單元要點(diǎn)
Word study
1. bacteria 2. powder 3. standard
4. conscience 5. nephew 6. frost
7. handwriting 8. overcoat 9. wage
10. anyway 11. god 12. admit
13. foolish 14. clap 15. partner
16. abundant 17. warmth 18. taxpayer 19. personally 20. occupy 21. constant
22. welfare 23. clerk 24. composer
25. novelist 26. firm 27. shadow
28. ambition 29. noble 30. gain
31. bond 32. indeed 33. goose
34. selfish 35. bishop 36. choir 1. 細(xì)菌 2. 粉末 3. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 4. 良心
5. 侄子，外甥 6. 霜 7. 筆跡 8. 外套 9. 工資 10. 無(wú)論如何 11. 上帝
12. 承認(rèn) 13. 愚蠢的 14. 拍手
15. 伙伴，搭檔 16. 豐富的 17. 溫暖
18. 納稅人 19. 就自己而言，親自
20. 使忙碌，占有 21. 經(jīng)常的 22. 福利 23. 職員 24. 創(chuàng)作者 25. 小說(shuō)家 26. 公司 27. 影子 28. 雄心
29. 高貴的 30. 獲利 31. 契約
32. 的確 33.. 鵝 34. 自私的
35. 主教 36. 合唱隊(duì)
Useful expressions 1. care for 2. leave alone 3. in want of
4. close up 5. pick sb’s pocket 6. have eyes for 7. make money 8. do sb good
9. take sb’s/sth’s place 1. 喜愛(ài)，照顧 2. 不管，隨……去
2. 需要 4. 關(guān)閉，使靠近 5. 扒竊
6. 喜歡 7. 掙錢 8. 對(duì)某人有好處
9. 代替某人/某物
Sentence
patterns & Communicative English
表示祝愿：
God save you! God bless it! Merry Christmas! A Merry Christmas! Long life to him!
Grammar 狀語(yǔ)(Adverbial)
1. 狀語(yǔ)可以由副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式或不定式短語(yǔ)、分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)、形容詞、詞組、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)及從句來(lái)表示，間或可以用名詞作狀語(yǔ)。
He got up early to catch the early train.
The boy lay on the ground, with his eyes staring at the ceiling.
2. 分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，要考慮分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)與其邏輯主語(yǔ)（即句子的主語(yǔ)）的邏輯關(guān)系。主動(dòng)的用現(xiàn)在分詞，被動(dòng)的用過(guò)去分詞。
Scolded by his father, the boy was very sad.
Walking through the woods, the two men came across a big bear.
3. 狀語(yǔ)從句根據(jù)其作用分為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句、目的狀語(yǔ)從句、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句、原因狀語(yǔ)從句、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句、方式狀語(yǔ)從句、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句和比較狀語(yǔ)從句。
He didn’t attend the meeting, because he was ill.
You must do everything the way I do.
Topic &
Writing 掌握談?wù)撚嘘P(guān)社會(huì)責(zé)任感的話題的方法。
Warming up
…the time in which he lived 他所生活的時(shí)代
[點(diǎn)撥] in which he lived是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the time。這里是“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，關(guān)系代詞which代指the time。
e.g. I will never forget the day on which I first met him.
我永遠(yuǎn)都不會(huì)忘記我4第一次見(jiàn)到他的那一天。
[點(diǎn)撥] time 名詞，表示（與某情況、經(jīng)歷等有關(guān)的）時(shí)期。
e.g. University is a good time for me. 我的大學(xué)時(shí)期十分愉快。
Listening
During our sleep we often have dreams. 我們睡覺(jué)時(shí)經(jīng)常做夢(mèng)。
[點(diǎn)撥] dream 用法小結(jié)：
1. 名詞：夢(mèng)，夢(mèng)想 have a dream (of/about …) 做夢(mèng)，夢(mèng)（見(jiàn)…）
realize one’s dream實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想
e.g. I have a recurrent dream that I’ve turned into an elephant.
我屢次夢(mèng)見(jiàn)自己變成了大象。
My son’s dream is to be an astronaut. 我兒子的理想是當(dāng)宇航員。
3. 動(dòng)詞：做夢(mèng)，夢(mèng)想 過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞是dreamed 或者dreamt.
dream of/about sth/doing sth 夢(mèng)見(jiàn)某事物。
e.g. I dreamt about flying last night. 我昨夜夢(mèng)見(jiàn)我在飛翔。
Was it real or did I dream it?是真的還是當(dāng)時(shí)我在做夢(mèng)？
He dreams of one day becoming a famous violinist.
他夢(mèng)想有朝一日成為著名的小提琴家。
What does Scrooge have to do to avoid Jacob’s fate? 斯克羅奇要怎樣做才能避免雅各布的命運(yùn)？
[點(diǎn)撥] avoid 動(dòng)詞 “stop (sth) happening, prevent” 防止發(fā)生（謀事），預(yù)防
avoid sb’s fate 避免某人的厄運(yùn)。
The reason why Jacob Marley appears in Scrooge’s dream to warn him is probably because…雅各布瑪利出現(xiàn)在斯克羅奇的夢(mèng)里警告他的原因可能是……
[點(diǎn)撥] why Jacob Marley appears in Scrooge’s dream to warn him是定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞the reason。當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是reason 時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句可以用why, for which 或者that（關(guān)系副詞） 引導(dǎo)。
Speaking
Scrooge has no friends except his partner, Marley 除了他的合伙人瑪利以外，斯克羅奇一個(gè)朋友也沒(méi)有。
[點(diǎn)撥] except 介詞，意思是“除了…以外”。Except用法小結(jié)：
1. except +名詞
e.g. The restaurant is open everyday except Monday.
這家商店除星期一外，每天都營(yíng)業(yè)。
2. except +代詞
e.g. Everyone except me got an invitation.
除了我以外，所有人都收到了請(qǐng)柬。
3. except +介詞短語(yǔ)
e.g. He looked everywhere for the book except in the bedroom.
除了臥室以外，為找那本書他到處都找遍了。
4. except +v-ing形式
He does everything except washing clothes.
他除了洗衣服外，什么活都趕。
5. except+動(dòng)詞不定式
He desired nothing except to go abroad for further study.
他只求出國(guó)深造，別無(wú)他求。
6. except + that從句
He has no special bad habit except that he smokes too much..
他沒(méi)有什么特別的壞習(xí)慣，就是煙吸得太多。
7. except + when/where/why等從句
It happens every day, except when it rains.
除非是下雨天，天天如此。
I understand everything except why she killed him.
我一切都明白，只是不理解她為什么把他殺死。
8. except for + 名詞/代詞
e.g. Your composition is very good except for a few spelling mistakes. 你的作文除有幾個(gè)字拼錯(cuò)外，其余都很好。
Neither Scrooge nor Marley care for other people. 斯克羅奇和瑪利都不喜歡別人。
[點(diǎn)撥] care for sb 意思是“喜歡某人，照顧某人”。
e.g. I really care for the students in my class.
我確實(shí)喜歡我班里的學(xué)生。
The child is well cared for. 這孩子被照顧得很好。
[點(diǎn)撥] care for sth 意思是“愿意或同意（做某事），希望或喜歡（做某事）”，用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句，尤與would 連用。
e.g. Would you care for some coffee? 來(lái)點(diǎn)咖啡好嗎？
They do not care about their employees, their families or poor people in society. 他們不關(guān)心他們的雇員、家人和社會(huì)上的窮苦的人們。
[點(diǎn)撥] care about 意思是“感興趣，關(guān)心”，多用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句。
e.g. Don’t you care about anybody? 你難道誰(shuí)也不關(guān)心嗎？
I don’t care about what happens to him. 我才不管他的事呢。
…some people forget that business is not only about making money and profits. 一些人忘記了做生意不只是為了賺取金錢和利潤(rùn)。
[點(diǎn)撥] 此處，make 意為earn, gain, acquire 賺取（某事物）；獲得；取得。
e.g. She makes $15 000 a year. 她一年掙15 000美圓。
He made a fortune on the stock market. 他在股票交易中發(fā)了財(cái)。
…to protect the people working for them. 保護(hù)為他們工作的人們。
[點(diǎn)撥] working for them “為他們工作”在這里是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，修飾the people。
e.g. The boy talking with Mary is my son.
正和瑪麗談話的那個(gè)男孩是我兒子。
There are also cases of food polluted with poisons or bacteria. 也有一些食品受毒藥或細(xì)菌污染的事例。
[點(diǎn)撥] case 此處意為“事例，事實(shí)，實(shí)例”。
e.g. Could you give us a concrete case? 你能給我們舉個(gè)具體事例嗎？
另外，case 還可意為“狀況，情形；病例，患者；案件等”。
e.g. This is not the case in our country.在我國(guó)情況不是這樣的。
He is the first case of cancer the young doctor has treated.
他是這位年輕醫(yī)生醫(yī)治的第一位癌癥患者。
The case is in fovor of the defendant. 案情陳述有利于被告。
[點(diǎn)撥] case 短語(yǔ)總結(jié)
1. in case +從句 或者in case 作狀語(yǔ)
意思是“because of the possibility of sth happening”“以防萬(wàn)一，萬(wàn)一”。
e.g. It may rain-take an umbrella with you in case (it does).
可能下雨---你最好帶把傘，以防萬(wàn)一（下雨）。
2. in case of sth 意為“if sth happens” “假如，如果發(fā)生某事”。
e.g. In case of fire, ring the alarm bell. 遇火警時(shí)立即按警鈴。
3. in any case意為“whatever happens or may have happened” “無(wú)論如何，總之”。
e.g. Be sure to try your best in any case. 無(wú)論如何都要盡你最大的努力。
4. in that case意為“if that happens or has happened; if that is the state of affairs” “既然那樣；假如那樣的話”。
e.g. You don’t like your job? In that case why don’t you leave?
你不喜歡這份工作？那你怎么不辭掉呢？
5. in no case意為“in no circumstances” “在任何情形下決不，無(wú)論如何都不”。
e.g. He would in no case give in.他決不會(huì)屈服的。
Reading
Frost stands on the window. 窗戶上結(jié)著霜凍。
[點(diǎn)撥] stand 此處意為“在某處，位于”。
e.g. A tall poplar tree once stood here. 這兒曾經(jīng)有過(guò)一棵高大的白楊樹。
If I hear another word from you, you will go where it is really cold. 我要是再聽你說(shuō)一句，我就讓你到真正冷的地方去
[點(diǎn)撥] 本句中where it is really cold 是狀語(yǔ)從句，表示地點(diǎn)。
本句也可以這樣表示：If I hear another word from you, you will go to the place where it is really cold.
e.g. Bamboo grows best (in the place) where it is warm and cold.
竹子在溫暖潮濕的地方長(zhǎng)的好。
Put the raincoat (in the place) where you can easily find it.
把雨衣放在你容易找到的地方。
That’s a poor excuse for picking a man’s pocket every twenty-fifth of December! 每年的十二月二十五日掏人腰包，這個(gè)借口不充分。
[點(diǎn)撥] poor 此處意為“不好的，不充分的，不充足的”。
e.g. We had a poor crop of wheat this year. 今年我們小麥歉收。
[點(diǎn)撥] pick sb’s pocket ---steal money, etc from sb’s pocket 扒竊
have one’s pocket picked 遭扒竊
e.g. He had his pocket picked in the supermarket. 他在超市里遭扒竊了。
Anyway I suppose I will have to let you have it. 不管怎么說(shuō)，我想我會(huì)答應(yīng)你的。
[點(diǎn)撥] anyway 副詞，意思是“無(wú)論如何，即使如此(whatever the facts may be; in spite of this)”。
e.g. Whatever you say, I’m going anyway. 不論你說(shuō)什么，無(wú)論如何我也要去。
Let me leave it alone, then. 我才不管它呢.
[點(diǎn)撥] leave sb/sth alone/be ---not disturb or interfere with sb/sth 不打擾或不干預(yù)某人[某事物]。
e.g. I’ve told you to leave my things alone. 我告訴過(guò)你不要?jiǎng)游业臇|西。
Much good may it do you. 愿它能給你帶來(lái)好處！
[點(diǎn)撥] do sb good = do good to sb ---benefit sb “有益于某人“。
e.g. Eat more fruit; it will do you good. 多吃水果，對(duì)你有好處。
…women and men open their hearts freely and think of other people男人女人們自由地敞開心扉為別人考慮。
[點(diǎn)撥] open one’s heart “敞開心扉”
open one’s heart to sb “同情；向……講心里話”。
e.g. Mr. Smith opened his heart to the poor little boy.
史密斯先生對(duì)那個(gè)可憐的小男孩充滿了同情
Mary felt much better after she opened her heart to her mother.
瑪麗向母親講了心里話之后，感覺(jué)好多了。
…you will celebrate Christmas by losing your position. 你就會(huì)通過(guò)丟了你的工作來(lái)慶祝圣誕節(jié)了。
[點(diǎn)撥] by losing your position 是介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)，表示方式。
e.g. You switch the radio on by pressing this button.
按這個(gè)按鈕就能打開收音機(jī)。
By working hard he gained rapid promotion.
他工作努力因而晉級(jí)很快。
…many of us enjoy abundant comfort 我們很多人都非常舒適
[點(diǎn)撥] abundant---more than enough; plentiful 豐富的；充裕的。
e.g. We have abundant proof of his guilt.我們有傳充分的證據(jù)證明他有罪。
Many thousands are in want of basic needs. 有幾千人需要基本的必需品
[點(diǎn)撥] in want of sth---needing sth “需要某事物”。
e.g. The house is in want of repair. 這所房子需要修了。
Personally, I don’t care. 就我而言，我才不管呢。
[點(diǎn)撥] personally ---as far as I am concerned; for myself 意為“就我來(lái)說(shuō)，就自己而言”，常用語(yǔ)一句話的開始，后有逗號(hào)。
e.g. Personally, I don’t like him at all. 就我而言，我一點(diǎn)都不喜歡他。
My business occupies me constantly. 我自己的事整天都忙不了了。
[點(diǎn)撥] 此句中occupy 意為“使忙碌，使從事”。
e.g. He was occupied with /in writing a novel. 他忙于寫小說(shuō)。
[點(diǎn)撥] occupy 用法小結(jié)：
1. occupy意為 “take up or fill (time, space, sb’s mind, etc)” “占據(jù)，充滿（時(shí)間，空間，某人的頭腦等）”。
e.g. The speech occupied three hours. 發(fā)言工占去了三個(gè)小時(shí)。
A bed occupied the corner of the room. 一張床占去了房間的一角。
2. occupy意為 “take possession of and establish troops in (a country, position, etc)” “（軍事）占領(lǐng)（國(guó)家、陣地等）”。
e.g. The army occupied the enemy’s capital. 軍隊(duì)占領(lǐng)了敵國(guó)首都。
3. occupy意為 “l(fā)ive in or have possession of (a house, land, etc)” “占用，占有（房屋、土地等）”。
e.g. The family have occupied the farm for many years.
這家人在農(nóng)場(chǎng)已居住多年。
They occupy the house next door. 他們住在隔壁。
4. occupy oneself (in doing sth/with sth) “忙著（做某事）；忙（于某事）”。
e.g. How does he occupy himself now he is retired?
他既已退休，都如何打發(fā)日子呢？
They are all gone.他們都走了。
[點(diǎn)撥] gone 此處是形容詞，意為“離開，離去”，另外，gone 還有“過(guò)去”之意。
e.g. Gone are the days when you could buy a three-course meal for under $1.
一頓飯吃三道菜不到一美圓，這日子一去不復(fù)返了。
And make it short, because it’s time to close up. 快點(diǎn)說(shuō)，該關(guān)門了。
[點(diǎn)撥] close (sth) up “（尤指暫時(shí)）關(guān)閉（某事物）”。
e.g. Sorry madam, we’re closing up for lunch.
很抱歉，小姐，我們現(xiàn)在要關(guān)門吃飯。
He closes the shop up at 5.30.
他在5點(diǎn)30分停止?fàn)I業(yè)。
close up 還可以指?jìng)谟稀?/p>
e.g. The cut took a long time to close up. 傷口經(jīng)過(guò)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間才愈合。
Alone is what you are, and what you have been. 你是孤單的，你一直都是孤單的。
[點(diǎn)撥] 此句是倒裝。alone 是副詞，在句中作表語(yǔ)，這里是表語(yǔ)前置；其的主語(yǔ)為what you are 和what you have been.
Integrating skills
These are but shadows of the past. 這些只是過(guò)去的影子。
[點(diǎn)撥] but 此處是副詞，意為“只，僅僅”。
e.g. He is but a boy. 他不過(guò)是個(gè)孩子。
I don’t think we can succeed. Still we can but try.
我想我們不會(huì)成功，但是，不妨試一試。
Another idol has taken my place. 另一個(gè)偶像取代了我。
[點(diǎn)撥] take sb’s/sth’s place`; take the place of sb/sth 代替某人/某事物
e.g. She couldn’t attend the meeting so her assistant took her place.
她不能出席會(huì)議，所以由助手替她。
Nothing could take the place of the family he had lost.
他失去了家庭，這一損失是無(wú)法彌補(bǔ)的。
That’s not what life is about! 錢不是生活的全部！
[點(diǎn)撥] what life is about 是從句作表語(yǔ)。
You only have eyes for money. 你就只愛(ài)錢。
[點(diǎn)撥] (only) have eyes for sb/sth. ; have eyes (only) for sb/sth---only be interested in or in love with (a specified person) （只）對(duì)……感興趣；（只）愛(ài)戀/喜歡……
e.g. In Amsterdam, I had eyes only for the Rembrandts.
在阿姆斯特丹，我只想看倫勃朗的名畫。
All the girls liked Fred, but he had eyes only for Helen.
姑娘們?nèi)枷矚g弗雷德，但是他卻只對(duì)海倫感興趣。
[點(diǎn)撥] have an eye/a good eye for… 意為“對(duì)……有眼光”。
e.g. He has an eye for the fair and the beautiful. 他有審美眼光。
You’ve got it all wrong. 你全弄錯(cuò)了。
[點(diǎn)撥] 此句中 all 副詞，意為“completely 完全地”，修飾 wrong；wrong 是形容詞，作it 的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
Nobody knows it better than you do, poor fellow. 沒(méi)有人比你更了解他了，可憐的人。
[點(diǎn)撥] know sb/sth well 對(duì)……熟知，對(duì)……很了解；do 代指knows。