Reference for Teaching
Ⅰ.異域風情
EBay
Every day,about 500 000 things are sold on the Internet computer Website called eBay.It has been called the most successful business in Internet history.
EBay is an international electronic auction(拍賣).Computer users around the world computer to buy things for sale on the eBay Website.The person who offers the most money buys the object.You can buy and sell almost anything on eBay.This includes art,books,electronic equipment,clothing,cameras,sports equipment,jewelry,movies and music.You can even buy and sell cars,property and places to spend your holiday.
There are about 11 million things for sale on eBay at one time.Many people buy and sell special things that they collect,like toy trains or dolls.Some of these things become very valuable over the years.For example,a woman in Florida has collected the toys called Barbie dolls since she was a little girl.She knows which ones are valuable because they are rare.Recently she bought one doll for a few dollars at someone’s yard sale.She later sold it for several hundred dollars on eBay.
Some things on eBay sell for only a few dollars.Others sell for many thousands of dollars,such as old cars or rare money collections.Some Americans have started their own business selling things on eBay.More than 100 000 businesses now operate only on eBay.
The headquarters(總部) of eBay are in San Jose,California.A young man named Pierre Omidyar started eBay.He worked as a computer programmer in California.Mister Omidyar’s idea was to set up a perfect,international marketplace where everyone was equal.His idea began as a Website called Auction Web in 1995.Three years later it became a public company.It was then valued at more than 2 000 million dollars.
EBay does not sell anything itself.Instead,it connects buyers and sellers.It collects money from the sellers for every object sold.EBay has links to Websites in 20 other countries.Almost 50 million people around the world buy and sell things on eBay.
Ⅱ.知識歸納
1.but用法歸納
but一詞在英語中占有非常重要的地位，平時練習題或高考題中出現的頻率也比較高。它既可作連詞、介詞、副詞，有一些習慣搭配和固定用法。現將其用法歸納如下：
（1)but用作連詞
①用作等立連詞，使用前后的詞、短語、從句相互對照，作“但是；然而；可是”解。如：
He doesn’t like music but his wife does.
他不喜歡音樂，但他的妻子卻很喜歡。
She is very young but very experienced.
她雖然年輕但經驗豐富。
②用于表示歉意的話語后，表示有禮貌地拒絕或不贊成。如：
I’m sorry,but I disagree with you.
對不起，我不同意你的意見。
③引導從句，與前面的否定詞對應，作“無……而不……”解。如：
I never pass my old house but I think of the happy years I spent there.
每當我路過我的舊房子時，都會追憶起我在那兒度過的快樂歲月。
No man is so cruel but he may feel some pity.
沒有人會殘忍到連一點同情心都沒有。
（2）but用作介詞
①與no,nobody,nothing,none,who等詞連用，作“除……之外”解，用來排除同類，從整體中除去一部分。如：
Nobody knew her but me.
除我以外，沒有人認識她。
The problem is anything but easy.
這個問題可絕對不容易。
②but前若有do的某種形式（did,does）時，but后的動詞不定式就省略to；若無則帶to。如：
We had no choice but to wait.
除了等待我們別無選擇。
He did nothing all day but watch TV.
一整天他除了看電視無所事事。
③與last,next及one,two等連詞，作“倒數第二、第三”等解。
Tom was the last but one to arrive.
湯姆是倒數第二個到達的。
Take the next turning but two on your left.
在你左方第三個轉彎處拐彎。
（3）but用作副詞
①相當于only，意為“不過；只”，后跟名詞或動詞。如：
Tom is still but a child.
湯姆只是個孩子。
②用在can后意為“只能”；用在cannot后意為“不得不”。如：
I can’t but hurry back.
我只能趕緊回來。
I cannot but admire his bravery.
我不得不佩服他的勇敢。
③用在too…to…結構前表肯定的意義。如：
I’m but too glad to go there with you.
我非常高興和你一起去那里。
（4）but的習慣用語
①but for=without 意為“要不是；如果沒有”，相當于一個虛擬條件句。如：
But for the rain we would have a pleasant journey.
(=If it didn’t rain,we would have a pleasant journey.)
要不是下雨，我們這次旅行會很愜意。
But for your help,we couldn’t have finished the work.
要不是你幫忙，我們不可能完成這項工作。
②but that=except that 意為“若非；要不是”，引導虛擬句。如：
He would have helped me but that he was short of money at that time.
要不是他那時候沒錢，他會幫助我的。
③nothing but=only 意為“只；不過是”。如：
We could see nothing but water.
我們只看見一大片水。
④not…but…意為“不是……而是……”，連接兩個并列成分，后面可跟名詞、形容詞、副詞、短語從句等。如：
My bag is not red but black.
我的書包不是紅的而是黑的。
The letter is addressed not to me but to you.
這封信不是寫給我的而是寫給你的。
⑤not only…but also…意為“不但……而且……；既……又……”，連接兩個并列成分。如：
Not only you but also she has to attend the meeting.
不但你而且她也必須參加這次會議。
He not only teaches us English but also does other things.
他不但教我們英語而且還干別的事情。
⑥not that…but that…意為“不是……而是……”。如：
Not that the car is out of order,but that I’ve not learned to drive it.
不是汽車出了故障，而是我還沒學會開車。
⑦can’t help but do…意為“不能不……，忍不住……”。如：
I can’t help but cry.
我忍不住哭了。
2.dream的用法歸納
1.dream作不及物動詞
①表示“做夢”。如：
Do you often dream at night?
你在夜里經常做夢嗎？
②表示“夢見”，后面接about短語。如：
I sometimes dream about my parents.
我有時夢見我的父母。
③表示“渴望、向往、考慮”，后面接of短語。如：
He has dreamt of wealth and happiness.
他渴望富有和幸福。
I dream of becoming a teacher.
我一心想當個教師。
（2）dream作及物動詞
①表示“夢見”，后面接名詞或代詞。如：
I dreamed the beautiful sea.
我夢見過美麗的海。
I dreamt you last night.
昨天晚上我夢見你了。
②表示“夢到、夢想到”，后面接that引導的賓語從句。如：
I dreamt that he would come.
我夢到他要來。
I never dreamt that I should have offended him.
我怎么也沒有夢想到竟然得罪了他。
③表示“想象、想”，后面接what引導的賓語從句。如：
He was dreaming what he could buy with the sum of money.
他正想象著用這筆錢能買什么。
④表示“想、夢想”，后面接“疑問詞+不定式”。如：
She dreamed how to finished her task.
她想如何完成她的任務。
⑤表示“夢想到”，后面接帶有不定式的復合賓語，常用于否定句。如：
I never dreamed him to go to college.
我連做夢也沒想到他會上大學。
⑥表示“做……夢”，后面接同源賓語。如：
I dreamed a good dream last night.
昨晚我做了一個美夢。
（3）dream作名詞
①表示“夢”，作主語或賓語。如：
He said he had a bad dream.
他說他做了一個噩夢。
②表示“愿望、心愿”。如：
Your dream has come true.
你的愿望變成了現實。
③表示“想象、幻想、美妙的人或事物、夢中的歡樂”。如：
She was a perfect dream.
她美得像夢中的仙女似的。
Such a hope is not an idle dream.
這種希望并非癡心妄想。
Ⅲ.詞語辨析
1.begin/start with,to begin/start with
(1)begin with和start with是動介型短語，均表示“以……開始”的意思，后面要跟賓語。如：
The concert began/started with the National Anthem.
音樂會以國歌開頭。
Begin/Start with this one and do the others afterwards.
先做這個，其他的以后再做。
(2)to begin with和to start with是不定式短語，常作狀語或插入語，意為“在……開始時；首先”。作“首先”講時，多位于句首；作“在……開始時”講時，相當于at first,at/in the beginning。如：
To begin/start with,the day was fine,but after a time it began to rain.
開始時，天氣很好。但不久就開始下雨了。
We can’t go.To start/begin with,it’s too cold.Besides,we have no money.
我們不能去。首先，天太冷；再者，我們沒錢。
To start with,I’m not his brother.
首先，我不是他的兄弟。
2.wonder about,wonder at
wonder about的意思是“對……感到好奇，想要知道”，后常跟某事作賓語。而wonder at的意思是“對……感到驚訝，對……感到奇怪”。如：
I was wondering about that.
我對那感到好奇。
I wonder about why she treated me like that.
我很想知道她為何那樣對我。
I don’t wonder at her refusing to marry him.
她拒絕嫁給他，我并不覺得奇怪。
Do you wonder at it that he should be so angry?
他如此生氣，你覺得驚訝嗎？
3.although,though,in spite of
(1)although較正式，語氣強，though最常用。現代英語中兩者可以隨意換用。如：
Though he was tired,he went on working.
=Although he was tired,he went on working.
盡管他很累，他仍然繼續工作。
(2)although和though引導的從句放在主句前后均可，有時還可放句中。如：
He often helps me with my English (al)though he is quite busy.
盡管他相當忙，但是還常常幫我學英語。
John,though(he was) young,did it very well.
約翰雖然年輕，但事情做得很出色。
Although many difficulties are still ahead,we are determined to make greater achievements.
盡管在前面的道路上還有許多困難，但是，我們決心要取得更大的成就。
(3)though,although引導的從句不能與but,however連用，但可與yet,still連用。不能說：Though he was old,but he worked hard.應把but去掉。當然，保留but而去掉though也可以。
(4)though引導的從句，可用倒裝語序，即把從句中的表語或狀語等放到though之前；although不能這樣用。如：
Young though she is,yet she is fit for the job.
(=Young as she is,yet she is fit for the job.)
盡管她很年輕，可她能勝任這項工作。
（5）though從句的主謂若是系表結構時，可以省略從句主語和be動詞。如：
Though alone,he is happy.
盡管獨自一人，但他很快樂。
注意：Though loving him,I cannot help him.是錯句。因為從句不是be構成的系表結構作謂語。應改為：Though I love him,I cannot help him.或Though fond of him,I cannot help him.
（6）though還可與別的詞結合使用，如even though,as though等；although則無這種搭配功能。如：
I’ll go and help them even though I stop my work.
即使我停下自己的活不干，我也要去幫助他們。
（7）though還可作并列連詞，相當于and yet(然而，可是)，它引導的分句常對另一分句起補充說明的作用；although則無此種用法。如：
I wouldn’t like to go to the evening,though they will invite me to.
我不想去參加晚會，可是他們要請我去。
（8）though可作副詞，放在句尾。although不可這樣。如：
He said he would come,he didn’t,though.
他說要來卻沒來。
（9）in spite of后跟名詞，不跟句子。如：
We went out in spite of the rain.
〔=We went out (al)though it was raining.〕
Ⅳ.能力訓練
1.單句改錯
(1)He spent the whole night on watching TV.
答案：應將on改為in。因為spend time on sth./in doing sth.為固定搭配。
(2)You should protect yourself of getting burnt.
答案：應將of改為from或against。因為“protect…from”的意思為“保護……免受 損害”。
(3)Straw can be used to making paper.
答案：應將making改為make。因為be used to doing sth.是“習慣于做某事”之意，be used to do sth.才是“被用來做某事”。
(4)I saw him walk through the square.
答案：應將through改為across。因為through側重于動作是在某一物體的空間里進行的，與in有關，而across則側重于動作在某一物體的表面進行，與on有關。
(5)He broke the rule,so he couldn’t escape from punishing.
答案：應將punishing改為being punished。因為根據句意：他違犯了法規，因此，不能逃脫被懲罰。所以要用v.-ing的被動語態，即being done。
(6)He went there in search for the lost boy.
答案：應將for改為of。因為in search of是一個固定短語，為“尋找”之意。
(7)He entered into the classroom as soon as the bell rang.
答案：應將into去掉。因為enter為及物動詞，可以直接接賓語，表示“進入”之意。
(8)I doubt that the news is true.
答案：應將that改為if/whether。因為在肯定句中doubt接if/whether從句；在否定句中接that從句。
2.句型轉換，變為同義句
(1)He makes a living by teaching.
He ______ ______ ______ by teaching.
答案：earns his living
(2)Mr Smith set out for Shanghai this morning.
Mr Smith ______ ______ Shanghai this morning.
Mr Smith ______ ______ ______ Shanghai this morning.
答案：left for;set off for
(3)His dream of being a pilot has come true.
His dream of being a pilot ______ ______ ______.
答案：has been realised
(4)This theory turned out to be wrong.
This theory ______ ______ ______ wrong.
答案：proved to be
(5)The girl dressed in red is my sister.
The girl ______ ______ is my sister.
答案：in red
(6)He has improved his speaking ability by reading aloud.
He has improved his speaking ability ______ ______ ______ reading aloud.
答案：by means of
(7)Although he was a child,he knew a lot about music.
______ ______ ______ ______,he knew a lot about music.
答案：Child as he was
(8)Nothing remained in the room except the old painting.
Nothing ______ ______ in the room except the old painting.
答案：was left
Ⅴ.高考真題
1.(2003上海)Generally speaking,______ according to the directions,the drug has no side effect.
A.when taking
B.when taken
C.when to take
D.when to be taken
簡析：選B。當狀語從句的主語和主句中的主語一致時，這些從句可采取簡略形式，即“從屬連詞+分詞”。如果原從句為主動語態，分詞可用現在分詞；如果為被動語態，則分詞使用過去分詞。根據drug和take的主被動關系，應選B。
2.(2003上海春)Many students signed up for the ______ race in the sports meeting to be held next week.
A.800-metre-long
B.800-metres-long
C.800-metre length
D.800 metres length
簡析：選A。由連字符構成的合成形容詞通常用作所修飾名詞的前置定語，且中間的名詞用單數。無連字符的形容詞短語用作所修飾名詞的后置定語，且中間的名詞根據情況可以用單數，也可以用復數。
3.(2004上海春)The poliot asked all the passengers on board to remain ______ as the plane was making a landing.
A.seat
B.seating
C.seated
D.to be seating
簡析：選C。seat作動詞用時為及物動詞。使用時，其后應帶賓語，或者用其過去分詞表被動。本題中，若選A、B、D，因表主動，故應帶賓語，但句中無其賓語出現，故應選過去分詞seated。
4.(2004北京春)Luckily,we’d brought a road map without ______ we would have lost our way.
A.it B.that
C.this D.which
簡析：選D。分析句式和句意，a road map應為先行詞，其后的部分應為其定語從句。without為介詞，后應跟which。
5.(2004浙江)We wanted to get home before dark,but it didn’t quite ______ as planned.
A.make out B.turn out
C.go on D.come up
簡析：選B。本題題意為“我們本想天黑前到家，但事實并不像原計劃的那樣”。make out “辨認出”，go on “繼續”，come up“走過來”均不合題意。只有turn out才能表示“結果證明是……，事實上……”之意。