Unit3 Art and architecture
【本章重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)】
Ⅰ．Hot words and hot phrases常用詞與常用詞組
1．Architecture looks at the man-made living environment．(P.19)
look at在此句中的用法
2．...who wanted to change society with buildings that went against people's feeling of beauty．(P.19)
動(dòng)詞詞組go against的內(nèi)涵及用法
3．Modern buildings impress us because they are huge...(P.19)
動(dòng)詞impress的用法
4．But in the choice of materials and shape of buildings，ancient architecture stands much closer to nature．(P.20)
詞組in the choice of的意義和用法
5．Despite using traditional materials，Gaudi was a modern architect．(P.20)
介詞despite的意義和用法
6．Most of Gaudi's works were constructed in and round Barcelona．(P.20)
動(dòng)詞construct的意義和用法
7．Frank Lloyd Wright，who built an art museum in New York，found himself inspired by Japanese seashells．(P.20)
動(dòng)詞inspire的意義和用法
8．They are decorated with small round windows that remind us of ships，bent roofs，...(P.23)
動(dòng)詞decorate的意義和用法；動(dòng)詞詞組remind sb. of sth.的意義和用法
9．The simple style of the buildings and the fact that they are German set them aside as very different from Chinese architecture．(P.23)
動(dòng)詞詞組set...aside的意義和用法
10．...so that people in the neighborhood are not disturbed when rock musicians move in and practice for a concert．(P.24)
動(dòng)詞disturb和interrupt在意義和用法上的區(qū)別
Ⅱ．Language points and grammar focus語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)和語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)
A．Language points語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)
1．When you look around at buildings，streets，squares and parks，you will find them designed，planned and built in different styles．(P.19)
“find+賓語(yǔ)+現(xiàn)在分詞”與“find+賓語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞”在內(nèi)涵上的區(qū)別和各自的用法
2．Looking at the architecture by Gaudi is like a dream，full of fantastic colours and shapes．(P.20)
“full of...”形容詞性的詞組用作非限制性定語(yǔ)時(shí)的用法
3．Viewed from the top，it looks as if the stadium is covered by a gray net of steel，...(P.20)
分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)是句子的主語(yǔ)
4．The simple style of buildings and the fact that they are German set them aside as very different from Chinese architecture．(P.23)
that在同位語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)從句中不同的內(nèi)涵及用法
5．Until very recently，most of the workshops in Factory 798 stood empty．(P.23)
半系動(dòng)詞stand的內(nèi)涵及用法
6．Many large cities...have had experiments of this kind，with old factories turned into successful art centers．(P.24)
介詞短語(yǔ)with+賓語(yǔ)+現(xiàn)在分詞／過(guò)去分詞／不定式，不同非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表達(dá)的不同內(nèi)涵及用法
B．Grammar focus語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)
The Past Participle used as Object Complement用作賓補(bǔ)的過(guò)去分詞
Ⅲ．Skills of the four essential abilities：listening，speaking，reading and writing聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫四項(xiàng)基本能力的學(xué)習(xí)技巧
1．Listening：Try to define the details of a long dialogue such as time，a place and an incident
確定較長(zhǎng)對(duì)話中涉及的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)與事件等細(xì)節(jié)
2．Speaking：Talk about art and architecture談?wù)撍囆g(shù)與建筑
3．Reading：Mastering the accurate meanings of some key words is the foundation of having a good understanding of some difficult
sentences掌握詞的確切詞義，是正確理解句意的基礎(chǔ)
4．Writing：How to write an introduction according to a floor plan
如何根據(jù)建筑物的平面畫寫一篇介紹性短文
【難點(diǎn)解析】
Ⅰ．Hot words and hot phrases常用詞與常用詞組
1．Architecture looks at the man-made living environment．(P.19)
譯文：建筑學(xué)關(guān)注的是人造生活環(huán)境。
[講解]本句采用了擬人的修辭方法(personification)，把a(bǔ)rchitecture人性化。look at在本句中意為“考慮、關(guān)注(consider)”；此外還有“看待(regard)”、“對(duì)待(judge)”、“檢查、察看(examine to see if it is good or correct)”等意思。
[例句]
I won't look at such a simple matter．
我不愿考慮這樣簡(jiǎn)單的事情。
We must look at the question from all sides．
我們應(yīng)該從各個(gè)方面考慮這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
You should look at your work attentively．你應(yīng)認(rèn)真對(duì)待你的工作。
You ought to have your bad teeth looked at．
你應(yīng)去檢查一下你的壞牙。
2．...who wanted to change society with buildings that went against people's feeling of beauty．(P.19)
譯文：他們希望用背離人們審美標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的建筑改變社會(huì)。
[講解]go against有三個(gè)意思。①違背，反對(duì)(to act in opposition to)；②對(duì)(某人)不利(to be in favorable to sb.)③與……相反；與……不符。
[例句]
She went against her own wishes．她違背了她自己的意志。
The opinion is going against us．輿論對(duì)我們不利。
The case may go against you這個(gè)案子對(duì)你不利。
It went against my principles to work for this company．
為這家公司工作違背了我的原則。
[講解]against的用法總結(jié)：
be against a plan(反對(duì)計(jì)劃)／sail against the wind(逆風(fēng)行船)／stand against the door(靠門而立)／go against the law(違背法律)／be against one's will(違背心愿)／protect(defend)sb. against(from)...(保護(hù)……免受)／warn sb. against doing sth...(警告……不……)／Her red clothes stand out clearly against the snow．(她的紅色衣服在白雪中格外顯眼)／The rain beat against the window．(雨點(diǎn)打在了窗戶上)。
3．Modern buildings impress us because they are huge...(P.19)
譯文：現(xiàn)代建筑之所以打動(dòng)我們是因?yàn)樗鼈兊暮甏蟆?/p>
[講解]impress中的im根義為“in”，press的根義為“按、壓”。因此impress原意為：壓入；按入→vt.①(具體)印、壓(蓋)印；②(抽象)給……深刻印象；使感動(dòng)；使佩服；③銘記；銘刻。常用句型：impress sth on sb.／one's mind；impress sb. with sth.。
[例句或例詞]impress a seal in wax把印章印在蠟上
We are very impressed by his behavior．我們被他的行為所打動(dòng)。
My father impressed on me the value of hard work．=My father impressed me with the value of hard work．我父親讓我牢記工作的重要性。
4．But in the choice of materials and shape of buildings，ancient architecture stands much closer to nature．(P.20)
譯文：在選擇建筑材料和形狀方面，古代建筑更接近自然。
[講解]in the choice of意為“在選擇……方面”。choice n.①選擇(可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞)；②被選出的人或東西(可數(shù)名詞)，常和for，as連用；③可供選擇的品種。
[例句]
I bet we've made a good choice．我確信我們做了一個(gè)好的選擇。
As to language learning，he was given a choice between English and France．至于語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)，他被提供了兩項(xiàng)選擇--英語(yǔ)或法語(yǔ)。
I didn't work all night．-I did it by choice．
我不是非得整夜工作--我是自己選擇這樣做。
He was a very good choice as chairman．他是作主席的最好人選。
5．Despite using traditional materials，Gaudi was a modern architect．(P.20)
譯文：盡管用了傳統(tǒng)材料，高迪在人們心目中仍是現(xiàn)代派建筑師。
[講解]despite prep.意為：in spite of；not prevented by不管，盡管，任憑。
[例句]
He came to the meeting despite／in spite of the rain．=He came to the meeting，although it rained．=It rained．However，he came to the meeting．=It rained．He came to the meeting，though．盡管下雨，他還是到會(huì)了。
6．Most of Gaudi's works were constructed in and round Barcelona．(P.20)
譯文：高迪的大部分作品都建筑在巴塞羅那及周圍。
[講解]construct v. build(sth)；put or fit together；form建筑；建造(某物)；形成。
[例詞]construct a factory／an airplane／a sentence／a modal建工廠；造飛機(jī)；造句子；制作模型
7．Frank Lloyd Wright，who built an art museum in New York，found himself inspired by Japanese seashells．(P.20)
譯文：弗蘭克勞埃德賴特設(shè)計(jì)了紐約的藝術(shù)博物館，是日本的海貝殼激發(fā)了他的靈感。
[講解]inspire v. in 根義：注入。①注入精神→鼓舞，激勵(lì)；②注入靈氣→給……靈感；啟迪；啟示。
[例句]
His noble example inspired the rest of us to great effort．
他的高尚的榜樣激發(fā)了我們大家更加努力。
It inspired him with courage．這事鼓起了他的勇氣。
My father inspired me with a love of knowledge．
我的父親鼓勵(lì)我愛(ài)好學(xué)問(wèn)。
The beautiful scenery of the West Lake inspired him to write this famous poem．西湖美景給了他靈感寫出了這首著名的詩(shī)篇。
8．They are decorated with small round windows that remind us of ships，bent roofs，...(P.23)
譯文：它們被小圓窗裝點(diǎn)，還能讓你聯(lián)想到輪船、穹頂……
[講解]decorate v.裝飾、裝修(make sth. more beautiful or attractive by sth.(not because it is necessary)。常用句型decorate...with sth.；如賓語(yǔ)是人，意為：授予某人榮譽(yù)標(biāo)志(勛章)。
[例句或例詞]
a Christmas tree decorated with colored lights裝飾著彩燈的圣誕樹(shù)
He was decorated for his bravery．他因勇敢而被授予勛章。
[講解]remind v.①使某人想起，常用remind sb. of sth.句型②提醒某人做某事，常用remind sb. to do sth.句型。
[例句]
He reminds me of his brother．他使我想起了他哥哥。
This song reminded me of my childhood．=This song recalled me of my childhood．=This song called up the memory of my childhood．這首歌使我想起了我的童年。
Do I have to remind you？我必須提醒你嗎？
That(what you've said)reminds me．I must feed the cat．
對(duì)啦！我該喂貓了。
9．The simple style of the buildings and the fact that they are German set them aside as very different from Chinese architecture．(P.23)
譯文：建筑物風(fēng)格簡(jiǎn)樸且有德國(guó)特色，使之與中國(guó)建筑風(fēng)格迥然不同。
[講解]set aside意為：把……放在一邊，引申為“不理會(huì)=ignore，不顧某事”。
[例句]
Don't set aside his wishes in the matter．不要忽視他對(duì)此事的愿望。
The complaint was set aside as no importance．
(對(duì)方的)訴苦被看成無(wú)所謂的事而被放在一邊。
She set aside her book and lit a cigarette．
她把書放在一邊，點(diǎn)了一支香煙。
10．...so that people in the neighborhood are not disturbed when rock musicians move in and practice for a concert．(P.24)
譯文：……目的是當(dāng)樂(lè)師們搬進(jìn)來(lái)為音樂(lè)會(huì)排練時(shí)，鄰居不被打擾。
[講解]disturb vt.①焦慮不安，常用于be disturbed to do sth.(由于做了某事而焦慮不安)；②擾亂、驚動(dòng)、攪亂；interrupt vt.打斷、中斷。因此disturb強(qiáng)調(diào)“擾”；interrupt強(qiáng)調(diào)“斷”。
[例句]
He was disturbed to hear of your illness．聽(tīng)到你生病他焦慮不安。
Don't disturb the papers on my desk．不要把我桌上的文件弄亂。
She opened the door quietly so as not to disturb the sleeping child．
她輕輕打開(kāi)門為的是不把睡夢(mèng)中的小孩弄醒。
Don't interrupt the speaker now；he will answer questions later．
現(xiàn)在不要打斷他的話，他稍候再回答問(wèn)題。
We interrupt this programme to bring you a new flash．
我們中斷節(jié)目，報(bào)告新聞快訊。
Ⅱ．Language points and grammar focus語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)與語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)
A．Language points語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)
師：下面我將依次講解在此欄目中點(diǎn)擊的六個(gè)難點(diǎn)。
1．When you look around at buildings，streets，squares and parks，you will find them designed，planned and built in different styles．(P.19)
譯文：當(dāng)你環(huán)視一下周圍的大樓、大街、廣場(chǎng)、公園，你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)它們的設(shè)計(jì)、規(guī)劃、建設(shè)上都風(fēng)格各異。
[講解]“find+賓語(yǔ)+現(xiàn)在分詞”與“find+賓語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞”在內(nèi)涵和用法上有很大的區(qū)別。首先，現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，①與前面的賓語(yǔ)是邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系；②現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性、未完性。過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，①與前面的賓語(yǔ)是邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系；②過(guò)去分詞表示動(dòng)作的完成。
[例句]
We found him waiting to receive us．
我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他們?cè)诘戎鴼g迎我們。(him與wait是邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系)
Dusk found the little boy crying in the street．
黃昏時(shí)，那小男孩被發(fā)現(xiàn)正在大街上哭。
She found the house repaired，when she went back home．當(dāng)她回家時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)房子已被修好。(the house與repair是邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系)。
2．Looking at the architecture by Gaudi is like a dream，full of fantastic colours and shapes．(P.20)
譯文：看高迪的建筑作品仿佛就像在夢(mèng)幻中一樣，--色彩斑斕，形狀各異。
[講解]英語(yǔ)中，定語(yǔ)有限制性和非限制性之分。對(duì)其修飾的名詞來(lái)說(shuō)是不可缺少的定語(yǔ)，叫限制性定語(yǔ)；反之，對(duì)其修飾的名詞只是一種補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用，叫非限制性定語(yǔ)，非限制性定語(yǔ)往往與前面的名詞用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。本句中full of...是對(duì)前面名詞dream起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用，因此為非限制性定語(yǔ)。
[例句]
He had many pencils，red and blue．他有許多鉛筆，有紅有藍(lán)。
He entered his room，dirty and messy．
他進(jìn)了他自己的屋子，又臟又亂。
3．Viewed from the top，it looks as if the stadium is covered by a gray net of steel，...
譯文：從頂部看，體育館就像被一層灰色的金屬網(wǎng)覆蓋。
[講解]分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)是句子的主語(yǔ)。下面看一道例題：
Hearing the news，__________________．
A．tears came to his eyes B．he burst into tears．
A、B兩項(xiàng)都表“熱淚盈眶”，然而分詞作了狀語(yǔ)，它的邏輯主語(yǔ)必須和主句的主語(yǔ)保持一致，A項(xiàng)中的主語(yǔ)tear不可能會(huì)聽(tīng)消息，所以不正確；而B(niǎo)項(xiàng)的主語(yǔ)是he，邏輯上是很通順的，所以B才是本題的答案。
4．The simple style of buildings and the fact that they are German set them aside as very different from Chinese architecture．
譯文：建筑物風(fēng)格簡(jiǎn)樸且有德國(guó)特色，使之與中國(guó)建筑風(fēng)格迥然不同。
[講解]定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句都可由that引導(dǎo)，但用法卻有很大區(qū)別。①定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)前面的名詞起修飾限制作用，因此定語(yǔ)從句是個(gè)殘缺的句子，that在定語(yǔ)從句中要充當(dāng)成分；而同位語(yǔ)從句和前面的名詞是同位關(guān)系，that從句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容就是前面名詞的內(nèi)容，所以同位語(yǔ)從句是完整的。前面名詞與同位語(yǔ)從句可以對(duì)調(diào)。②一般來(lái)說(shuō)，同位語(yǔ)從句前面的名詞往往是：fact，news，idea，truth，hope，problem，information等。現(xiàn)舉例說(shuō)明：You can't get around the fact that it's against the law．(同位語(yǔ)從句)
He made a promise that he'll lend us some money．(同位語(yǔ)從句)
He made a promise that inspired us greatly．(定語(yǔ)從句)
5．Until very recently，most of the workshops in Factory 798 stood empty．(P.20)
譯文：直到最近，798廠的大部分廠房仍然被閑置。
[講解]英語(yǔ)中除verb to be外，還有一些其他的系動(dòng)詞，有表變化的，有表感官的，有表靜態(tài)的，本句中的stand屬于表靜態(tài)的半系動(dòng)詞，此外還有：sit，remain，keep，stay，lie等。注意：這些半系動(dòng)詞后要加形容詞作表語(yǔ)。
[例句]
He is standing/sitting/lying still．
他一動(dòng)不動(dòng)地站/坐/躺在那兒。
He remains/keeps weak．他仍很弱。
6．Many large cities...have had experiments of this kind，with old factories turned into successful art centers．(P.24)
譯文：許多大城市……已經(jīng)做了這樣的實(shí)驗(yàn)，把舊工廠成功地變成藝術(shù)中心。
[講解]“介詞with+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”我們常稱之為“with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”，在句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)。它可以作方式、伴隨、原因、條件狀語(yǔ)。但介詞with+賓語(yǔ)+現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞/不定式，用法卻有很大區(qū)別。現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表示與前面的賓語(yǔ)有邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系，且表示此動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性、未完性；過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表示與前面的賓語(yǔ)有邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且表示此動(dòng)作已完成；不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表示此動(dòng)作未開(kāi)始。
[例句]
With everything bought，he went home happily．
一切東西都買好了，他高高興興回家了。(表時(shí)間)
Our school looks more beautiful with all the flowers coming out．
所有的鮮花開(kāi)放了，我們的校園更美了。(表?xiàng)l件)
With the boy leading the way，we had little difficulty finding she school．
有了那個(gè)男孩子領(lǐng)路，我們沒(méi)費(fèi)多大的勁就找到了學(xué)校。(表原因)
With weather permitting，we will go on a picnic．
如時(shí)間允許，我們將進(jìn)行一次野餐。(表?xiàng)l件)
With him to help me I am sure I can do it well．
由他幫我，我肯定能做好。(表原因)
B．Grammar focus語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)
The Past Participle used as Object Complement
用作賓補(bǔ)的過(guò)去分詞
本單元的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目是過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)，你能把它的用法講解一下嗎？
師：過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)，與前面的賓語(yǔ)有邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系且表動(dòng)作的完成。
1)作表感覺(jué)或心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞的賓補(bǔ)，它們是：see，hear，watch，feel，find，think等
We hear the music played by the band．我們聽(tīng)了樂(lè)隊(duì)演奏這首樂(lè)曲。
I found her greatly changed．我發(fā)現(xiàn)她變化很大。
Everybody thought the battle lost．人人都認(rèn)為這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)役輸?shù)袅恕?/p>
2)作使役動(dòng)詞的賓補(bǔ)，它們是：make，keep，leave，have，get，help等
When you speak，you have to make yourself understood．
說(shuō)話時(shí)要讓人聽(tīng)懂。
Please keep us informed of the latest development．
請(qǐng)隨時(shí)向我們通報(bào)事態(tài)的最新發(fā)展。
I must get my bike repaired．我必須請(qǐng)人修自行車。
3)作表希望或要求的動(dòng)詞的賓補(bǔ)，它們是：want，like，wish，prefer，need，declare，report，order，acknowledge等。這種用法與不定式的被動(dòng)形式作賓補(bǔ)基本相同。
I don't want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal．
我不要你們?nèi)魏稳藸可娴匠舐勚腥ァ?/p>
The viewers wish the serial film(to be)continued．
觀眾們希望這部系列片繼續(xù)下去。
She needs the work(to be)done before tomorrow．
他要此項(xiàng)工程明天以前完成。
Ⅲ．Skills of the four essential abilities：listening，speaking，reading and writing聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫四項(xiàng)基本能力的學(xué)習(xí)技巧
1．Listening skills聽(tīng)力技巧
Try to define the details of a long dialogue such as the time，the place or the incident．
確定較長(zhǎng)對(duì)話中涉及的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)與事件等細(xì)節(jié)。
較長(zhǎng)對(duì)話的聽(tīng)力題除了有您在前兩節(jié)講授的固定設(shè)問(wèn)外，經(jīng)常還有一些針對(duì)對(duì)話中的細(xì)節(jié)發(fā)問(wèn)的題目，應(yīng)對(duì)這類聽(tīng)力題有什么技巧嗎？
師：首先我們應(yīng)該搞清楚除了前兩節(jié)講的那些固定設(shè)問(wèn)外，針對(duì)較長(zhǎng)對(duì)話發(fā)問(wèn)的有哪些細(xì)節(jié)？
這些細(xì)節(jié)無(wú)非是地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、數(shù)字或被談?wù)摰娜嘶蚴拢?/p>
師：那么針對(duì)這些細(xì)節(jié)的設(shè)問(wèn)有其固定的設(shè)問(wèn)形式嗎？
我們?cè)诘谝徽碌暮?jiǎn)短對(duì)話中學(xué)習(xí)并練習(xí)過(guò)它們固定的設(shè)問(wèn)形式及應(yīng)對(duì)它們的解題技巧。只是針對(duì)地點(diǎn)發(fā)問(wèn)的疑問(wèn)詞一律是where或what place...？凡是針對(duì)時(shí)間細(xì)節(jié)發(fā)問(wèn)的疑問(wèn)詞一律是when或what time...？凡是針對(duì)可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量這一細(xì)節(jié)發(fā)問(wèn)的疑問(wèn)詞一律用how many或what is the number of...？凡是針對(duì)不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量這一細(xì)節(jié)發(fā)問(wèn)的疑問(wèn)詞一律用how much...？凡是針對(duì)被談?wù)摰降娜嘶蚴逻@一細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)問(wèn)的疑問(wèn)詞一律用whom或what...？您看我掌握的這些設(shè)問(wèn)詞正確嗎？
師：應(yīng)該知道可能被檢測(cè)的細(xì)節(jié)還有我們?cè)诘谝徽乱褜W(xué)過(guò)的其他一些細(xì)節(jié)。例如：做事的方式、動(dòng)作持續(xù)的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度、距離、一段時(shí)間做某事的次數(shù)等等。在此對(duì)那些設(shè)問(wèn)使用的疑問(wèn)詞沒(méi)必要再一一贅述。但現(xiàn)在的問(wèn)題是怎樣才能更好地在規(guī)定的短暫時(shí)間內(nèi)通過(guò)審題把握這兩個(gè)甚至更多的設(shè)問(wèn)的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。更重要的是在聽(tīng)這類較長(zhǎng)對(duì)話時(shí)，如何迅速聽(tīng)懂并很好理解這些對(duì)話，如何很好地在規(guī)定的短暫時(shí)間內(nèi)正確做出判斷。這些能力是我們必須具備的。要想具備這些能力，我們要解決以下四個(gè)問(wèn)題：
1．通過(guò)熟悉各種設(shè)問(wèn)形式，迅速確定要考查細(xì)節(jié)的檢測(cè)點(diǎn)；
2．通過(guò)審讀題干及其下面的選項(xiàng)盡可能多地獲取即將聽(tīng)到的對(duì)話的信息，分析兩個(gè)設(shè)問(wèn)里暗示的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，尤其要注意從第二個(gè)設(shè)問(wèn)及其選項(xiàng)里獲取的信息；
3．聽(tīng)對(duì)話錄音時(shí)，首先要能把握住對(duì)話的中心話題，對(duì)話雙方的人物關(guān)系，雖然這些內(nèi)容不是檢測(cè)點(diǎn)，但對(duì)更準(zhǔn)確地理解對(duì)話中被檢測(cè)的細(xì)節(jié)大有裨益；
4．聽(tīng)對(duì)話錄音時(shí)，要特別注意設(shè)問(wèn)句中的主語(yǔ)是男還是女，從而確定自己的聽(tīng)音重點(diǎn)，而且要能對(duì)被檢測(cè)的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容聽(tīng)得十分具體與精細(xì)。
請(qǐng)您以實(shí)例演示一下您剛講授的這四個(gè)要點(diǎn)在實(shí)踐中的具體運(yùn)用過(guò)程。
師：請(qǐng)看下例：
1．What are the two speakers most probably doing？
A．At work．
B．At lunch．
C．On research about healthy food．
2．Why does the woman refuse the man's offer？
A．Because she is broke．
B．Because she's on a diet．
C．Because she's having a stomachache．
請(qǐng)告訴我您能從審讀題干及選項(xiàng)中獲取哪些信息？
從審讀題干的設(shè)問(wèn)與它們下面的選項(xiàng)，我得知對(duì)話雙方在進(jìn)行這段對(duì)話的同時(shí)還在做另外一件事，這件事有三種可能性：A項(xiàng)表示的是“在工作”，B項(xiàng)表示的是“在用午餐”，C項(xiàng)表示的是“在對(duì)健康食品進(jìn)行研究”，從第二個(gè)設(shè)問(wèn)中我得到的信息是對(duì)話中的女方拒絕了男方的請(qǐng)求，要檢測(cè)的是她拒絕男方請(qǐng)求的原因。選項(xiàng)提供的原因如下：A項(xiàng)表示的原因是女方囊中羞澀，B項(xiàng)表示的原因是女方正在節(jié)制飲食，C項(xiàng)表示的原因是女方眼下正在受胃痛之苦。
師：那么兩個(gè)設(shè)問(wèn)及其選項(xiàng)中間有什么內(nèi)在聯(lián)系呢？
我現(xiàn)在真找不到它們的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，請(qǐng)您給予賜教。
師：女方拒絕男方請(qǐng)求的原因，根據(jù)邏輯推理，哪項(xiàng)活動(dòng)與他們進(jìn)行對(duì)話的同時(shí)所做之事最可能有聯(lián)系呢？
從第一個(gè)設(shè)問(wèn)下的三個(gè)選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容上看，后兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容有些共同之處--都與食物有關(guān)，從第二個(gè)設(shè)問(wèn)下面三個(gè)選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容上看，也是后兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容有共同之處--節(jié)食與胃痛，仍與進(jìn)餐有關(guān)。
師：如果能在審讀題干及選項(xiàng)的過(guò)程中，在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)迅速抓住這些要點(diǎn)，那就基本具備了較好的審題能力。剩下的是我們?cè)诼?tīng)對(duì)話錄音時(shí)，來(lái)驗(yàn)證我們剛做的推斷。請(qǐng)聽(tīng)下面這段對(duì)話：
M：Another piece of meat pie for your meal．It's about six hours before supper．
W：No，thanks really．I'm on a diet．
M：Please do．You've hardly eaten anything．
W：It's delicious，but I don't think I ought to．
M：Can't I tempt you at all？
W：Well，maybe I could manage a very small piece of fish．
我選的第1題與第2題的答案都是B項(xiàng)。因?yàn)閷?duì)話錄音是以男方讓女方在用餐中再吃塊肉餅的請(qǐng)求開(kāi)始，隨后他解釋道：到吃晚飯還有6個(gè)小時(shí)左右。隨后女方拒絕了男方的請(qǐng)求，并解釋說(shuō)她正在節(jié)制飲食。接下來(lái)男方繼續(xù)懇求，但女方仍然繼續(xù)拒絕。其實(shí)沒(méi)完全聽(tīng)完這段錄音，我已做出判斷。
師：應(yīng)該說(shuō)正確審題是做好聽(tīng)力題的前提與基礎(chǔ)，聽(tīng)懂其對(duì)話內(nèi)容，抓住其關(guān)鍵之處，來(lái)驗(yàn)證或否定自己的判斷，如果否定了自己原本的判斷，就應(yīng)重新做出判斷，這是得到正確答案的關(guān)鍵。
2．Oral practice口語(yǔ)訓(xùn)練
Talk about art and architecture
談?wù)撍囆g(shù)與建筑
我們?cè)鯓硬拍苡糜⒄Z(yǔ)較好地談?wù)撍囆g(shù)與建筑呢？
師：通過(guò)本單元的學(xué)習(xí)，我們應(yīng)該知道藝術(shù)與建筑的關(guān)系是水乳交融的關(guān)系，藝術(shù)溶匯于建筑。所以不同的文化與不同階段產(chǎn)生了不同的建筑。要用英語(yǔ)談?wù)撍囆g(shù)與建筑，就必須了解并掌握一些有關(guān)建筑物與藝術(shù)的詞匯及其表達(dá)方式。
建筑與建筑物名稱的英語(yǔ)詞匯與表達(dá)方式如下：
architecture建筑 architect建筑師
palace宮殿 Gothic哥特式
church教堂 cathedral天主教堂
mosque清真寺 temple寺廟
grotto石窟 pagoda塔(與宗教相關(guān))
tower塔 arch拱門，拱洞
hall大廳，大禮堂 altar祭壇
castle城堡 column柱
edifice大廈 pyramid金字塔
monument紀(jì)念碑 stele石碑
memorial arch牌樓 marble bridge大理石橋
pillar支撐屋頂帶有裝飾物的柱子 column柱子
corridor走廊 gallery走廊，通道
museum博物館 pavilion亭，榭
suspension bridge斜拉索橋 house房子
style樣式 design設(shè)計(jì)
flat單元房
建筑材料的名稱與描寫建筑物的形容詞：
grand宏偉的 unique獨(dú)特的
stone石頭 wood石頭
brick磚頭 earth泥土
steel鋼材 concrete水泥
glass玻璃 plastics塑料
modern現(xiàn)代的 traditional傳統(tǒng)的
了解并掌握了這些詞匯與表達(dá)方式后，我們?cè)谑裁磮?chǎng)合下使用它們談?wù)摻ㄖc藝術(shù)呢？
師：在旅游觀光與選擇住房時(shí)，經(jīng)常要談?wù)摻ㄖc藝術(shù)這兩個(gè)話題。在本單元的【同步達(dá)綱練習(xí)】中，尤其是在今后的真實(shí)的語(yǔ)言交際活動(dòng)中，應(yīng)盡力使用這些詞匯與表達(dá)方式表達(dá)自己對(duì)建筑與藝術(shù)的觀點(diǎn)。
3．Reading skills閱讀技巧
Mastering the accurate meanings of some key words is the foundation of having a good understanding of some difficult sentences
掌握詞的確切詞義是正確理解句意的基礎(chǔ)
師：與漢語(yǔ)一樣，英語(yǔ)中很多詞是一詞多義的，尤其是那些常用詞更是有很多不同的詞義，所以在平常的學(xué)習(xí)中，要特別注意對(duì)詞匯多義性的學(xué)習(xí)。要手勤，只要在原著中碰到你感到與你的理解有悖或不太通順時(shí)，就應(yīng)立刻查閱詞典。如果讀到這樣的句子：Tom got overwhelmed with sorrow when his wife died because of difficult labour．這句中的overwhelm肯定是生詞，查詞典后，得知其詞義是：感情被控制。那么got overwhelmed with sorrow的詞義就是“極其悲傷”或“痛不欲生”了。假如把這句理解為“湯姆在他的妻子因艱難的勞動(dòng)而死去時(shí)痛不欲生。”那就大錯(cuò)特錯(cuò)了。因?yàn)榫渲衛(wèi)abour的詞義是“分娩”，而difficult labour的詞義是：難產(chǎn)。類似的例證不勝枚舉，僅從此例便可看到掌握詞的確切詞義的重要性。
1．準(zhǔn)確理解一些英語(yǔ)單詞的確切內(nèi)涵。例如：I'll just clear the plates away，then I'll have a rest．
[誤]我要先把盤子里的東西倒掉，然后就休息。
[正]我要先把盤子拿走，然后就休息。
上句中的動(dòng)詞clear的確切內(nèi)涵是正確理解此句的關(guān)鍵。clear在此語(yǔ)境中是動(dòng)詞，其詞義為：remove sth.，take sth. away或get rid of sth.，其漢語(yǔ)釋義是：把某物拿開(kāi)，拿到別處去。所以理解此詞義成了正確理解此句的核心。下面例句中加粗的詞是正確理解它們的關(guān)鍵，請(qǐng)看：
(1)The doctor advises me not to smoke．
[誤]大夫說(shuō)服我把煙戒了。
[正]大夫勸我不要吸煙。
(3)We can't go out，it's too wet outside．
[誤]外面太潮了，我們出不了門。
[正]外面雨太大了，我們出不了門。
(3)The patient worried us a lot．
[誤]那個(gè)病人為我們很擔(dān)心。
[正]那個(gè)病人使我們很擔(dān)心。
(4)We'll go to the hospital to see the dying man．
[誤]我們要到醫(yī)院去看看那個(gè)死者。
[正]我們要到醫(yī)院去看看那個(gè)生命垂危的人。
(5)Though the box was very heavy，he managed to carry it to the fifth floor．
[誤]盡管那只箱子很沉，他還是盡力要把它搬上六樓。
[正]盡管那只箱子很沉，他還是設(shè)法把它搬到六樓。
2．要非常注意英語(yǔ)中一詞多義給我們的理解帶來(lái)的誤差。例如：
(1)The young soldier stood there still．
[誤]那個(gè)年輕的士兵仍然站在那里。
[正]那個(gè)年輕的士兵站在那里紋絲不動(dòng)。
(2)We have no room for so many people on the ship．
[誤]我們?cè)诖蠜](méi)有給這么多人的房間。
[正]我們?cè)诖蠜](méi)有裝這么多人的空間。
(3)His right arm hurt a lot last night．
[誤]昨晚他的右臂受了很多的傷。
[正]昨晚他的右臂疼痛得厲害。
(4)The dog is too dear on the market．
[誤]在市場(chǎng)上這只狗太可愛(ài)了。
[正]在市場(chǎng)上這只狗的價(jià)格太貴了。
(5)He's the last person I thought would come．
[誤]他是我認(rèn)為要來(lái)的最后那個(gè)人。
[正]他是我認(rèn)為最不可能來(lái)的人。
(6)The key was left on the table．
[誤]那把鑰匙在桌子的左邊。
[正]那把鑰匙被落在桌子上。
(7)Do you know the late changes in the government？
[誤]你知道政府里那些遲到的變化嗎？
[正]你知道政府中不久前的變動(dòng)嗎？
(8)Her aunt used to be a wet nurse in the old days．
[誤]在舊社會(huì)她的姨娘是個(gè)潮濕的護(hù)士。
[正]在舊社會(huì)她的姨娘是個(gè)奶媽。
4．Writing capacities書面表達(dá)能力
How to write an introduction according to a floor plan
如何根據(jù)建筑平面圖寫一篇介紹短文
請(qǐng)您講授怎樣才能根據(jù)建筑的平面圖寫一篇介紹性短文。
師：本單元學(xué)習(xí)的主題是：藝術(shù)與建筑，我們應(yīng)學(xué)以致用，學(xué)用結(jié)合。首先在口語(yǔ)訓(xùn)練中介紹的那些詞匯與表達(dá)方式對(duì)我們這種寫作大有益處。
在掌握了這些詞匯與表達(dá)方式后，就應(yīng)仔細(xì)看清平面圖上標(biāo)記的那些建筑物的位置、面積、高度、形狀和特點(diǎn)。然后用適當(dāng)?shù)谋磉_(dá)方式來(lái)描述這些建筑物給人視覺(jué)留下的印象。表示方位、面積、高度、形狀和特點(diǎn)的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)方式如下：
in the east／west／north／south在東／西／南／北邊
on the right／left side of...在……右／左邊
in front of...在……前邊
in the front of...在……的前部
behind...在……后面
at the back of...在……后部
opposite...在……對(duì)面
across在……對(duì)面
by the side of...在……邊上
square metre(s)／kilometre(s)平方米／公里
hectare公頃／一萬(wàn)平方米
height高度 shape形狀
round圓的 square方的
oval橢圓的 triangle三角形的
arch拱形的 feature特性
使用這些詞表達(dá)自己的意思時(shí)，最好查查詞典，確定這些詞的用法，這樣就可以寫出地道的英語(yǔ)短文。
【同步達(dá)綱練習(xí)】
Ⅰ．根據(jù)句意，在空白處填入既適合語(yǔ)境又在語(yǔ)法上正確的單詞
1．The moment the plan came into effect，many people argue ___________it．
2．I'm wrestling with the problem．It is a very difficult___________．
3．Do as you like，____________my personal feelings．
4．He is a trouble-maker．What he did is always ____________his parents' wishes．
5．In order to ____________it on my memory，I had to repeat in every day．
Ⅱ．單項(xiàng)填空
1．People can't afford to buy expensive things ___________the price of daily goods going up．
A．a(chǎn)s B．for
C．with D．since
2．A cook will be immediately fired if he is found ___________in the kitchen．(NMET 2003)
A．smoke B．smoking
C．to smoke D．smoked
3．You should impress what the teacher says ___________your mind．
A．on B．in
C．to D．with
4．___________using traditional materials，Gaudi was a modern architect．
A．Although B．Because of
C．Inspite of D．／
5．Don't go __________your parents' wishes，which are usually beneficial(有益的)to you．
A．on B．a(chǎn)gainst
C．with D．a(chǎn)long
Ⅲ．閱讀技巧
將下列句子譯成漢語(yǔ)，尤其要注意每句里加粗的詞，并把其詞義單獨(dú)注出。
1．The young man was very anxious for his wife in difficult labour．
2．I see that next week is clear，let's meet each other sometime then．
3．Their prices are high because production costs are great．
4．He's such a well-known politician(政治家)because he has a great deal of colour．
5．“Of course you can bring your date to our party，Henry．You're over twenty，and you're a grown-up after all．But for you，Justin，I won't allow you to go out on dates．”Said Mrs Brown．
6．Patrik threw away the shabby sofa bed because it had not much spring in the cushion(床墊)．
Ⅳ．書面表達(dá)能力的練習(xí)
根據(jù)下圖的提示及英語(yǔ)釋義以《北海公園》為題，用英語(yǔ)寫一篇介紹北京市內(nèi)北海公園的介紹短文。
北海公園位于北京市內(nèi)，在紫禁城的西北，始建于遼代，歷經(jīng)元、明、清，一直是皇家園林。全園占地面積七十公頃，其中一半以上被稱為北海的湖泊覆蓋。下面是北海公園的草圖。
北海Beihai／North Sea 瓊?cè)A島Jade Islet
白塔White Dagoba 牌樓memorial arch
瓊島春蔭Jade Islet Spring Shade(此字為乾隆皇帝題字)
仿膳飯莊Fangshan Restaurant
濠浦澗Buildings between Hao and Pu Streams
五龍亭Five-Dragon Pavillions
九龍壁Nine-Dragon Screen
萬(wàn)佛閣The Tower of Ten Thousand Buddhas
靜心齋Heart-Ease Study
畫舫齋Studio of Colourfully-Painted Boat
參考答案
【同步達(dá)綱練習(xí)】
Ⅰ．
1．a(chǎn)gainst 意為“從這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃剛一生效，就有很多人反對(duì)它。”
2．choice 意為“我對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題左右為難，真是太難選了。”
3．set aside 意為“你喜歡怎么做就怎么做，不要考慮我個(gè)人的感覺(jué)。”
4．a(chǎn)gainst 意為“他是一個(gè)搗蛋鬼，所做事情經(jīng)常違背他父母的意愿。”
5．impress 意為“為了把它牢記在心，我每天溫習(xí)它。”
Ⅱ．
1．C 見(jiàn)language point 6。
2．B 見(jiàn)language point 1。
3．A 見(jiàn)hot words and phrases 3。
4．C 見(jiàn)hot words and phrases 5。
5．B 見(jiàn)hot words and phrases 2。
Ⅲ．
做這一道題中的句子翻譯時(shí)，你會(huì)感到確切掌握詞義的重要性，因?yàn)榇_切掌握詞義是正確理解句意的基礎(chǔ)。如果對(duì)詞義只知其一，不知其二、其三或四，就是譯出漢語(yǔ)來(lái)，自己對(duì)譯出的句子也會(huì)有不倫不類的感覺(jué)。下面是以上六題的譯文答案：
1．那個(gè)年輕男子那時(shí)很為他的難產(chǎn)的太太著急。
anxious adj.著急，發(fā)愁 labour n. 分娩
2．我知道下星期會(huì)有空，那時(shí)找個(gè)時(shí)間見(jiàn)面吧。
clear adj. empty，with nothing on it空的，沒(méi)有事物占據(jù)的
3．因?yàn)樯a(chǎn)成本很高，所以價(jià)格也很高。
cost n. 成本
4．他是一個(gè)很有名的政治家，因?yàn)樗苡袣赓|(zhì)。
colour n. behaviour of a person that interest the mind or eye and excite imagination氣質(zhì)，風(fēng)采
5．布朗太太說(shuō)：“亨利，你當(dāng)然可以帶你的女朋友來(lái)參加我們的聚會(huì)，你二十多歲了，畢竟是個(gè)成年人。可是對(duì)你，賈斯汀，我不能允許你外出去和女友約會(huì)。”
date n.約會(huì)對(duì)象；未婚異性間的約會(huì)。
6．帕垂克把那張破沙發(fā)床扔掉了，因?yàn)槟谴矇|沒(méi)有什么彈性。
spring不可數(shù)名詞，彈性。
Ⅳ．
Beihai Park
Beihai Park is located in the city of Beijing．It lies to the northwest of the Forbidden City．This park began to be built in 1179(Liao dynasty)and additions were made during the following dynasties，such as the Yuan dynasty，Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty．It covers a total area of over 70 hectares，more than half of it is taken up the lake called the north sea．In the centre of the lake is an islet named Jade Islet．Atop the islet stands a beautiful white dagoba．Southeast to the dagoba is a pavillion in which stands a stele with the calligraphy by Emperor Qianlong：Jade Islet Spring Shade．On the west side of the islet lie some buildings between Hao and Pu Streams．Therefore they were named Haopujian．On the north side of the islet stands Eangshan Restaurant．Across the lake and on the side stand five beautiful pavillions connected to one another．These five pavillions are called Five-Dragon Pavillion．The Tower of Ten Thousand Buddhas is to the west of the pavillions while the Nine-Dragon Screen to the east，still further to the east is the Heart-Ease Study．East to the lake there is the studio of Colourfully-Painted Boat，where art exhibitions are often held．A white marble arched bridge leads to the islet．Opposite the bridge stands a typical Chinese-style memorial arch．All the houses，towers，pavillions are arranged in harmonious design，so this park is just like a wonderland in human society．