The Fifth Period

Modal Verbs

Teaching Aims:

1.Review the important usages of modal verbs.

2.Sum up the different situations of modal verbs.

Teaching Important Point:

How to use modal verbs correctly.

Teaching Difficult Point:

How to choose modal verbs correctly.

Teaching Methods:

1.Review method to master the important usages of modal verbs.

2.Inductive method and comparative method to master the important and difficult points.

Teaching Aids:

1.the multimedia

2.the blackboard

Teaching Procedures:

兂Step ⒐ Greetings

Greet the whole class as usual.

兂Step ⒑ Revision

T:In this unit,we have done some practice about modal verbs.As we know,modal verbs have several points in common which make them quite different from other verbs.Now,please discuss the points in common among modal verbs in groups of four.After a while I will check your answers.

(Teacher gives students enough time to discuss,and then collects their answers and sums them up.)

Modal Verbs:

1.Modal verbs are used when we say that we expect things to happen or that things are possible,or necessary,or impossible,or improbable,or when we describe things that didnˇt happen,or that we are not sure whether they happened.

2.Modal verbs have no -s on the third person singular.Questions and negatives are made without ¨do〃.

3.Modal verbs have no infinitives.

4.Modal verbs have no past forms.¨Could〃 and ¨would〃 are used with past meanings in some cases.

5.Modal verbs can be used with perfect infinitive to talk about things which didnˇt happen,or which weˇre not sure about.

兂Step ⒒ Revision of the Important Usages of Modal Verbs

T:Good work.As we all know,modal verbs can be classified into eight groups according to their usages.Today we will review some important usages of modal verbs.Firstly,letˇs review the modal verbs that can be used to express ¨possibility〃.Please tell me which modal verbs can be used to express ¨possibility〃.

Ss:Can/could/may/might all express ¨possibility〃.

T:When they express ¨possibility〃,they are not quite the same.¨Can〃 is used to talk about theoretical possibility.If we want to talk about the actual chances of something happening,or being true,we use ¨could/may/might〃.Besides,¨can〃 is sometimes used to talk about present ¨possibility〃,but only in questions and negative sentences.Is that clear?

Ss:Yes.

T:Now,letˇs do some exercises to master them better.Look at the screen and try to finish the sentences as soon as possible.

(Teacher uses multimedia to show the sentences on the screen.)

Fill in the blanks using can/could/may/might.

1.Would you like to answer the phone?It ______ be your sister.

2.The part of the country ______ be very warm in September.

3.______ it be Lily?

4.It ______(not) be true.

5.You ______ be right.

Suggested answers:

1.could/may/might 2.can 3.Can 4.canˇt 5.may/might/could

T:Besides ¨possibility〃,can/could/may/might are also used to express ¨permission〃.Yes?

Ss:Yes.But we are not sure about how to use them.

T:It doesnˇt matter.I will give you some explanation.¨Can〃 is the commonest one of the four,and ¨could〃 is rather more hesitant than ¨can〃.¨May〃 and ¨might〃 are used in a more formal style.They often suggest respect.¨Might〃 is more hesitant and is not very common.Besides,when we give permission,we usually use ¨can〃 and ¨may〃,but not ¨could〃 and ¨might〃.When we report permission,¨may〃 is not usually used.Are you clear about it?

Ss:Yes.

T:Then try to finish the following exercises,please.

(Teacher shows the exercises on the screen.)

1.X______I use your phone?

XYes,of course.You ______.

2.______ you come into the meeting room without showing a passport?

3.Mary said that I ______ borrow her car.

Suggested answers:

1.Can/Could/May/Might;can/may

2.Can

3.might/could]¨Might〃 and ¨could〃 can be used after a past verb.)

T:Next,which modal verbs do you think are necessary to review?

Ss:The modal verbs expressing ¨necessity〃.They are very important.

T:Yes,I agree with you.We can use ¨must/have to/have got to/need〃 to express ¨necessity〃.But about how to use them,I want you to review them by understanding the following sentences by yourselves.Look at the sentences on the screen.

(Teacher shows the sentences on the screen,and then asks some questions.)

1.I really must study hard.

2.You must be here by 3 oˇclock.

3.You have (got) to go and see the manager.

4.You neednˇt work on Sundays.

T:From the sentences,who can tell me the difference between ¨must〃 and ¨have to〃?

S1:I want to have a try.When ¨must〃 is used,the necessity comes from the speaker.If the necessity comes from ¨outside〃,¨have (got) to〃 is more common.

T:Congratulations!Do you know how to use ¨need〃?

S2:I think in negative sentences,¨donˇt need to〃,¨neednˇt〃 or ¨donˇt have to〃 is used to say that there is ¨no necessity〃.

T:Please give me an example.OK?

S2:I know the reason why you were late.You neednˇt try to explain.

T:Thank you.In addition,I want to tell you ¨have got to〃 is used instead of ¨have to〃 in informal English.Is that clear?

Ss:Yeah.

T:Now look at the blackboard.(Write the following on the blackboard.)

1.It must have rained last night,for the ground is wet.

2.You canˇt have seen him yesterday,for he is still in Australia.

3.You could have told me he was coming.

4.She is very late.She may have missed the bus.

T:These sentences have something in common.Who can tell me what it is?

Ss:The modal verbs in these sentences are used together with perfect infinitives.

T:Very good.Then letˇs review the modal verbs used together with perfect infinitives.

S3:When should we use modal verbs together with perfect infinitives?

T:When we talk about the past,we can use the structure,but it has a special meaning.It is used for speculating(thinking about what possibly happened) or guessing (thinking about how things could have been different).Have you got it?

Ss:Yes.Thank you.

T:Now letˇs do some exercises to consolidate the usage of the structure.

1.I told Sally how to get there,but perhaps I ______for her.

A.had to write it out

B.must be have written it out

C.should have written it out

D.ought to write it out

2.You didnˇt let me drive.If we ______ in turn,you ______ so tired.

A.drove;didnˇt get

B.drove;wouldnˇt get

C.were driving;wouldnˇt get

D.had driven;wouldnˇt have got

3.XI want to know why she is late.

XShe ______ the early bus.

A.could miss

B.can have missed

C.may have missed

D.might miss

4.XI stayed at a hotel in New York.

XOh,did you?You ______ with Barbara.

A.could have stayed

B.could stay

C.would stay

D.must have stayed

5.The light is still on.He ______ to turn it off when he ______ the room.

A.may forget;leave

B.must have forgotten;left

C.may forget;have left

D.could have forget;left

(Teacher shows the exercises on the screen and gives students enough time to finish them,and then checks their answers and gives them some necessary explanation.)

Suggested answers:

1.C 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.B

T:Now,itˇs turn to review modal verbs expressing ¨advice〃.Whoˇd like to tell me which modal verbs we can use to express ¨advice〃?

S4:I think we usually use ¨should/ought to/had better〃 to give ¨advice〃.

T:Yes.In most cases,both ¨should〃 and ¨ought to〃 can be used with more or less the same meaning.However,there is a very slight difference.When we use ¨should〃,we give our own subjective opinion.¨Ought to〃 had a rather more objective force,and is used when we are talking about laws,duties and regulations.Are you clear about that?

Ss:Yes.

T:Who wants to give us an example using ¨should〃 and ¨ought to〃 expressing ¨advice〃?

S5:People ought to vote even though they donˇt agree with any of the candidates.

T:Well done.What about ¨should〃?

S6:Let me try.You should see ¨Hero〃Xitˇs a great film.

T:Thank you for your good performance.Do you know how to use ¨had better〃?

Ss:Yes.When we use ¨had better〃,we donˇt usually mean that the action recommended would be better than another one.We simply mean that he/she ought to do it.

T:Please make up a sentence using ¨had better〃.

S7:Youˇd better hurry up,if you want to get to the factory on time.

T:Good example!

兂Step ⒓ Summary and Homework

T:Up to now,we have reviewed modal verbs which express possibility,necessity,permission,advice and modal verbs used together with perfect infinitives.They are all very important.After class,try to do more exercises to master them better.Thatˇs all for today.See you tomorrow.

Ss:See you tomorrow.

兂Step ⒔ The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard

Unit 13 The water planet

The Fifth Period

Modal Verbs

1.It must have rained last night,for the ground is wet.

2.You canˇt have seen her yesterday,for she is still in Australia.

3.You could have told me he was coming.

4.She is very late.She may have missed the bus.

兂Step ⒕ Record after Teaching