I. General Goals for this Unit
1) words and expressions
unforgettable, seismograph, tomb, host, iceberg, earthquake, sink, waitress, disaster, experience, typhoon, roar, advance, seize, swallow, crack, strike, naughty;
take place, think twice, look around, a mass of, sweep away, get on one’s feet, go down, cut down, a part of, take a photo, look up, be afraid of, look into, look down
2) expressions for communicative uses
When did the earthquake happen?
Where was the man when it happened?
What was the first thing …?
What had he been doing before …?
First … Next … Then … Finally …
3) Sentence Drills
Flora heard somebody shouting.
4) Grammar
The Attributive Clause (I) 定語(yǔ)從句 (1)
II. Language Studies
Warming up
get the chance to host the 2008 Olympic Games
①host n. 東道主，主人，主辦人，節(jié)目主持人
____ the _____ ___ the party we thanked our host and went home. (在…結(jié)束時(shí))
Miss White will be host of today’s program. 擔(dān)任今天的節(jié)目主持人
China is the _________ _____________ of the 2008 Olympiad. (東道國(guó))
v. 作…的東道主，主辦
Each country is fighting to __________ the next ___________ Games. (主辦亞運(yùn)會(huì))
(hostess n. 女主人)
②The Olympic Games _______ (be) held __________ ________ years. (每四年)
Listening
1) take place “發(fā)生、舉行”，該詞組是不及物的，不能加賓語(yǔ)，當(dāng)然也沒(méi)有被動(dòng)。
請(qǐng)判斷哪一句正確：
China has taken place great changes since 1978.
Great changes have been taken place in China since 1978.
Great changes have taken place in China since 1978.
Happen 也沒(méi)有被動(dòng)，意即come about，一般指事故等偶然時(shí)間的發(fā)生。
交通事故是何時(shí)發(fā)生的？ When _________ the __________ accident __________?
2) Hank was caught in the earthquake. Hank 被困于地震。
catch “（使）絆住、纏住、掛住” be caught “陷入困境、進(jìn)退兩難”，表示人遇到下雨、刮風(fēng)、交通堵塞等，可用句型：somebody + be caught + 介詞的結(jié)構(gòu)。
The car was caught ______________ two trucks. (夾在…之間)
He was _________ ____ the _________ hour traffic. (受困于高峰期的車流中)
Thousands of people were caught in the buildings when the World Trade Center was attacked by terrorists.
I got caught in a shower / rain on my way back home yesterday.
☆☆☆3) the broken road 被破壞了的路
注意broken是分詞定語(yǔ)。分詞作定語(yǔ)，要注意它的形式（是現(xiàn)在分詞還是過(guò)去分詞）：
單純現(xiàn)在/過(guò)去分詞一般作前置定語(yǔ)
an ___________ speech（激動(dòng)人心的） ____________ tears (激動(dòng)的)
A broken cup a ____________ face (驚奇的)
an interesting story ___________ English 口語(yǔ)
a flying plane A ___________ boy (正在睡覺(jué)的)
developing countries 發(fā)展中國(guó)家 _______________ countries 發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家
____________ leaves (空中的落葉) Fallen leaves
分詞短語(yǔ)一般作后置定語(yǔ)
The man __________ __ _____ ____________ (在會(huì)上發(fā)言的) is our headmaster.
Can you read the book _________ ____ _________________ (用英語(yǔ)寫的)?
Speaking
有關(guān)fire的幾個(gè)詞組：
be on fire 在燃燒（表示狀態(tài)）
Look! That house is on fire. (= That house is burning.)
The house _____ __________ _______ __________ (已經(jīng)燒了) for three hours.
Catch fire 著火（表示動(dòng)作）（沒(méi)有被動(dòng)）改正下列有錯(cuò)誤的句子：
①Paper is caught fire easily. ②Paper can be caught fire easily.
③Paper catches fire easily.
play with fire 玩火 set fire to something 放火燒…
That house has _______ _______ _______ _____ by those bad guys. (被點(diǎn)著了)
作 “火災(zāi)、爐火、火堆”解，是可數(shù)名詞：
He _________ _____ _____________ (生火) in his room.
A fire __________ _______ (爆發(fā)) in the street yesterday.
fire v. 開(kāi)火；解雇：
The soldiers fired at the enemy.
Bob _____ _______ ______ his boss yesterday. (被老板開(kāi)除)
Reading
1) Flora heard somebody shouting. Flora聽(tīng)到有人（正在）叫
注意hear是感官動(dòng)詞，我們?cè)?jīng)學(xué)過(guò)，感官動(dòng)詞可以加動(dòng)詞不定式（省略to）、分詞（包含現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)，一般表示賓語(yǔ)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；而過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)，表示賓語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)行為；如果用省略 to 的不定式作賓補(bǔ)的話，則表示動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程。
感官動(dòng)詞主要有 see, hear, watch, feel, notice, look at, listen to, observe, find 等
區(qū)別下列各組句子的含義：
I saw him getting into a car.
理解： I saw him get into a car and drive off.
理解：
I heard him knocking the door.
理解： I heard him knock the door three times.
理解：
I saw him crossing the road.
理解： I saw him cross the road.
理解：
I heard your sister playing that music when I passed your house yesterday.
理解： I heard your sister play that music several times.
理解：
We feel our hope _____________ (被打碎).
He found his wallet ____________ (被偷).
He saw the window ________________ (被打碎) after he arrived home.
2) look around 環(huán)顧四周
look into 朝…里面看；調(diào)查
We’ll _______ ______ the ________ (調(diào)查這件事情) as soon as possible.
Look down upon / on 藐視、小看、看輕
Women ________ _______ ________ ______ (被藐視) in the past.
Look forward to something / doing something 盼望；期望
I am ________ ________ to ________ you again. (正盼望再次見(jiàn)到你)
look into one’ s face 直視… 的臉
look back upon / on 回顧
We ______ _______ _______ the _______ with pride. (回顧過(guò)去)
3) Before she could move, she heard a loud noise, which grew to a terrible roar.
①before 的本義是“在…之前”，但英語(yǔ)句子里的before往往有漂亮的翻譯。試翻譯：
The fire lasted 4 hours before people got there.
_________________________________________.
He fell asleep before I could take off his clothes.
_______________________________________.
☆I(lǐng)t won’t be long before great changes take place here.
不久_______________________________________________.
The holiday ended before I knew it.
_____________________________.
②grow to = become / turn into 變成
The gentle voice grew to a loud noise.
4) There she saw a wall of water that was quickly advancing towards her.
advance v. & n. 前進(jìn)；進(jìn)展；提前
All the trucks _________ _________ __________ (朝著…慢慢行進(jìn)) the work site.
Her English _____ __________ ____________ (正在快速提高).
Our teacher has _________ the ________ for handing ____ homework ____ one week. (老師把腳作業(yè)的截至日期提前了一個(gè)禮拜。)
in advance 提前
I’m sorry not to have let you know the date in advance.
advanced adj. 先進(jìn)的；高級(jí)的
We must _________ ______ (引進(jìn)) more advanced technologies.
5) “Run!” Jeff shouted, seizing her arm.
seize v. 抓住，奪取，獲得
The baby seized his mother’s hand and didn’t let her go.
Try to _________ __________ _____________ (抓住每一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)) of development.
The soldiers ________ the __________ (占領(lǐng)飛機(jī)場(chǎng)) of that city.
6) sweep (…) down 把…吹倒/刮倒 sweep away 掃走/清除掉/沖走
A lot of trees were ________ _________ by the wind and all the fallen leaves were ________ __________.
Please sweep these banana skins away.
They were swept away by the water.
7) He was standing, holding onto a tree that grew against the wall.
①hold onto something “緊緊抓住…不放”，有時(shí)含有不容易做到之意。
She tried to hold onto her job ____ __________ _____________ (通過(guò)努力工作).
He ______ ____ ___ _______ (抓牢一棵樹(shù)) so as to stop him ______ falling down.
You must hold onto that house now. The price will ________ (上升) soon.
區(qū)別：hold on “繼續(xù)（堅(jiān)持）下去”，“（打電話用語(yǔ)）別掛斷”
Hold on until help comes! 堅(jiān)持到救援人員的到來(lái)！
Hold on a minute – Mr Li will be here soon. 稍等片刻，Mr馬上就到。
hold to “信守…、堅(jiān)持（意見(jiàn)等）”
He always holds to his own idea / promise.
②grew against the wall 靠墻生長(zhǎng)
against 的本義是“反對(duì)、對(duì)抗”，可以引申出很多意思，如下列句子中的against，請(qǐng)把下列句子正確地翻譯出來(lái)：
Put the ladder against the wall. ____________________________________
They fought against slavery. ________________________________________
Are you for or against my plan? __________________________________________
It is against the law to do that. ________________________________________
They are walking against the wind. _____________________________________
Tom hit his head against a tree. _________________________________________
A red flag is flying against the blue sky. __________________________________
He took the job against his own will. _____________________________________
8) （get） on one’s feet “站起來(lái)、病后恢復(fù)健康、經(jīng)濟(jì)上自立”
He _____ ____ get / stand on his feet, but he failed. (試圖)
He has been on his feet all day. 他站了一整天了。
He has _________ ____ (長(zhǎng)大); he can stand on his feet. 他長(zhǎng)大了，可以自立了。
on foot 步行
他經(jīng)常步行上學(xué)。___________________________________________.
9) She fought for her life. 她為活命而戰(zhàn)。
fight for 為得到/爭(zhēng)取…而斗爭(zhēng)
The blacks have been fighting for their _____________ (平等的) rights.
fight against 為反對(duì)…而戰(zhàn)
They fought against the Japanese during those years.
10) Jeff and Flora looked into each other’s face with a look of fright.
with a look of … “面帶…的表情”，look 作名詞，有表情的意思。又如:
The girl ______ _____ (抬頭看) with a _________ (驚奇的) look on her face.
fright n. “驚嚇、害怕”
The news gave her a little fright.
I got a fright when the dog came at me.
frighten v. “使…驚嚇”
Don’t _________ _____ (不要嚇我). He is _______ (講) the truth.
frightening adj. 嚇人的 frightened adj. 嚇壞了的
I was ____________ by the __________________ news. (我被這個(gè)嚇人的消息嚇懷了)
11) be around the corner 在轉(zhuǎn)彎處；即將到來(lái)
Look! The bus is just around the corner.
New Year’s Day is around the corner. 元旦即將到來(lái)。
12) Another big wave struck the wall. 又一個(gè)巨浪打在墻上。
strike v. 襲擊；打擊；罷工；（鐘）敲（幾點(diǎn)）；劃火柴；使…有印象
He struck me in the face.
He struck a match in the dark and lit the room.
The workers were striking because they wanted more money. 工人們?cè)诹T工，因?yàn)樗麄円笤黾庸べY。
(注意在be on strike “在罷工” 和go on strike “去罷工”里的strike 是名詞，如：The workers are on strike. 工人們?cè)诹T工。)
The clock struck nine. 鐘敲了九下
They were struck by the beautiful scenery. 它們被美麗的風(fēng)景打動(dòng)了。
13) go down “下降、倒下、（物價(jià)）下跌、（船只）沉沒(méi)、（日月）下落、（風(fēng)浪等）平息”
The price _______ _________ ____________ (已經(jīng)下跌).
The ship went down at last.
The sun is doing down quickly.
Tree after tree went down in the flood.
14) look out of 從…望出去
Looking out of the window, he saw a lot of students playing on the ground.
look out = watch out 當(dāng)心；小心
Watch out / Look out! The car is coming fast.
15) Tree after tree went down, …
①tree after tree “一棵接一棵的樹(shù)”，注意類似該結(jié)構(gòu)的詞組非常多：
Year after year they worked in the fields.
He went shop after shop to find a gift for his friend.
They came in one by one.
They walked hand in hand.
They are talking face to face.
②cut down “砍倒、消減、壓縮、縮短”
A lot of tree ______ _______ _______ ________ (已經(jīng)被砍倒) in this place.
The price / cost has been cut down. (區(qū)別：The price / cost has gone down.)
The soldiers were cut down by bullets(子彈).
cut off 切斷、隔絕、斷絕：cut off the water / food supply
16) A terrible noise went through the house. 巨大的聲音響徹房屋。
go through 本來(lái)是“穿過(guò)、穿越”之意，這里指聲音的“響徹”。
____ _________ _____ ________ (穿過(guò)森林), and you can reach the river.
He has __________ _____________ many hardships. 他吃過(guò)很多苦。
17) up and down 來(lái)來(lái)回回，上上下下，前前后后，到處
In that earthquake people could feel houses move up and down.
The teacher is walking up and down the classroom. (注意the classroom之前不用in)
The teacher is walking up and down outside the classroom.
Cars and buses are running up and down the street. (注意the street之前不用in)
He looked me up and down.
Language study
The man whose leg broke in a match used to be a football player.
①used to + 動(dòng)詞原形，意即“過(guò)去常常…”
He used to walk to school, ________________? 或_________________?
People used to think that the earth was the center of the universe.
There used to be a school here, _________________? 或_______________?
________ you to walk to school? 或______ you ______ _____ walk to school?
②be used to + 動(dòng)詞原形，“被用來(lái)…”
This machine is ______ ___ ______ metal _______ pieces. (被用來(lái)切割…成)
③be used to + 名詞或動(dòng)名詞，“習(xí)慣于…”
He is used to living here.
變成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)：He ________________________________.
Be used to something / doing something 中的be可以用get, become, grow來(lái)代替，表示過(guò)程：
You will soon get used to the life in the countryside.
Integrating skills
1) go on a holiday / vacation 去度假
go on a two-day trip to ＋地名 “作一個(gè)為期兩天的到某地去的旅行”
go on separate holidays 去度各自不同的假
2) Wei Bin take a photo of us standing in front of the Buddha.
Take a photo of somebody doing something “拍一張某人正在做某事的照片”，注意doing something 是分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。又如：
I have _________ a lot of photos ____ Li Ping _________ (學(xué))English in his spare time.
Take a photo for somebody 為…拍照（也許他不會(huì)操作相機(jī)）：
_________ (勞駕) me, but can you take a photo ____ the building _______ me?
3) in a second / minute 片刻之后
I’ll ____ _____ ________ ____ ____________ (一會(huì)兒之后就回來(lái)).
In a second she came to herself again. 片刻后她醒過(guò)來(lái)了。
4) It was fun to see the monkeys eat from his hand.
It is fun to do something “做某事很有趣”，注意fun是不可數(shù)名詞，前面不能加冠詞（參見(jiàn)前面單元有關(guān)內(nèi)容）
5) towards evening 傍晚
傍晚，天開(kāi)始下雨了。___________________________________________.
The Attributive Clause (I)
Basic concepts about The Attributive Clause 基本概念
①在復(fù)合句中修飾某一名詞或代詞的句子叫定語(yǔ)從句。
②定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的詞叫先行詞；定語(yǔ)從句放在先行詞的后面。
③定語(yǔ)從句必須有引導(dǎo)詞，該引導(dǎo)詞被稱為關(guān)系詞。
④關(guān)系詞既引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，又在定語(yǔ)從句里充當(dāng)一定的成分。關(guān)系詞和先行詞是同一內(nèi)容的。
⑤關(guān)系詞有：關(guān)系代詞：that, which, who, whom, whose, as; 關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why
The uses of that, which, who, whom, whose 基本用法
1) that 指物，也指人。在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。
A plane is a ________ ______ can ________. (能飛的機(jī)器)
〔引導(dǎo)詞在定語(yǔ)從句里的成分:__________〕
The pen (_____) he ______ last week ______ very good. (上周買的)
〔成分：______ ★作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞常可省略〕
The man _______ is _______ the ________ over there is a teacher. (正在讀報(bào))
〔成分：_________★關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ)不可省略〕
☆注：定語(yǔ)從句在以下幾種場(chǎng)合下只能用that 引導(dǎo)：
a)先行詞為 few, everything, nothing, anything, all, little, much 等不定代詞時(shí)：
Everything (______) we ______ was ______.(所見(jiàn)的一切有趣)
All I _____ _____ _____ (所知道的就是這).
All ______ can ____ _____ must be ______ at once.(所能作的事必須立刻做)
There is nothing _____ ______ ________ these boys in the book. (能夠引起…的注意)
b)先行詞被few, little, all, every, no, some, any 等修飾：
I watched all the ______(杯子) ______ ______ on the table fall onto the floor.
c)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或adj.的最高級(jí)修飾：
This is the first bridge that we built over the river.
This is ____ ______ _____ ______ I have read.(最好的書）
d)先行詞被 the only, the very, the same, the last 等修飾
He is the last man that I want to see here.
I am the very person that can answer your question.
e)當(dāng)主句是以 who 開(kāi)頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句用 that 而不用 who / whom引導(dǎo)：
Who is the man ____ _____ _____ at the _____?(正站在門口)
f) 先行詞是人和物的混合體時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句用 that
I still remember the things and persons ______ ________ important to me in my college life. (對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)證明是正確的)
2) which 指物，在從句里作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)：
A bookstore is a ________ _______ _________ __________(賣書的店)
〔成分:___________可省嗎？_______可用that嗎__________〕
The film _____ we _____ yesterday ______ ______.(昨天看的電影是有趣的)
〔成分：_______ 可省略嗎？______ 可用that 代替嗎？_____〕
3) who 指人，在從句里作主語(yǔ)；whom 作賓語(yǔ)（在口語(yǔ)，如前面無(wú)介詞，則常用who代替）；whose指所有格，“人的”或“物的”，在從句中作定語(yǔ)。
The man ____ ____ ____ (站)there is Mr Li.
〔成分：_________ 可省略嗎？________ 可用that嗎？_________〕
Those ____ _____ to see the film ____ ______ tickets.(那些要看電影的人應(yīng)買票)
Where is the man _______ I saw this morning?
〔成分：_______ 可省略嗎？______ 能用哪些關(guān)系詞？__________________〕
Do you know the name of the book _______ cover (封面) is red?
〔成分：______ 可省略嗎？___ 可用其他引導(dǎo)詞 代替嗎？______〕
Basic Exercises on The Attributive Clause 基本訓(xùn)練
1 Fill in the blanks with that, which, who, whom, whose
1) The earthquake _________ hit the city in 1906 was the biggest in American history.
2) We don’t know the number of people _____ lost their homes in the earthquake.
3) The house ________ they built in 1987 stayed up in the earthquake.
4) A house ______ is built on sand may fall down in an earthquake.
5) Luckily none of the people ________ I knew were killed in the earthquake.
6) People _________ study earthquake think that there will be another big one soon.
2 Combine the following pairs of sentences, using that, which, who
1) The road was destroyed in the earthquake. It has now been built stronger.
2) The people were in danger. The soldiers have saved them.
3) The waiter was very friendly and polite. He served us tea.
4) A dictionary is a book. You can use it to learn more words.
5) Xiao Ming works in a shop. The shop sells photo cameras.
6) What was the name of the farmer? He discovered the Tomb of Qin Shi Huang.
7) I really like traveling. I like beautiful places.
8) The bus goers to the airport. It runs every half hour.
3 Combine the following pairs of sentences, using that, which, who
1) The letter is from my uncle. I received it yesterday.
2) The teacher saw what happened. He was standing nearby.
3) The girl is not here. She told me the news.
4) This is the tree. He was climbing it yesterday.
5) Don’t drink water. It has not been boiled.
6) The student is in the room. His name is Tom.
7) The house is our library. Its door is painted red.