1.comparisons

[U] 比較

He showed us a good tyre for comparison. 他給我們一個好輪胎作比較。

comparison of A to/and/with B, comparison between A and B A和B的比較

It is often useful to make a comparison between two things.

將兩件事物相比較往往是有益的。

bear/stand comparison with sb./sth. 比得上某人/某物

That’s a good dictionary, but it doesn’t bear comparison with this one.

那是本好字典，但比不上這本。

by/in comparison with sb./sth. 相比之下，比較起來

The tallest buildings in London are small in comparison with those in New York.

Learning through doing means being active in exploring the environment and finding out about things by moving and touching. 在實踐中學習意味著積極地探索環境，通過觸摸去了解事物。

此句中注意…by doing sth 這個結構，用來表示通過某種方式或手段。本文中出現的還有：

Students who find it easiest to learn a new concept by hearing a teacher explain it are learning through listening.

有一些學生，他們發現學會一個新概念的最簡單的方法是聽老師解釋，這些學生是通過聽來學的。

compareA with B A和B的比較

2.People aged 15 and over who are unable or find it very difficult to read.

十五歲及以上不識字或識字有困難的人。

（1）這不是一個句子。句中的people被形容詞短語aged 15 and over 和定語從句who are unable or find it very difficult to read 限定。

（2）aged 形容詞。

①本句中意為“有…歲的，…年紀的。”

Among the smokers, about 20 percent of them are children aged between 13 and 15 years old.

百分之二十的吸煙者是13至15歲的兒童。

In the morning old people get up early and practice Qigong in groups in parks, and a lot of middle-aged

people dance together.清晨，老年人早起在公園里成群地練氣功，中年人在一起跳舞。

② aged 還有“年老的”意思。 “the aged”指“老年人”。

The sick and the aged need our help.這些病人和老年人需要我們的幫助。

The aged woman was wrinkled and bent.這個老婦人滿臉皺紋，佝僂著腰。

3.strict adj.嚴格的 嚴謹的，嚴密的

注意:be strict with sb./in sth.

We should maintain strict discipline.我們應當保持嚴格的紀律。

Her parents are strict with her.她的父母對她要求很嚴格。

Our teacher is strict in his work.我們的老師對工作非常嚴謹。

完全的，絕對的 常用短語：strict secrecy 絕密

4.a heavy workload（P.102）

She has a very heavy workload.她的工作量很重。

The machine can't cope with such a heavy load.這臺機器承擔不了這么中的工作負荷。

load負荷；負擔；載重 ；裝載量; [喻]負擔; 重任, 工作量

The truck was carrying a load of bananas.卡車裝了滿滿一車的香蕉。

a bus-load of schoolchildren滿滿一公共汽車的學童

a heavy teaching/learning load沉重的教學學習負擔

[pl. ]許多, 大量, 一大堆loads of friends/money大批朋友= a load of

vt, vi（常與up, with連用）裝，裝滿，載滿

We loaded the truck with bananas. 我們把香蕉裝上卡車。=We loaded the bananas into the van/lorry.

I was loaded down with the heavy luggage.這件大行李把我壓得挺不起腰來。

Have you had your gun loaded?你的槍上了子彈嗎?

Don’t move ! The gun is loaded. load a camera (with film)把膠卷裝入照相機

load sb. with praise對某人大加頌揚 bear a load on one 's shoulders挑起重擔

cast [lay] the load on [upon]把責任推給... take a load off one’s mind 消除思想負擔

5.In 1986,the Chinese government introduced a law stating that by the year 2000 every Chinese child would have nine years of compulsory education. 在1986年，中國政府提出了一項關于在2000年以前每個中國孩子將會接受九年義務教育的法律。

compulsory adj.強迫的， 強制的； 義務的； 必修的

compulsory measures強迫手段 compulsory legislation強制性立法

compulsory subjects必修科目 compulsory service system義務兵役制

Which subjects are compulsory in your school?在你們學校里，哪些課程是必修的？

Education is compulsory for all children in Britain between the age of 5 and 16.

在英國5歲到16歲的兒童都要接受義務教育。

6.Although there were several problems in reaching this target,the outcome was highly successful.

盡管在達成這個目標方面有一些問題，但是結果還是很成功的。

highly 與high 區別; close 與closely 區別

Do you see that butterfly flying high above the street?你是否看見那只蝴蝶在街道上方高高飛舞著？

The distinguished guests were highly praised.貴賓們受到了高度贊揚。

引申：Suddenly the door was ______and in came Mr. Wang.

A. open wide B. widely open C. wide opened D. open widely

（答案為C，由前面的suddenly可見，此句強調動作，故用被動語態，而不用形容詞，wide與widely都有副詞，但是意義不同，他們的區別好象deep/deeply，high/highly，close/closely）

7.It is reported that 99% of school-age in China attended primary school by 2004.

據報道，在2004年以前，中國99％的學齡兒童能進入小學。

It is reported that 據報道。。。

類似的句型還有：it is said/ believed/hoped/announced that …

8.In China,as in other countries,the government realizes that the future welfare of its citizens is closely linked

to education. 如同在其他國家一樣，中國政府意識到中國市民的將來福利與教育密切相連。

(1) as in other countries,相當于as it is in other countries, it 指代的是后面提到的情形。

In India, as in China, you can enjoy ancient culture and attractive scenery.

在印度，正如在中國，你可以領略到古老的文化和迷人的風景。

(2) be closely linked to “與…緊密相關的”。由“link sth to(with) sth”而來，意為：“使和…聯系起來”。

相當于“be related to”.

Ice and snow are closely linked to the lives of Canadians.冰與雪與加拿大人的生活緊密相關。

Violence is the activity that has been most frequently linked with the consequences of TV.

暴力行為往往與看電視的后果相聯系。

9.When the World Education Forum met in 2000,it calculated that here were 113 million children not in

schoool.At the Forum,the member countries of the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Culture

Organisation(UNESCO)made a commitment to provide “complete,free and compulsory primary education of

good quality for all children by 2015”.They called this goal”Education For All”.These countries are now

trying to get every child into school,and they are experiencing smiliar difficulties to those that China faces.

在2000年召開的世界教育論壇會上，計算出有一億一千三百萬個孩子未進入學校。在論壇會上，聯合教育成員國，科學和文化組織（UNESCO）做了一個承諾，目的是去提供“在2015年之前，為所有孩子提供完全免費的高質量的義務教育”。他們稱這個目標為 “全民教育“�，F在，這些國家正努力去爭取讓每一個孩子都入學，而且他們也正經歷著類似于中國所面臨的困難。

commitment 承諾；責任；承擔義務

The general has repeated his commitment to holding elections as soon as possible.

將軍重申了盡快進行選舉的承諾。

I've taken on too many commitments.我承擔的義務太多了。

忠誠，信奉，支持

The company’s success this year would not have been possible without the commitment and dedication of the

staff. 如果沒有員工的奉獻精神，公司今年的成功是不可能的。

face to face 面對面地

I rushed out of the office and found myself face-to-face with the boss.我沖出辦公室,面對面地碰上了老板。

The burglar turned the corner and found himself face to face with a policeman.

那竊賊轉過墻角，面對面碰上一個警察。

in the face of 不顧；面對，在…前面

He succeeded in the face of great difficulties. 盡管有巨大的困難，但他成功了。

be faced with 面臨

I realized that Hamlet was faced with an entirely different problem.

我意識到Hamlet面臨著完全不同的問題。

The state is now faced with the immediate question of raising new taxes. 國家面臨緊迫的問題，收新稅。

10.To begin with, it is important to creat a positive attitude.In areas where agriculture plays an important

role,people do not attach importance to education,and parents are skeptical of anything that takes children

away from their work on the farm. 首先，創造一個積極的態度是一個重要的開端。在農業為主體的地區，

人們不重視教育，家長們對不讓孩子們參加地里勞作的做法很有疑慮。

▲to begin with 首先，第一， 起初

I’m not going. To begin with I haven’t a ticket, and secondly I don’t like the play.

我不去。一來我沒票，二來我不喜歡這出戲。

To begin with he had no money, but later he became quite rich. 他起初沒錢，可是后來相當富有了。

To begin with, we must consider the faculties of the staff all-sidedly.

首先,我們必須全面地考慮全體員工的素質。

類似詞組有：to start with; to tell the truth; to be honest; to be frank; to make things worse

▲attach importance to

Do you attach any importance to what he said? 你認為他說的話重要嗎？

關于attach 的其他用法請參看第五單元和第十單元

▲sceptical adj.懷疑論的; 不可知論的；懷疑宗教教條的; 懷疑的

He was skeptical about the announcement by the government.他對政府的通告表示懷疑。

(suspect /suspicious /suspicion)

be [fell] suspicious of [about]對...懷疑

I am suspicious of that woman - I think she may have stolen something from our shop.

.....我懷疑她有可能從我們商店偷了什么東西

I have a suspicion that she is not telling the truth.我懷疑她在說謊。

可疑的, 令人懷疑的suspicious actions可疑的行為

多疑的, 對...起疑心的(of, about) The ignorant are suspicious.無知者多疑。

sceptic 懷疑論者 scepticism 懷疑論，懷疑主義

Unit 11 suspect(P.93)

疑有,察覺

The tiger suspected danger and ran away.老虎意識到危險便逃跑了。

懷疑,不信任

We suspected their honesty. 我們不相信他們是誠實的。

懷疑(某人犯有過錯)[+of] [+(that)]

The police suspected Bill of having done it. = The police suspected that Bill did it.

警察懷疑那件事是比爾干的。

復習對比：

The police accused him of murder.= The police charged him with murder.警方指控他謀殺。

The police accused him of stealing. 警方控告他犯有盜竊罪。

猜想;料想 [+(that)]

I suspect they'll come.我想他們會來的。

n.嫌疑犯;可疑分子[C]

11.It has to be explained how the child,the family and the community can be benefit,but it is not easy to change traditional ideas.China and other countries found that even when children from the countryside do start school,they have a tendency to be absent and often drop out later.In some cultures parents are particularly unwilling to send their daughters to school because the custom is to educate boys rather than girls. 盡管關于孩子，家庭和社區怎樣才能受益已經做出了解釋，但是要改變傳統的觀念是不容易的。中國和其他國家發現，即使當來自鄉下的孩子開始上學的時候，他們經常曠課，然后就有退學的傾向。尤其是在一些地區，由于認為教育是給男孩的而不是為女孩的風氣，所以父母總是不情愿送女兒上學。

▲tendency

There is an increasing tendency towards the use of mobile phones by middle school students.

中學生使用手機的趨勢在上升。

She showed musical tendencies from an early age.她從小就顯示出對音樂的喜愛。

have a tendency to do sth. 做…的傾向

She has a strong tendency to forget things. 她很容易忘記事情。

tend vi ① 有……的習慣或傾向，傾向于 (tend to do sth.)

Janet tends to get（=usually gets）very angry if you disagree with her.

你如果不順著珍妮，她往往容易大發脾氣。

② 通向，朝……方向發展 （tend+副詞）

The road tends north .路向北延伸。

③ tend to/towards+名

The sort of music he listens to varies,but tends to pop music.

他所聽的音樂形形色色，不過傾向于流行音樂。

▲absent

（1）adj.① 缺席的，不在的（from）；

He is absent from Beijing.他不在北京。

He is absent in Beijing.他外出了，目前在北京。

He is often absent from classes.他經常缺課。

②心不在焉的，漫不經心的，茫然的（置于名詞前）

There was an absent expression on his face.他臉上帶著茫然若失的表情。

in an absent way 茫然地

（2）vt.（較正式）缺席不到 慣用語 absent oneself from 缺席

He absented himself from the meeting.他沒有出席會議。

absent-minded adj.心不在焉的

▲drop out 退學 1 退出，脫離2 退學，輟學

（1）從（活動、競賽中）退出

Since his defeat he has dropped out of politics.他失敗后就不再從事政治活動了。

（2）中途退學、輟學

He dropped out of college after only 2 weeks.他在學院里只上了兩周就退學了。

a word that has dropped out of the language 該語言中已經廢棄的一個詞。

Peter dropped out before completing one circuit/lap of the track.還沒跑完一圈就掉隊了。

其它詞組：drop behind 落后 drop by 順便訪問：停下做短暫訪問

drop off 睡著；減少 drop in on sb. at a place 順便走訪

drop into 跌入，落下，不知不覺

▲be willing /unwilling to do （不）愿意。（不）樂意

They keep a list of people (who are) willing to work nights. 他們有一份愿意夜間工作的人的名單。

I’m perfectly willing to discuss the problem.我十分樂意討論這個問題。

They are unwilling to invest any more money in the project. 他們不愿再為這個項目投資。

She was unable, or unwilling, to give me any further details.她不能，或不愿意，向我提供進一步的細節。

12.China’s large population meant that the school had to expand to take in many more students. 中國人口眾多，這就意味著為接受更多學生就必須擴大學校。

▲mean在此句中意為：“意味著…”后面可以跟名詞、動名詞或從句。

Life to him meant action, rather than thought.對他來說，生活意味著行動，而不是思索。

I won’t wait if it means delaying more than a week.我不會等待，如果這意味著耽擱一個多星期。

In some parts of London, missing a bus means waiting for another hour.

在倫敦的一些地區，錯過一輛巴士意味著得再等一個小時。

I’m sorry I hurt you. I didn’t mean to.

His father meant him to be an engineer. 他父親想讓他當工程師。

詞組：

Don’t laugh! I mean it (= I am serious).不要笑，我是當真的。

You’re meant to (= you are supposed to) pay before you go in.

I was never meant for the army (= did not have the qualities needed to become a soldier).

我根本就不是塊當兵的料。

Philip and Kim were meant for each other (= are very suitable as partners). Philip 和Kim真是天生的一對。

‘Do you mind if I have a look?’ ‘By all means.’借我看一眼行嗎？當然可以。

The load was lifted by means of a crane. 重物是用起重機吊起來的。

She is by no means an inexperienced teacher. 她絕不是一個毫無經驗的老師。

By no means are these cases exceptional. 這些例子絕不是例外。

We haven’t won yet, not by any means. 我們離成功還遠著呢。

▲expand擴大，增大，膨脹，增強，伸展（become greater in size, number or importance）.

Our foreign trade has expanded greatly in recent years.我們的對外貿易近來有極大的發展。

His modest business eventually expanded into a supermarket empire.

他原先不大的生意后來擴展成了超級市場集團企業。

The petals of the flowers expanded in the sunshine.花瓣在陽光下開放。

Water expands when it freezes.水結冰時體積膨脹。

Metal expands when heated. 加熱，金屬就會膨脹。

The eagle expanded its wings.老鷹展開翅膀。

In ten years the city’s population expanded by 12%.十年之中,該城人口增加了百分之十二。

expand a story into a novel 把故事擴展成小說

詳述（故事，論證等）,引申[(+on/upon)]

I don’t quite follow your reasoning. Can you expand (on it)?我不大理解你的論斷，你能詳細地加以說明嗎？

You’ll have to expand your argument if you want to convince me.你如果想使我信服， 就必須詳述你的論點。

They have expanded my view on the question.他們已更充分地闡明了我對這個問題的觀點。

變得更友善更健談

He expanded a little when he had had a drink, and started to talk more freely.

他喝了一杯酒，變得更友善，并開始暢談起來。

expansion n.擴充, 開展, 膨脹, 擴張物, 遼闊, 浩瀚

expansive(ly) adj.擴張(性)的, 膨脹(性)的; 遼[廣]闊的, 浩瀚的, 廣泛的

▲take in 本句中意為“接受，接納�！彼�還可以表示以下等含義：

① 理解，領會，明白

They listened to my lecture, but how much did they take in, I wonder?

他們聽了我的講座，但是我懷疑他們到底聽懂了多少。

② 包括，涉及

The article takes in all aspects of the problem.這篇文章包括了這個問題的所有方面。

③ 欺騙，使上當

Don’t trust that fellow, he’ll take you in if he gets the chance.不要相信那個家伙，他一有機會就回會騙你。

④ 將（衣服）收小，改瘦。

I’m getting much thinner, I’ll take in all my clothes.我瘦多了，我得將我所有的衣服都改小。

13.How people are distributed can also affect the education system. 人們如何被分配也能影響教育系統。

distribute...over ...把...配給到[分配到, 散布于]...

distribute sth. to把某物分[配, 發]給...

distribute sth. among把某物分[配, 發]給...

A leader distributed the prizes to/among the winners.一個領導把獎品頒發給優勝者。

He was distributing leaflets to the crowd.他正在向人群散發傳單。

The new machine distributes seeds evenly and quickly.這部新機器播種又勻又快。

Our shops are distributed all over the city.我們的商店遍布全城。

This species of butterfly is widely distributed over our country.這種蝴蝶在我國分布很廣。

The teacher distributed the pupils into three groups.老師把學生分成三組。

distribution n.分配, 分發, 配給物, 銷售, 法院對無遺囑死亡者財產的分配, 分布狀態, 區分

the distribution of wealth財富的分配 the distribution of profits利潤的分配

the distribution of insects昆蟲分類

14.These has been a shortage of teachers.Countries with a small population have problems too.In the Turks and Caicos Islands,where there are less than 20,000 people,the number of students in some schools is so low that students of several different grades are taught in the same classroom. In China most citizens live in the eastern areas and this results in large class sizes. 已經出現老師短缺問題。人口少的國家也有問題。在特克斯和凱科斯群島，人口不足兩萬，有些學校里學生數量很少，以至于不同年級的學生在同一間教室里上課。人們如何被分配也能影響教育系統。在中國，大多數市民住在東部區域，這造成了大班級。

result in （造成，導致）, result from （因……發生，隨……產生）

因result in 果 導致 Hard work results in success

果 result from 因 由…導致 Success results from hard work.

job losses resulting from changes in production 生產革新造成的失業。

The cyclone has resulted in many thousands of deaths. 颶風已經造成成千上萬的人死亡。

When water levels rise, flooding results.水位上升，就會發洪水。

15.Parts of the remote central and western provinces,however,have few people.Schools in these regions cannot support teachers for the small numbers of students at each level,so teachers have mixed-grade classes.In North and central Australia the population is so spread out that children in some rural settlements can be as far as 1,000 km away from the nearest school. 然而，在遙遠的中部和西部省份，人口太少，在這些區域的學校不可能為每個水平上的小數量的學生支援老師。因此，老師只能教混合班級。在澳大利亞的北部和中部，人口是如此的疏散以至于在一些鄉下的定居區的孩子去遠達1000公里的最近的學校去上學。

Halong Bay in Vietnam is made up of three thousand islands spread out in the clear green waters of the sea.

越南的九龍灣由三千個島嶼構成，這些島嶼散布在蔚藍清澈的大海中。

spread out 分散 伸展身體，攤開東西

Don’t all sit together, spread yourselves out.別都擠在一塊兒，分開坐吧。

There’s more room to spread out in first class. 頭等艙寬敞些，伸得開腿。

Do you have to spread yourself out all over the sofa？你就非得躺下，把整個大沙發全占了才行嗎？

The searchers spread out to cover the area faster. 搜索人員分散開來，好更快搜索這一地區。

as far as

as far as the eye can / could see 極目所盡

The bleak moorland stretched on all sides as far as the eye could see.

荒涼的曠野向四面伸展開去，一望無際。

As far as we knew, there was no cause for concern. 就我們所知，沒什么可擔心的。

As far as I can see, you’ve done nothing wrong. 依我看，你沒有做錯任何事。

She lived in Chicago, as far as I can remember. 據我所記得的，她過去住在Chicago。

as / so far as sb/sth is concerned 就……而言

As far as I am concerned, you can do what you like.就我而言，你想干什么就干什么。

16.The success of a country in bringing education to all also depends on the economy.In many developing countries there is not enough money available to provide classrooms,desks,chairs,books and teachers for all the children.To equip schools some of these governments rely almost completely on aid from other countries,international organizations such as the World Bank and non-governmental organizations such as Save the Children. 一個國家在教育上的成功也全部依賴于經濟。在許多發展中國家，不可能有足夠的錢來為所有的孩子提供教室、書桌、椅子、書籍和老師。為裝備學校，一些政府幾乎完全依賴其他國家的援助，國際組織如世界銀行和象挽救孩子這樣的非政府組織都在為這些國家提供幫助。

rely on/upon sb. /sth. to do sth./ depend on

依賴,指望某人、某事物

I relied on your coming early.我指望你早點來。

信任、依賴某人/某事物

You can rely on me to keep your secret.你盡管相信我一定為你保密。

復習depend on

The price depends on the quality.價格取決于質量。

Today,there are few industries and commercial organizations that do not depend on computers.

如今，幾乎所有的工業和商業組織都依賴電腦。

The flooded areas depended on the government for relief.

洪水受災地區依靠政府的救濟。

You may depend on them to arrive early.他們早到是會靠得住的。

Shall we go climbing tomorrow? It all depends on the weather/That depends(It all depends).

明天去登山如何？看天氣的狀況再說吧。/要視具體情況而定。

17.Other countries receive help with particular programmes:both the World Bank and Save the Children have helped China with schools in less developed provinces.Corporation and private citizens also donate money through the Hope Project.

donate vt.捐贈，贈予 (contribute)

donate blood to a blood bank向血庫獻血

donate 1, 000 dollars to school給一所學校捐贈1, 000美元

捐獻,捐贈[(+to)]

She donated her books to the library.她把自己的書捐贈給圖書館。

14.Even the richest nation in the world faces problems.The USA has found that it is not easy to make sure that every student receives the same quality of teaching.One in three students in the United States lives in the countryside,and providing them with a full curriculum is difficult. 甚至世界上最富有的國家也面臨一些問題。美國已發現確定每位學生接受教學的相同質量是不容易的。三分之一的美國學生居住在鄉下，給他們提供一個完整的課程是很困難的。

curriculum n.[C] 學校的全部課程

The student is very knowledgeable because he also studies things not in the curriculum.

這個學生知識很豐富,因為在學校課程以外他還學習別的東西。

(一門)課程

The professor is busy preparing his chemistry curriculum plan.這位教授正忙于準備他的化學課程計劃。

18.Chian has also adopted distance learning methods such as television lessons,and in 1999,the Ministry of Education introduced computerised teaching networks in central and western China.中國已采用遠程教學方法，像電視機，并且在1999年，教育部采用計算機處理中部和西部的中國教育網絡。

In today’s world of computerized working and developing technology, continued education is often essential for people to meet the changing requirements of their profession. 在工作電腦化和科技不斷發展的今天，為了滿足人們職業的不斷變化的需求，繼續教育是非常必要的。(p.105)

(1) 此句中應注意幾個非謂語動詞computerized, continued , developing和changing，在句中作定語, 分別限定其后面的名詞。過去分詞表被動，現在分詞表示正在進行。

(2) computerize “用計算機做某事，使計算機化”。

The accounts section has been completely computerized.會計科已完全計算機化了。

computerize 的后綴- ize或 –ise表示“使…,…化”。

類似結構的詞有modernize(現代化), realize(意識到)，apologize(道歉)，popularize(使…受歡迎)等。

(3) 此句中continued為形容詞，作定語。 意為：“繼續不停的(going without stopping)”。

We have accumulated rich experience for the continued education of government employees and

professionals.我們在組織和實施公務員和專業技術人員繼續教育方面積累了相當豐富的經驗。

(4) meet/satisfy/ fulfill the requirements “滿足…的需求”。

Our latest model should meet your requirements exactly.我們的最新型號包你滿意。

In applying for the position of sales manager I offer my qualifications, which believe will meet your

exacting requirements.

為了申請銷售經理的職位，附上我的合格證書，我認為會符合你們嚴格的要求的。

Your essay should cover all the information provided and meet the requirements below:

你的文章應該包含提供的所有信息，并滿足以下要求。

(5) profession n.職業，工作（多指具有某種專業知識的工作）

I think Jack should take up some other profession.我認為杰克應該從事其他什么職業。

She intends to make teaching her profession.她打算從事教學這一職業。

by profession 以…為職業，做…工作

I’m a carpenter by profession.我的職業是木匠。

professional adj.職業(性)的, 業務的,從事于專門職業的,以(運動等)為專業的

professional knowledge專業知識

professional men專家(尤指醫生、律師等)

19.In these countries, where some people do not even have fresh water or basic health care, reaching the target of “Education for All” will be a huge task, despite help from the international community. 在這些國家里，有些人甚至不能喝到新鮮的水，得到基本的健康護理，要達到普及教育的目標將是一個艱巨的任務，盡管能得到國際社會的支持。

此句中where引導的定語從句限定前面的countries. 本文中出現了較多的where 引導的定語從句。應注意前面的先行詞。

① In the Turks and Caicos Islands, where there are less than 20,000 people, the number of students in some

schools is so low that students of several different grades are taught in the same class.

在特克司和凱科斯群島，人口不足兩萬，有些學校學生數量很少，以至于幾個不同年級的學生在同一

間教室里上課。

② To solve this, Australia uses “distance learning” method, where the students have lessons by two-way radio

and mail.為了解決這個問題，澳大利亞采用了遠程教學的方法，學生們可以通過雙向廣播和郵件傳遞

來學習。

20. However,balancing the workload of a demanding job alongside a course of study can be difficult…(p.105)

然而想要平衡費心費力的工作負擔和課程學習的負擔是很難的。

alongside prep.在…旁邊，與…一起

The dog ran alongside me all the way.那狗一路上跟在我旁邊跑。

We brought our boat alongside their boat.

我們把船靠到他們的船旁邊。

除……之外

We have videos,recordings and other learning aids alongside（besides）the books.

除了課本之外，我們還有電視、錄音和其他輔助教學設施。

alongside of沿著，并排，一起

The cars were parked alongside of each other.那些車并排停放。

21.Parents are not prepared to send girls to school because they do not believe it will be

of any benefit. 父母親不愿意把女兒送去上學，因為他們認為這不會帶來任何好處。(p.106)

(1) 此句中be prepared to 意為“能夠并愿意做某事（be able and willing to do sth）”。

I am prepared to lend you the money if you promise to pay it back.我愿意把錢借給你，你得答應還給我。

I ’m not prepared to stay and listen to these outrageous insults.我可不愿意在這兒受這種奇恥大辱。

（2）be of benefit to

① be of benefit to “對…有好處”。benefit前可用“real, great, much, immense”等形容詞修飾。

Doing morning exercises will be of benefit to your health. 做早操對你的健康有利。

② "(be)+of+名詞"結構中的名詞是抽象名詞時,相當于其中名詞所對應的形容詞的意思,說明被修飾

詞具有某種特征或屬性。

常用的名詞有:use/importance/help/value/interest/quality/service/benefit/necessity等。

I don't want to hear what you are saying. It is of no interest to me. (of no interest=not interesting)

我不想聽你說,我對此不感興趣。

Coal is of great importance to the development of industry. (of great importance=very important)

煤對工業發展是相當重要的。

New Zealand wine is of high quality and is sold all over the world.

新西蘭的酒質量很好，并且被銷往世界各地。

You'll find this map of great ________in helping you to get round London.

A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness

22. However, when the facts are examined, it is clear that educating girls leads to

improved health and levels of income. 然而，仔細觀察事實可以發現，顯然讓女孩接受教育，最終可以改善健康狀況和提高收入水平。P.106

復習

(1)此句中應注意句型It is clear that …,it 是形式主語，真正的主語是that引導的從句。從句的主語是動名詞短語educating girls, improved health and levels of income作lead to 的賓語。

類似的句型有：

It is clear ( obvious, evident, true, possible, certain...) that .....

常譯為“清楚（顯然，明顯，真的，可能，肯定．．．）”，是主語從句最常見的一種結構。

It is very clear that he’s round and tall like a tree. = That he’s round and tall like a tree is very clear.

It was obvious to everyone that the child had been badly treated.大家都清楚那個孩子受過虐待。

(2)lead to sth “導致某種結果( have sth as its results)”。 lead to中的to為介詞。

后跟名詞或動名詞, 2003年上海高考題中，thief與catch 之間是被動關系, 故用了動名詞的復合結構的被動形式。

The discovery of new evidence led to _______ .

A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught

It is widely accepted that young babies learn to do things because certain acts lead to rewards。

嬰兒學會做事情，因為它的某些行為能有所回報，這個觀念為人們所普遍接受。

(3)improved health 其中的“improved” 是過去分詞作定語，限定health。

School health programs lead to increased student wellness and improved ability to learn.

學校的健康活動改善了學生的身體狀況，并且也提高了學生的學習能力。

He believes that only hard work and perseverance can improve himself in oral English/improve his oral

English.

他相信只有努力和毅力才能提高他的英語口語水平。

Integrating skills，

23. In other aspects you have a lot in common.而在別的方面。你們卻有許多相同的地方。

aspect n.樣子, 外表, ; 神態; 方面; 情況, 狀況; 方位, 方向, 觀點

the aspect of the whole area全地區的面貌

consider other aspects of the matter考慮事情的其它方面

from legal aspect從法律的觀點

discuss a subject in all aspects

24.Learning style theory suggests that different people have different ways of obtaining information and use various methods to demonstrate their intelligence and ability.

學習風格理論表明不同的人有不同的獲得信息的方式，并且用不同的方法表現出他們的智力和能力。

(1) suggest

①本句中suggest表示“暗示、表明”時，后接名詞或that從句（從句謂語用陳述語氣）。

Are you suggesting that I’m too old for the job?你的意思是說我太老而不能勝任這個工作了？

His failure in the exam suggested that he had not worked hard enough．

他考試沒及格表明他學習還不夠努力。

②suggest表示“建議、提議”時，后接名詞、代詞、-ing形式或that從句（從句謂語用“should+動詞原形”，should可以省略）。

I suggest we go shopping together and look for a nice tank．

我建議我們一起去商店買一個精致的魚缸。

I suggested that you（should）leave early．/I suggested your/you leaving early.我建議你早點動身。

(2) obtain 取得某物，經（買、借、拿等）獲得

There are people who gamble or cheat to obtain money.Those people try to get money by dishonest means.

有一些通過欺騙和賭博獲得錢的人，他們總想通過不誠實的手段來得到錢。

I obtained this record for you with difficulty.我好不容易為你弄到了這張唱片。

辨析：get, obtain, acquire, gain, win, earn這組動詞的一般含義是“得到”。

obtain較正式用詞，著重通過巨大努力、要求而得到所需或盼望已久的東西。

The journalist immediately set out to obtain these important facts.

那位新聞記者立即著手獲取這些重要的資料。

Ordinary people would then be able to use them to obtain valuable information.

那時平常的人便能運用它們去獲取寶貴的信息。

get普通用詞，使用廣泛，可指以任何方式得到某物，也不一定要經過努力。

I sat in the front of the bus to get a good view of the countryside.

我坐在公共汽車的前部，以得到有利于觀賞農村風光的機會。

acquire強調通過不斷的、持續的努力而獲得某物，也指日積月累地漸漸地獲得。書面語用詞。

After having been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence.

接到把車開出城的指令后，我的信心增長了。

gain側重指經過努力或有意識行動而取得某種成就或獲得某種利益或好處。

During that time, she so gained my aunt's confidence that she was put in charge of the domestic staff.

在這期間，她得到了我姑姑如此的信任，結果被委任為家仆的負責人。

A penny saved is a penny gained.省一文是一文。(諺語)

win主要指通過努力、斗爭、比賽等而獲得勝利。

It seemed certain that this would win the prize.這一塊會得獎，這似乎是肯定的了。

This invariably wins them the love and respect of others.

這種行為常常為他們贏得別人的愛戴和尊敬。

earn側重指依靠自己的勞動或因付出代價與有功而獲得。

His achievements earned him respect and admiration.他的成就為他贏得別人的尊敬和贊美。

Some of them have come home for a few days' hard-earned leave.

他們中的有些人已經回國，度過那得之不易的幾天假日。

(3)demonstrate

① demonstrate在本句中指“表明，表示（show）”.

His sudden departure demonstrates that he is unreliable.他的突然離去表明他的不可靠。

② demonstrate 在高二教材中出現時，表示“示威集會或游行 ”。

可構成詞組，demonstrate (against/in favor of sb /sth) 示威游行反對或贊成某人或某事。它的名詞形

式有demonstrator游行者,示威者，demonstration 示威或游行。

Thousands demonstrated against the price increases.數以千計的人舉行示威，抗議物價上漲。

The police arrested more than 100 demonstrators.警察逮捕了100多名示威游行者。

25.Although experts have many ideas and categories of learning, it is evident that people learn in three basic styles: learning through seeing, learning through listening and learning through doing. 盡管專家對學習有很多的想法和分類，但顯然，人們通過三種基本的方式來學習：視覺型學習，聽覺型學習和動覺型學習。

(1) It is evident that …主語從句。相當于 “It is clear/obvious that …”.

(2) evident 形容詞，表示“明顯的，清楚的（obvious, clear）”。

He looked at his children with evident pride.他以明顯的得意態度望著他的孩子。

The applause made it evident the play was a hit.掌聲表明這個戲劇很成功。

evidence n.明顯, 顯著, 明白, 跡象, 根據, [物]證據, 證物

There is no evidence that he is quilty.沒有證據證明他有罪。

for lack of evidence因為缺少證據

on evidence依據證據

evident obvious apparent 意思都含“明顯的”。

evident多用于推理及抽象的事, 指“明顯的”

obvious 指“容易知道或發現, 無須解釋或證明的”,

apparent 含“一目了然的”的意思, 還可指“思想上容易理解的”

It's evident that the plan is impracticable.很明顯這計劃是不能實現的。

It's obvious that a man isn't strong enough to lift an elephant.很明顯, 一個人是不能舉起大象的。

It's apparent that you can't be trusted.很顯然,你是不可信賴的。

The rope had been cut, so it was evident/obvious that the lamb had been stolen.

繩子是被割斷的，因此這只羊羔顯然是被偷去的。

注：此句中的obvious 換用evident則更確切。

clear(以及常見的plain)是口語中常用詞，其含義為“清楚易懂”。clear 除了“清楚的”，“清晰的”之外，還有許多其他含義。如“流暢的”，“無障礙的”等。

The water of the lake is as clear as glass.湖水清徹如同明鏡。

He gave a clear answer to the direct question.他對那個直截了當的問題作了清晰的答復。

plain除了“清楚的”、“淺顯的”之外，也有些別的含義。

a plain face一個普通的或不漂亮的面孔

The letter was written in plain English.那封信是用淺顯的英語寫的。

26.They select a variety of activities to suit their students’ different learning styles.

他們挑選各種各樣的活動，以適合學生不同的學習風格。

▲select

She selected a diamond from the collection.她從收藏品中挑選了一顆鉆石。

These oranges have been carefully selected.這些橙子是精選的。

He was selected to play for England.他被選中代表英格蘭去參賽。

比較：select和choose

choose用途最廣，指一般的“選擇”，有時特指“抉擇”，側重意志或判斷。

I leave it to you to choose between the two methods.

我任你在這兩種方法中間作出抉擇。

choose和select 有時可以通用，主要不同在于：

①choose 往往是以個人的好惡或對個人是否合適為標準；select 則更強調客觀優劣，或為了達到

某一目的的條件上的優劣。

②choose有選定后就要“堅守”或“從事”的含義；select則沒有。因此，“選擇一生事業/愛人”

等應譯作：to choose a career/a husband,etc.

③choose可接不定式表“寧愿；決定”，select不能。

表示選擇的其他動詞elect, pick, prefer, opt

elect指按照一定的規章或法律，用投票等方式進行的認真慎重的選擇。

pick口語用詞，多指從個人角度仔細挑選，也含任意挑選之意。

prefer強調個人偏愛，不一定有選擇的行動。

表示選擇的名詞choice, alternative, preference, option, selection, election

choice側重指自由選擇的權利或特權。

alternative指在相互排斥的兩者之間作嚴格的選擇，也可指在兩者以上中進行選擇。

preference側重因偏見、愛好或判斷等而進行選擇。

option著重特別給予的選擇權利或權力，所選物常常相互排斥。

selection指作廣泛的選擇，著重選擇者的識別力或鑒賞力。

election強調目的和達到目的判斷能力。

▲suit

① n.一套衣服（通常包括用相同衣料做的短上衣、褲子和裙子）；（用于某活動的）套裝

a dark suit 一套深色衣服 a business suit 一套西裝

a three-piece suit 一套三件式套裝 a spacesuit 宇航服

a diving suit 潛水服 a swimsuit 游泳衣

②2suit vt.

fit 指衣服的大小，尺寸的合身，吻合，協調

suit 指衣服的樣色，顏色，款色的合身，或時間，天氣，口味，價格，環境，交通，性格，地位

的適宜，適合。

match和…相配/相稱，比得上

The climate doesn’t suit me.

No one matches him in singing.

Will it suit you if I come around at three?

The gold chain matched his watch.

The shirt of yours fits you very well

It doesn’t suit you to have your hair cut short.

The picture matches the story.

suit在課文句中表示“適合，適應（satisfy, meet the needs of, be convenient）”。

He said he knew of a hotel that might suit them.他說他知道一個可能適合他們的旅館。

Let’s fix a day. Would Saturday night suit you?我們定個日子吧，周六晚方便嗎？

suitable:be suitable for/to “適合,合適”。在后面的writing中有一個句子。

What aspects of your study habits are not suitable to your learning style and why.

你的學習習慣的哪些方面是不適合你的學習風格的，為什么。

When we design buildings, we should keep in mind that there should be apartments that are suitable for

disabled persons.當我們設計大樓的時候，我們要記住：應該設計一些適合殘疾人居住的公寓。

27.Students who have this learning style take a hands-on approach to education and enjoy doing experiments or surveys.具有這種學習方式的學生通過動手實踐的方式來接受教育，他們喜歡做實驗，作調查

approach vt./n. 接近，靠近，建議，要求，（待人接物或思考問題的）方法，方式，態度

We heard the sound of an approaching car / a car approaching。我們聽見一輛車駛近的聲音。

She approached the bank for a loan.她向銀行要求貸款。

The school has decided to adopt a different approach to discipline.

學校決定采用另一種方式解決紀律問題。

28.However,restrictions of time,space and resources often make it impossible to provide the best exercise for all learners.然而由于時間、空間和資源上的限制常常使教師無法給所有的學生提供最好的訓練。

restriction n.限制，約束

The park is open to the public without restriction.該公園無任何限制對公眾開放。

He dislikes their restriction of his freedom of choice. 他討厭他們對他的自由選擇進行限制。

The government placed restrictions on the number of foreign cars that could be imported.

政府限制進口外國轎車。

restrict vt.限制，限定

The sale of alcohol is restricted in Britain.在英國，酒的銷量是受限制的。

restrict…to…把…限制在…內

We restrict membership of the club to schoolboys.我們俱樂部的會員僅限于中學生。

He was restricted to (smoking) three cigarettes a day.他受到限制，每天只能抽三根煙。

29.advocate vt.擁護, 支持; 提倡; 主張; 建議; 辯護

advocate+n./doing

I advocate a policy of gradual reform.我擁護逐步改革的政策。

Do you advocate banning cars in the city center?你支持禁止汽車在市中心通行這一主張嗎？

n.辯護者; 律師; 擁護者; 倡導者; 鼓吹者; 替人說情者

the Judge A-軍法會議的理事(官) an advocate of peace擁護或提倡和平的人

30.Organise a study schedule to include frequent breaks.

schedule n. 計劃表，日程安排表

a schedule of postal charges郵資一覽表 a sailing schedule航運時刻表

a train schedule火車行車時刻表 a production schedule生產進度[計劃]表

What's your schedule for tomorrow ?你明天的日程安排如何?

according to schedule按時間表; 按照原定進度 on schedule按時間表, 準時

ahead of schedule提前

The task will be finished ahead of schedule if nothing prevents.如果沒有阻力的話，這個任務就會提前完成。

behind schedule落后于計劃或進度; 遲于預定時間

make a study schedule/plan 制定學習計劃