賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞形式為：

wish + (that) … did/were …(現(xiàn)在時(shí)：從句與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生)

wish + (that) … had done …(過(guò)去時(shí)：從句動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)作)

wish + (that) … would/could do (將來(lái)時(shí)：從句動(dòng)作于主句動(dòng)作之后)

I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一樣高。

He wished he hadn’t said that. 他希望他沒(méi)講那樣的話。

I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。

（6）if only

if only 表示“如果就好了”。

If only the alarm clock had rung. 當(dāng)時(shí)鬧鐘響了，就好了。

if only也可用于陳述語(yǔ)氣。

If only he comes early. 但愿他早點(diǎn)回來(lái)了。

only if 表示“只有”:

I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有鬧鐘響了，我才會(huì)醒。

（7）It is (high) time that …

It is (high) time that 后面的從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去式或用should加動(dòng)詞原形，但should不可省略。

It is time that the children went to bed.

It is high time that the children should go to bed.

（8）虛擬語(yǔ)氣在其他狀語(yǔ)從句中的用法

在as if引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中，用過(guò)去式表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)不符，用過(guò)去完成式表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)不符；在so that，in order that引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中，常用should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形來(lái)表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如：

They talked as if they had been friends for years．

She stayed at home for a few days so that she could take care of her mother．

（9）would rather sb did/had done …

(would rather do)

---I’d rather stay at home than go out.

---He’d rather you came on Friday.

2）倒裝

在英語(yǔ)中最基本的語(yǔ)序是“主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ) + 其他”，即：Who + do + what + how + where + when， 而且這個(gè)語(yǔ)序還十分固定。如果把主語(yǔ)后面的某一部分提到它前面，就是倒裝（Inversion）。沒(méi)有按照正常順序排列句子成分，叫廣義倒裝。如果把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞全部或部分放在主語(yǔ)的前面，叫狹義倒裝。我們這里討論的就是后者。如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞全部放到主語(yǔ)前面（主要適用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)，其他時(shí)態(tài)不能使用）叫完全倒裝。如果助動(dòng)詞或是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)前面，行為動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)后面，叫部分倒裝。

e.g. In came the headmaster, followed by a group of teachers. (完全倒裝)

校長(zhǎng)走了進(jìn)來(lái)，后面跟著一群老師。

There goes the bell. (完全倒裝)

Never shall I do that again. (部分倒裝)

注：副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和直接引語(yǔ)在句首使用全部倒裝。

（一）倒裝的意義

1. 適應(yīng)一定語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要，主要是指表達(dá)疑問(wèn)句結(jié)構(gòu)的需要。

e.g. How can I get to the railway station?

2. 為了強(qiáng)調(diào)某一部分，而把這部分放在了句首，引起倒裝。

e.g. Only in this way can we learn English well.

So early did he come to school that no other children came.

3. 為了保持句子平衡。

e.g. Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island.

“ Me, too,” said the boy anxiously.

（二）英語(yǔ)倒裝的幾種情況

（1）在疑問(wèn)句中

e.g. How are you getting along with your work?

Is this report written in detail?

注：如疑問(wèn)句作主語(yǔ)或者作定語(yǔ)修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí)，不發(fā)生倒裝。

（2）在There be 及其類似結(jié)構(gòu)中。There be +主語(yǔ)+地點(diǎn)。其中動(dòng)詞be也可以是其他詞，如lie, stand等。

e.g. There are many different kinds of mooncakes on the table.

There in Greece lived a famous thinker, named Aristotle.

There seems to be still some elements undiscovered yet.

There stands a bridge across the river.

（3）在表示祝愿的句子中

e.g. Long live the People’s Republic of China!

May you succeed!

（4）在省略if的虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件狀語(yǔ)從句中

這類句子中有were, had, should 等詞時(shí)，把were, had 或should置于句首。

e.g. Were there no air or water, there would be no life in the world.

Had you been more careful, such spelling mistakes might have been avoided.

Should he be here next week, he would help us with the problem.

（5）在so, nor, neither 或no more 開頭句子中

① 用于so 開頭的句子，表示重復(fù)前面相同內(nèi)容，意為“也怎么樣”。另外，在結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句句型so…that…中，如果so… 放在句首，主句需要部分倒裝。

e.g. I often go out for a walk after supper. So does she.

So excited was she at the news that she couldn’t say a word.

So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.

So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they were given a bonus.

So mush does he worry about his financial position that he can’t sleep at night

注：在該結(jié)構(gòu)中，“so + 形容詞”是表語(yǔ)前置；“so + 副詞”是狀語(yǔ)前置。.

② 用于nor, neither開頭的句子，表示重復(fù)前面內(nèi)容，“也不…”。

e.g. Li Lei can’t answer the question. Neither can I.

If you don’t wait for him, nor shall I.

（6）帶有否定意義的詞放在句首，語(yǔ)序需要部分倒裝。常見的詞語(yǔ)有：not, never, seldom, scarcely, rarely, barely, little, few, hardly, nowhere, nobody, in on way , on no account, at no time, not only…but also…, not once, under no condition, hardly…when, no sooner…than…等

e.g. Little did I think he is a spy.

Hardly had I reached home when it began to rain.

No sooner had I entered the room than the phone rang.

Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it .

Visit our stores. Nowhere else will you find such magnificent bargains.

（7）當(dāng)句首狀語(yǔ)為表示地點(diǎn)方位的介詞詞組時(shí)，句子倒裝。

e.g. Round the corner walked a large policeman.

Under the table was lying a half-conscious young man.

West of the lake lies the famous city.

（8）“某些副詞+不及物動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)” 的句式，或當(dāng)句首狀語(yǔ)為方位詞或擬聲詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為go, come 等表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移時(shí)需要全部倒裝。常用的副詞主要有：here, there, now, then, out, in, down, up, away等，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。主語(yǔ)是代詞時(shí)，不必倒裝。

e.g. Up went the plane.

In came the chairman and the meeting began.

Out rushed the boy.

Down came the brown wave.

Here is a ticket for you .

Now comes your turn.

注：如果主語(yǔ)是代詞則不發(fā)生倒裝。

e.g. Out they rushed!

Lower and lower he bent.

（9）only 放在句首，強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ)（副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句等），語(yǔ)序要部分倒裝。

e.g. Only in this way can we get in touch with them.

Only because he was ill was he absent from school.

Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing

(10) 在as though 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，一般將形容詞，副詞或名詞等置于句首。

e.g. Small as the atom is, we can smash it.

Dog-tired though they were, they continued to march on.

(11) 如果直接引語(yǔ)后注明是什么人說(shuō)的，而且主語(yǔ)是名詞時(shí)，需要完全倒裝；主語(yǔ)是代詞時(shí)，一般不用倒裝。

e.g. “Let’s go!” said the captain.

“Take off your boots!” ordered the guard.

“What do you mean?” he asked.

(12) 在強(qiáng)調(diào)表語(yǔ)時(shí)

e.g. Worst of all were the humiliations.

Such is the case.

(13) 在強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ)時(shí)

e.g. Still greater contributions should we make to our socialist construction.

Useful chemical fertilizer can we make from the waste liquid.

注：當(dāng)前置賓語(yǔ)由“not a +名詞”或者“not a single +名詞”構(gòu)成時(shí)，也會(huì)引起倒裝。

e.g. Alice had a terrible time touring that country. Not a day did she spend without having some unpleasantness with waiters in the hotel.

三、課文理解

根據(jù)課文內(nèi)容判斷正誤（True or False）。

( ) 1. In 1972, the United Nations held a meeting in Stockholm, Sweden to share ideas about how we can save the earth.

( ) 2. In Johannesburg, experts from all over the world spoke about different topics and

discussed new ways to solve the problems facing our planet now.

( ) 3. The “big three” causes almost three million deaths.

( ) 4. In the world, developing countries can prosper on their own.

( ) 5. We can save the earth by changing the way we live every day.

四、語(yǔ)法知識(shí)訓(xùn)練

1. You didn’t let me drive. If we ____ in turn, you ____ so tired.

A. drove, didn’t get B. drove, wouldn’t get

C. were driving, wouldn’t get D. had driven, wouldn’t have got

2. If it ____ for the snow, we ____ the mountain yesterday.

A. were not, could have climbed B. were not, could climb

C. hadn’t been, could have climbed D. hadn’t been, could climb

3. The new airport ____ if they hadn’t stopped working on it.

A. would complete B. had been completed

C. had completed D. would have been completed

4. I lost your address, otherwise (or) I ____ you long before.

A. had visited B. have visited C. would have visited D. should visit

5. The guard at the gate insisted that everybody ____ the rules.

A. obeys B. obey C. will obey D. would obey

6. The boss insisted that John ____ unfit for his work.

A. was B. is C. should be D. were

7. The officer commanded(ordered)the damaged bridge ____ before dawn.

A. must be repaired B. would be repaired

C. be repaired D. should have been repaired

8. I wish I ____ the TV program last night.

A. could watch B. have watched C. watched D. could have watched

9. The two strangers talked as if they ____ friends for years.

A. should be B. would be C. have been D. had been

10. It is natural (strange, important requested, a great pity) that he ____ change his mind.

A. will B. should C. can D. ought to

11. I’d rather you ____ there yesterday. I’d rather you ____ there tomorrow.

A. didn’t go, went B. hadn’t gone, should go

C. hadn’t gone, went D. didn’t go, should go

12. If only we ____ to their advice.

A. listen B. listening C. listened D. had listened

13. ____ for your knowledge of the language, I should have been completely lost.

A. Hadn’t it been B. If it were not C. Had it not been D. Had it been not

14. Not until all the fish died in the river _____ how serious the pollution was．

A. did the villagers realize B. the villagers realized

C. the villagers did realize D. didn't the villagers realize

15. ______ can you expect to get a pay rise．

A. With hard work B. Although work hard

C. Only with hard work D. Now that he works hard

16. - It was careless of you to have left your clothes outside all night．

- My God ! _______．

　A. So did I B. So I did C. So were you D. So did you

17. I finally got the job I dreamed about．Never in all my life ______ so happy．

A. did I feel B. I felt C. I had felt D. had I felt

18. Not a single song _____ at yesterday's party．

　A. she sang B. sang she C. did she sing D. she did sing　

19. _____it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.

A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will

20. Little ____ about his own safety, though he was in general danger himself.

A. does he care B. did he care C. he cares D. he cared

21. Only by practicing every day_____ be able to master the language.

A. you can B. can you C. you will D. will you

22. So ____ that no fish can live in it.

A. the lake is shallow B. shallow the lake is

C. shallow is the lake D. is the lake shallow

23. Not only _____ polluted but _____ crowded.

A. was the city; were the streets B. the city was; were the streets

C. was the city; the streets were D. the city was; the streets were

24. ______, he knows a lot of things.

A. As he is young B. As young he is

C. He is as young D. Young as he is

25. Hardly ____ the helicopter ____ when the waiting crowd ran toward it.

A. had; landed B. has; landed C. did; land D. was; landing

五、綜合訓(xùn)練

I. 基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)運(yùn)用

A. 單項(xiàng)選擇

1. City officials are considering _____ a path to give the public access _____ the ruins.

A. to build; to B. building; to C. to build; for D. building; for

2. I may be late ---- I have got one or two things _____.

A. to attend B. to be attended

C. to attend to D. to be attended to

3. The number of _____ from AIDS _____ still increasing in many parts of the world.

A. deaths; is B. death; is C. deaths; are D. death; are

4. He hardly talked about his own work, and was content to _____ to the _____ of others.

A. listening; experience B. listen; experience

C. listening; experiences D. listen; experiences

5. You may _____, but you must not take any recording device into the room.

A. take notice B. take notes C. take action D. take steps

6. Do not place the blame anywhere but on yourself, because you _____ have chosen that path.

A. only B. just C. alone D. lonely

7. Don’t worry. We will do what we can _____ you.

A. help B. helping C. to help D. do help

8. What do you think of Li Hong’s suggestion that we ____ a play at the English evening?

A. will put on B. should put on C. must put on D. can put on

9. Then ______we had been looking forward to.

A. came the hour B. the hour came

C. comes the hour D. the hour is coming

10. --- That English fellow’s songs are very poetic.

--- ______the works to the songs , but he also composes the music.

A. he also writes B. Although he writes

C. Not only does he write D. It is not all that all writes

B. 選詞并用詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。

summary introduce representative violence equality

responsibility willingness suffer correct advise

11. It is hard to imagine the pain and ________ they went through.

12. Could you give me some ________ about buying a home?

13. I wrote a letter ________ the main points we had discussed.

14. Choose two stones of roughly ________ weight and size.

15. Each class will elect two students to________ them on the School Council.

16. Police believe that the same man is ________ for three other murders in the area.

17. The information you gave us was ________.

18. After a brief________ by the Chairman, the meeting began.

19. Do ________ programs and video games really cause people to become more aggressive?

20. My father would be ________ to move with me and this of course would allow me to sell my present house.

II. 完形填空 用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~將下列短文補(bǔ)充完整，每空一詞。

POLAR bears are getting thinner. It is not a diet and it is not because there is less food to __21__. It is because the world is getting __22__.

　 Giant white bears __23__ live in the Hudson Bay area in the great Canadian north are at the moment impatiently waiting for ice to __24__. They need the ice to form a "bridge" to their food - seals. Seals usually live __25__ from land among the icebergs.

__26__, as the climate becomes warmer, winter is getting shorter and sea ice is decreasing（減少）in the area. This is making polar bears' lives increasingly difficult.

　 Bears need to eat as much food as possible in the winter to make __27__ fat enough to live through five months __28__ food in the summer and autumn. During the five-month ice-free season, the bears are forced to fast (絕食).

　　"For every week a bear has not been hunting food on ice, it is 10 kilograms __29__," said a scientist.

　　The average temperature of the region has risen from 0.3 to 0.4 degrees centigrade (攝氏度) __30__ 1950. With the change of the climate, the sea ice is melting earlier in the spring. Thus the hunting season for bears is getting __31__. And the bears, on average, weigh between 80 and 85 kilograms less than they did in 1985. In the future this could __32__ the bears' ability to reproduce (繁殖).

　　It is gradual global __33__ that has caused these problems for the bears. The greenhouse effect helps to regulate (調(diào)節(jié)) the temperature of our planet. Without a natural greenhouse effect, the average temperature of the Earth would be about zero degrees centigrade. Human activity has been increasing the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, mostly carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) from __34__ coal, oil, and gas. This is increasing the power of the greenhouse effect, making the planet __35__ warmer.

III. 閱讀理解

A

Asian countries continue to find better ways to solve their pollution problems. Singapore introduced a Corrective Work Order campaign(運(yùn)動(dòng)). C.W.O. requires those people who like to throw away waste materials in a public place to do public service. They must clean beaches, parks and housing developments. As a result, rubbish has decreased.

Thailand uses fear to control throwing away rubbish. A rich Thai woman designed “magic eyes” to encourage people to protect the surroundings. The eyes were put up in schools and on every street corner.

Certainly the most expensive plan is Japan’s large vacuum(吸塵器). This vacuum will operate along Osaka’s dirtiest road. The vacuum sucks up the air and makes it clean.

36. How does the Corrective Work Order solve the pollution problem?

A. It discourages students from throwing away waste paper.

B. It encourages people to protect the surroundings.

C. It punishes the people who throw away rubbish.

D. It praises the people who clean beaches and parks.

37. The passage is mainly about ______.

A. Asian plans for pollution B. air pollution in Asia

C. how to solve the problem of air pollution D. how to make the air clean

38. From the passage we can know ______ cost most money.

A. “magic eyes” B. beach-cleaner

C. Corrective Work Order campaign D. large vacuum

39. The word “decrease” refers to ______.

A. get more in numbers B. become less in numbers

C. increase in strength D. enlarge in quality

40. “Magic eyes” was introduced by a woman in ______.

A. Thailand B. Japan C. Singapore D. Asia

B

Many of the world’s pollution problems have been caused by the crowding of large groups of people into the cities. Supply for the needs of the people leads to further pollution by industry. If the rapid increase of world population in countries continues at the present rate, there may be much greater harm to human beings. Some scientists speak of the increase in numbers of people as “population pollution”.

About 2,000 years ago, the world population was probably about 250 million. It reached a billion in 1850. By 1930 the population was two billion. It is now three and a half billion. It is expected to double by the year 2005. If the population continues to grow at the same rate, there will be 25 billion people in the world a hundred years from now.

Man has been using the earth’s resources more and more rapidly over the past years. Some of them are almost used up. Now many people believe that man’s greatest problem is how to control the growth of the population. The material supplies in the world will be far from enough to support the human population, in time to come, if the present rate of increase continues. Already there is overcrowding in many cities and starvation in some countries. Should man’s population keep on growing so rapidly as before? Many people believe that human survival in the future depends on the answer to the question.

41. The rapid increase in population is considered to be ______.

A. the increase of resources B. population pollution

C. the development of mankind D. the present rate

42. The world population will be ______ by the year 2005.

A. 7 billion B. 250 million C. 25 billion D. 3.5 billion

43. It is very important for us ______.

A. to use the materials in the world B. to move into cities

C. to control the growth of our population D. to support the human population

44. If the present rate of increase continues, _______.

A. the world is going to end

B. the earth won’t be able to support the growing population in the future

C. pollution has nothing to do with the rapidly increasing population

D. there would be four billion in the world a hundred years from now

45. Which of the following is Not true according to the passage?

A. In 1850 the world population reached a billion.

B. Man must fight a battle against population pollution.

C. The world’s population is increasing with years.

D. All of the Earth’s resources are gone now.

C

People who live in heavily industrialized areas do not get as much sunshine as they should. Dust floating over a city at the height of more than 4,000 feet cut out between 20 and 50 percent of the sunlight and up to 90 percent of the ultraviolet light(紫外線). But dust is not the only thing to worry about. When materials for burning are burned, whether in a factory or in a home, or in the engine of a car, carbon dioxide(二氧化碳) and carbon monoxide(一氧化碳) are given off. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere prevents loss of heat and keeps warmth in and slowly raising the temperature of the earth. This could actually change the climate all over the world. Carbon monoxide is very poisonous and quite small amounts can kill.

Everybody wants to have a motor car, and sometimes when they are stuck in(塞住) a traffic jam it seems as though everybody has already got one. Unfortunately, while giving us so much pleasure, cars are also poisoning us. The amount of dangerous substances sent out by a car is quite astonishing. Did you know, for example, that a hundred cars can produce a third of a ton of carbon monoxide and many other poisonous substances every day? When you realize that in Great Britain there are over 18,000,000 motor vehicles, you can see the greatness of the problem.

What is the answer then? Scientists are trying to produce a car engine that gives off no pollution at all. What about the millions of cars already in use now? Must they all be thrown away? It would probably be very expensive to make changes in them so that they will have nothing to do with pollution.

46. According to the passage, people in big cities should ______.

A. throw away their cars B. get more sunshine

C. move to the countryside D. wear masks over nose and mouth

47. What is not harmful to health in the atmosphere?

A. Carbon dioxide. B. Carbon monoxide.

C. Dust. D. Enough ultraviolet rays.

48. According to the passage, how much carbon monoxide do the cars in Great Britain give off?

A. About 60,000 tons. B. More than 60,000 tons.

C. About 50,000 tons. D. Less than 50,000 tons.

49. Which of the following statements is not right?

A. No answer has been found to do away with the pollution caused by cars.

B. Millions of cars have already been equipped with new engines that give off no dirty gases.

C. It costs much to make the present cars free from pollution.

D. Scientists never stop looking for new ways to make the atmosphere clear.

50. What do you think people should not do to prevent pollution?

A. Take buses or walk when possible.

B. Drive cars which are good in quality.

C. Use high-quality oil in their cars.

D. Keep the engine of their cars going on when they are waiting for a train to pass across.

D

Hong Kong stars Nicolas Tse (謝霆鋒) and Edison Chen (陳冠希) can be seen everywhere: magazines, newspapers, movies. But their latest action film might have trouble finding a place on prime time (黃金時(shí)間) TV.

The movie, "The Moving Targets" (《青年干探》), is one of many violent films that will soon no longer be shown between 7 pm and 9 pm. In an attempt to protect young minds from violence, a new regulation issued by China's State Administration of Radio, Film and Television (SARFT, 廣電總局) is to make prime time a forbidden zone.

Directed by the famous Hong Kong film maker Wong Jing, "The Moving Targets" tells the story of two young detectives battling against gangsters. Unsurprisingly, it is full of explosions (爆炸), gun battles and street fighting. The movie was given a parental guidance (PG) rating in Hong Kong, and might now only appear after 9 pm on mainland TV screens. If it's a school night, most students will be fast asleep by the time it ends.

But despite this possible loss on entertainment, senior high school students in Beijing welcome the new rule, even boys who enjoy a good action movie.

"We think the regulation is for the benefit of teenagers like us, although we rarely watch TV at that time on weekdays," said She Fei, a Senior 1 student at Beijing Huiwen High School. "The prime time for TV channels is also the prime time for us to do our homework. Like many boys, I enjoy watching action movies, but I think violence has been over-played in recent years," She explained. "I'd like to watch more knowledge-based programmes like Samsung Intelligence Express (三星智力快車) on CCTV."

For millions of parents in China, the new rule has been a long time in coming. "Measures to clean up TV to protect our children should have been introduced years ago," said Liu Yingming, a teacher and mother of a Senior 1 boy in Xi'an. "We have already seen the negative effects of TV and movie violence on children.

A juvenile delinquency (未成年人犯罪) case in Xi'an last month heard how a teenager was killed when 11 boys started a street fight. Aged as young as 13, they were armed with blades and daggers (匕首), local police said. The boys admitted that they were strongly affected by street fighting scenes in the Hong Kong gangster movie series "Young & Dangerous" (《蠱惑仔》). Many parents and teachers in Xi'an see this case as proof of the negative effect of TV and movie violence on teens.

This bad influence includes the use of bad language first heard used on screen. "As a result of watching unsuitable movies from Hollywood, many children do not speak English well," said Lu Ying, a teacher in Beijing. "But they are fluent in English swear words."

The administration admitted the rule was introduced following requests from many parents. "They hoped the government could create a more healthy environment for children," said deputy minister Zhao Shi. "Domestic TV productions have become more violent."

Answer the following questions.

51. Why may the movie, “the Moving Targets”, have trouble finding a place on prime time TV?

52. Why has the new regulation been issued?

53. Name the places that already have rating systems.

54. How are movies rated in the US?

55. What is the rating of the movie, “Terminator 3”?

IV. 單句改錯(cuò)

56. What are the biggest problems faced the earth?

57. What does she think is the most serious problem ?

58. We should spend more money in science so we can use the coal in a better way.

59. The United Nations held a meeting to share ideas about what we can take better care of the earth.

60. Representatives at the meeting discussed some of the most important problem.

61. Most of the deaths happen in rural areas, there people burn wood and coal to cook food and

stay warm.

62. Global development means the rich people get richer when the poor get poorer.

63. Many of the speakers at the summit said that education is the key of the future.

64. One out five children before age five die from diseases caused by environmental problems.

65. Only by changing how we live we can save the earth.

V. 書面表達(dá)

移動(dòng)電話在中國(guó)發(fā)展很快，擁有和使用它已成為當(dāng)今時(shí)尚。請(qǐng)根據(jù)以下提示,從正反兩方面談?wù)勥@種新潮。

正面：1. 是生活富裕的表現(xiàn)

2．方便，有利于工作，生活

反面：1．干擾正常生活，工作

2．造成安全隱患

3．給人不禮貌的印象（字?jǐn)?shù)100-120）

Unit 9

三、課文理解:

1.F 2.F 3.F 4.F 5.T

四、語(yǔ)法知識(shí)訓(xùn)練：

1-5 DCDCB 6－10 ACDDB 11－15 CDCAC 16－20 BDCBB 21－25 DCCDA

五、綜合訓(xùn)練

I.基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)運(yùn)用

A. 1－5 BCADB 6-10 CCBAC

B. 11. suffering 12. advice 13. summarizing 14. equal 15. represent

16. responsible 17. incorrect 18. introduction 19. violent 20. willing

II.完形填空

21. catch 22. warmer 23. that 24. form 25. away 26. However

27. themselves 28. without 29. lighter 30. since 31. shorter 32. affect

33. warming 34. burning 35. even

III. 閱讀理解

36-40 CADBA 41---45 BACBD 46---50 BDBBD

51.Because a new regulation issued by China’s State Administration of Radio, Film and

Television is to make prime time a forbidden zone for violent films and TV programs.

52. The new regulation has been issued to protect young minds from violence.

53. Hong Kong; the US and some other countries.

54. The movie rating systems in the US has five rating categories: G; PG; PG-13 ; NC-17 and R.

55. “Terminator 3” is R-rated.

IV. 單句改錯(cuò)

56 faced---facing 57 is放在句末 58 in--on 59 what--how

60 problem---problems 61 there--where 62 when---while 63 of---to

64 out后加of 65 can放在we前

V.書面表達(dá)

Mobile phone can be seen used nowadays everywhere in China. It is of course a sign that we are better off than before and it is also a good thing when you can continue your work or business without the limit of time and space just with a mobile phone in your hand. It helps a great deal in our work and life and it is so convenient that some people can not leave it for just a minute.

But with a mobile phone, it seems that you never have any peace of rest. Wherever you go, whatever time it is, calls and messages will annoy you. You have to answer the phone while you are eating, talking to someone else or having a meeting or even while you are driving. Just think how impolite and silly you are and how dangerous that is! Some experts even point out the radiation from mobile phones may do harm to people.